EE313 Class6

Electrical Machines
EE 313
Session 06
Reference Book
Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman, 4e.
Course Instructor: S. Kumar, PhD

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, GIK Institute.
2. Transformers
A transformer is a device that changes AC electric power at one voltage
level to AC electric power at another voltage level through the action of a
magnetic field.
2.2 TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION OF
TRANSFORMERS
2.3 THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Dot Convention
Power in an Ideal Transformer
Impedance Transformation through a
Transformer
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal
Transformers
2. Transformers
2.4 THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-
PHASE TRANSFORMERS
2. Transformers
The Magnetization Current in a Real Transformer
It consists of two components:
The total no- load current in the core is called the

excitation current of the transformer.
It is just the sum of the magnetization current and the

core-loss current in the core:
2. Transformers
2.5 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A REAL
TRANSFORMER
The losses that occur in real transformers have to be accounted for in any
accurate model of transformer behavior. The major items to be considered in
the construction of such a model are:
2. Transformers
TRANSFORMER
Primary coil Secondary coil
Iron
Core
2. Transformers
TRANSFORMER
2. Transformers
TRANSFORMER
Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
The transformer models shown before are often more
complex than necessary in order to get good results in
practical engineering applications.
One of the principal complaints about them is that the

excitation branch of the model adds another node to the
circuit being analyzed, making the circuit solution more
complex than necessary.
The excitation branch has a very small current

compared to the load current of the transformers. In
fact, it is so small that under normal circumstances
it causes a completely negligible voltage drop in Rp and
Xp.
In some applications, the excitation branch may be
neglected entirely without causing serious error.
2. Transformers
Determining the Values of Components in the
Transformer Model determine the values of the inductances and
It is possible to experimentally
resistances in the transformer model.
An adequate approximation of these values can be obtained with only two
tests, the open-circuit test and the short-circuit test
In the open-circuit test, a transformer's secondary winding is open circuited, and
its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage.
The input voltage, input

current, and input power to
the transformer are measured.
2. Transformers
Transformer Model TEST
1. OPEN-CIRCUIT
Under the conditions described, all the input current
must be flowing through the excitation branch of the
transformer.
The series elements Rp and Xp are too small in

comparison to Rc and XM to cause a significant voltage
drop, so essentially all the input voltage is dropped
across the excitation branch.
The input voltage, input current, and input power to

the transformer are measured.
From this information, it is possible to determine the

power factor of the input current and therefore both the
magnitude and the angle of the excitation impedance.
2. Transformers
1. OPEN-CIRCUIT
The easiest way to calculate the values of Rc and XM is
to look first at the admittance of the excitation branch.
The conductance of the core-loss resistor is given by
Since these two elements are in parallel, their

admittances add, and the total excitation admittance is
2. Transformers
1. OPEN-CIRCUIT
The magnitude of the excitation admittance (referred to
the primary circuit) can be found from the open-circuit
test voltage and current:
The angle of the admittance can be found from a

knowledge of the circuit power factor. The open-circuit
power factor (PF) is given by
Now, it is possible to determine the values

of Rc and XM directly from the open-circuit test data.
2. Transformers
2. SHORT-CIRCUIT
In the short-circuit test, the secondary terminals of the
transformer are short circuited, and the primary
terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source,
as shown in Figure 2- 20.
The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the

short circuited windings ‘is’ is equal to its rated value.
(Be sure to keep the primary voltage at a safe level.

It would not be a good idea to burn out the
transformer's windings while trying to test it.)
The input voltage, current, and power are again

measured.
2. Transformers
2. SHORT-CIRCUIT
Since the input voltage is so low during the short-circuit
test, negligible current flows through the excitation
branch. If the excitation current is ignored, then all the
voltage drop in the transformer can be attributed to the
series elements in the circuit.
The magnitude of the series impedances referred to the

primary side of the transformer is
2. Transformers
2. SHORT-CIRCUIT
It is possible to determine the total series impedance

referred to the primary side by using this technique, but
there is no easy way to split the series impedance
into primary and secondary components. Fortunately,
such separation is not necessary to solve normal
problems.
2. Transformers
Determining the Values of Components in the Transformer Model
SUMMARY
Item Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test
Calculated Value Rc , XM Zeq =

2. Transformers
Example 2-2. The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20-kVA, 8000/240-V, 6O-Hz
transformer are to be determined. Find the impedances of the approximate
equivalent circuit referred to the primary side, and sketch that circuit The open-
circuit test and the short-circuit test were performed on the primary side of the
transformer, and the following data were taken.
2. Transformers
Example 2-2.
2. Transformers
Example 2-2.
2. Transformers
Example 2-2.
The resulting simplified equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2- 21
Thank You!

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Electrical Machines

Course Instructor: S. Kumar, PhD

The total no- load current in the core is called the

It is just the sum of the magnetization current and the

One of the principal complaints about them is that the

The excitation branch has a very small current

The input voltage, input

The series elements Rp and Xp are too small in

The input voltage, input current, and input power to

From this information, it is possible to determine the

The conductance of the core-loss resistor is given by

Since these two elements are in parallel, their

The angle of the admittance can be found from a

Now, it is possible to determine the values

The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the

(Be sure to keep the primary voltage at a safe level.

The input voltage, current, and power are again

The magnitude of the series impedances referred to the

It is possible to determine the total series impedance

Calculated Value Rc , XM Zeq =

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