TA10 Destructive Testing

Engineering Materials
Destructive Testing
Destructive Testing
Destructive testing aims to deform or destroy a material to
analyze its point of failure. Destructive testing is a testing
method that analyzes the point at which a component, asset,
or material fails.
Inspectors subject the material they are testing to different
destructive test methods, which will deform or destroy the
material completely, in order to gain insights about how the
material performs under pressure.
Destructive testing methods can identify physical properties
of a component, like toughness, hardness, flexibility, and
strength.
Destructive testing is almost commonly called destructive
physical analysis (DPA) or destructive material testing
(DMT).
Tensile Test
Tensile testing is a destructive test process that
provides information about the tensile strength,
yield strength, and ductility of the metallic
material. It measures the force required to break
a composite or plastic specimen and the extent to
which the specimen stretches or elongates to that
breaking point.
Compression Testing
Compression tests are used to determine a material’s
behavior under applied crushing loads, and are typically
conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test
specimen (usually of either a cuboid or cylindrical
geometry) using platens or specialized fixtures on a
universal testing machine. During the test, various
properties of the material are calculated and plotted as a
stress-strain diagram which is used to determine
qualities such as elastic limit, proportional limit, yield
point, yield strength, and, for some materials,
compressive strength.
Torsion Testing
Torsion testing involves the
twisting of a sample along an axis
and is a useful test for acquiring
information like torsional shear
stress, maximum torque, shear
modulus, and breaking angle of a
material or the interface between
two materials.
Bend Testing
A bending test (bending tensile
test) is a method of testing
materials for their bending
strength and other important
properties. Destructive materials
testing is used for plastics, fiber-
reinforced plastics (FRP), metals
and ceramic materials. Bending
tests are similar in their sequence.
Hardness Test
A hardness test is typically
performed by pressing a
specifically dimensioned and
loaded object (indenter) into the
surface of the material you are
testing. The hardness is determined
by measuring the depth of indenter
penetration or by measuring the
size of the impression left by an
indenter.
Fatigue Testing
Fatigue testing machines

are used to determine the
durability of a material,
component or product, and
are suitable for tensile,
compression, and
alternating load tests.
Creep Testing
Creep testing is conducted using a

tensile specimen to which a constant
stress is applied at a constant
temperature, often by the simple
method of suspending weights from it.
The test is recorded on a graph of strain
versus time.
Impact Testing
Impact testing is used to measure the impact
toughness of the material used. This is described
as the toughness and the ability of the material to
absorb energy due to sudden loading. Toughness
takes into account the ductility and strength of
the material being tested.
Material Fracture
Fracture is the separation of a material into two or more pieces under the action of
an applied stress. A material may undergo one of two major types of fracture
modes depending on its mechanical properties: ductile and brittle.
Materials undergoing ductile fracture first experience plastic deformation, i.e., the
material resists the fracture by stretching itself. Imagine pulling on two ends of a
plastic bag. The bag stretches by a considerable amount before it eventually tears.
This plastic deformation, which is not limited to polymers, is also seen in metal
alloys.
Materials that undergo brittle fracture, on the other hand, will fracture with
negligible plastic deformation. In other words, they break without warning.
Regardless of the type of fracture, during failure a material will experience:
 Crack formation, where all fractures start, and
 Propagation of the crack, in response to the applied stress
In ductile fractures, this crack is stable, i.e., it will undergo continuous deformation,
only propagating when more stress is applied. As such, ductile materials will
typically deflect by a significant amount before they fail, thus giving warning
before they fracture entirely.
On the other hand, when cracks form under brittle fracture, they propagate across
the material instantaneously; thus, failure can occur with little to no warning. This
is one of the characteristics that makes brittle failure so undesirable, especially in
applications such as building construction.

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Engineering Materials

Fatigue testing machines

Creep testing is conducted using a

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