C h a p t e r 1

What is Chemistry?
 The study of matter and the changes it
undergoes.
 A science that deal with matter, the
properties of matter, the structure of matter
and the changes in composition that matter
undergoes.
What is
 Anything that ?
Matter occupies space and has mass.
 Matter exist in 3 physical states:

Solid Gas
Liquid

Ice Gas

Water
What is Pure substance ?
 A form of matter that has a definite constant
composition and distinct properties.
 Pure substance can be either A compound
or An element
 A compound
•….
A substance composed of atoms of two or more
elements chemically united in fixed proportions.
•It can be separated into PURE components
(elements) by Chemical reactions.

Compound Pure element or

pure components
 A n element
•…
A substance that CANNOT be separated into
simpler substances by Chemical reactions.
•116 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
• 34 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium
What is A Mixture ?
 A combination of two or more substances, which
each substance retains its own composition and
properties.
 It can be either Homogenous or
Heterogeneous

Mixture

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

Homogenous
mixture
– composition of the mixture is the same throughout.

Heterogeneous mixture
– composition is not uniform throughout.
Physical reaction can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.

Magnet

Distillation
– based on boiling point
Filtration – based on size
What are physical changes and chemical
changes?
Physical change – a change in matter in which no new
substance is produced.
It may involved a change of state, and it can usually be reversed.
does not alter the composition or identity of a substance.

HEAT

Chemical change – a change is matter in which one or

more
new substance are produced.
It is difficult to reverse.
Examples: cooking, burning, rusting
Measurement
in Chemistry
Unit of Measurements
 Standard units of measurement in chemistry is based on the metric
system, known as the International system, SI
 The system is a decimal system of units for measurement of mass,
length, time, volume and other physical properties.
 According to the system, Prefixes are used to express larger or
smaller value than the base units and these Prefixes are based on
power of 10
Amount of
substance

Length

Mass

Time

Temperature

Electric
current

Luminous
intensity
 Least count of instruments

The smallest value that can be

measured by the measuring instrument
is called its least count or resolution.
 LC of length measuring instruments
Ruler scale Vernier Calliper

Least count = 1 mm Least count = 0.1 mm

 LC of length measuring instruments
Screw Gauge Spherometer

Least count = 0.01 mm Least count = 0.001 mm

 LC of mass measuring instruments
Weighing scale Electronic balance

Least count = 1 kg Least count = 1 g

 LC of mass measuring instruments
Wrist watch Stopwatch

Least count = 1 s Least count = 0.01 s

 Matter-anything that occupies space and has mass
Mass – measure of the quantity of
matter SI unit of mass is the
kilogram (kg) 1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x
103 g

Weight – force that gravity exerts on an

object weight = c x mass
on earth, c =
1.0 on moon, c
~ 0.1

A1
kg
bar
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter
(m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

mass m
density = volume d= V
Example:
A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3
has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?

m
d= V
m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g
 English to Metric Conversions
 If you know ONE conversion for each type of measurement, you
can convert anything!

 You must memorize and

use these conversions:

 Mass: 1 pound
= 0.453 kg
 Length: 1 inch = 2.54
cm
 Volume: 1 quart
(fluid) = 0.946 L
Square and Cubic units
 Use the conversion factors you already know, but when
you square or cube the unit, don’t forget to cube the
number also!
 Best way: Square or cube the ENTIRE conversion
factor
 Example:
Convert 4.3 cm3 to mm3

(
4.3 cm3 10 mm 3
1 cm
=
4.3 cm3 103
mm3 13

) = 4300 mm3
cm3
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
Example:
Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.

0 9 x 0C + 32
F= 5
0 9 x 0C
F – 32 = 5

5 x (0F – 32) = 0C
9
0C 5
= 9 x ( 0F – 32)

0C = 59 x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3

 Use of
Number

In chemistry, we measure and calculate many things, so we must be sure we

understand how to use the numbers.
 Scientific
Notation

We use scientific notation when we deal with

very large and very small numbers.
 Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023

The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:

0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative
integer
 Scientific Notation
568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
the same exponent n
2. Combine N1 and2 N 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
3. The exponent, n, remains 4.70 x 104
the same
 Scientific Notation
Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and (4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
2 N
2. Add exponents n1 and n2 (4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Divisio 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =

n
1. Divide N1 and
2 N
(8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2 1.7 x 10-5
 Significant figures

The total number of digits

(reliable digits + last uncertain
digit)
which are directly obtained
from a particular measurement
are called significant figures.
 Mass = 6.11 g Speed = 67 km/h
3 significant figures 2 significant figures
 Time = 12.76 s Length = 1.8 cm
4 significant figures 2 significant figures
Rules for counting significant figures
1
All non-zero digits are significant.
Number Significant figures
16 2
35.6 3
6438 4
 Rules for counting significant figures

2
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.

Number Significant figures

205 3
3008 4
60.005 5
Rules for counting significant figures
3
Terminal zeros in a number without decimal are
not significant unless specified by a least count.
Number Significant figures
400 1
3050 3
(20 ± 1) s 2
Rules for counting significant figures
4
Terminal zeros that are also to the right of a
decimal point in a number are significant.
Number Significant figures
64.00 4
3.60 3
25.060 5
 Rules for counting significant figures
5
If the number is less than 1, all zeroes before the
first non-zero digit are not significant.

Number Significant figures

0.0064 2
0.0850 3
0.0002050 4
 Rules for counting significant figures
6
During conversion of units use powers of 10 to
avoid confusion.
Number Significant figures
2.700 4
m 4
4
2.700 x 102
cm
2.700 x
 S I G N I F I C AN T
FIGURES
 There is some uncertainty in all
measurement

 Significant figure indicate the uncertainty

in measurement

 There are 2 kind of number:

1. Exact number – They are known to be

absolutely accurate. Example is the
exact number of people in class room

2. Measured number - significant figures

relate the certainty of the measurement.
As the number of significant figures
increases, the more certain the
measurement
 Exact numbers

• Exact numbers are either defined numbers or

the result of a count.
• They have infinite of significant figures
number because they are
reliable.
By counting
By definition 45 students
1 dozen = 12 objects 5 apples
1 hour = 60 minute 6 faces of cube
1 inch = 2.54 cm
Example
: Mass of object may be written as 15 gram or
15.0 gram
 15 gram- is said to have a higher uncertainty as
it may result from 14 to 15.0 gram and therefore
less accurate
 15.0 gram - the ".0" tells us something
interesting about the presumed accuracy of the
measurement being made, that the
measurement is accurate to the tenths place,
but that there happen to be zero tenths
 How many significant figures are in each of
the following measurements?
24 mL 2 significant figures

3001 g 4 significant figures

0.0320 m3 3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

560 kg 2 significant figures

Rules for rounding off a measurement
1
If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the
preceding digit is left unchanged.
Number Round off up to 3 digits
64.62 64.6
3.651 3.65
546.3 546
 Rules for rounding off a measurement
2
If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the
preceding digit is raised by one.
Number Round off up to 3 digits
3.479 3.48
93.46 93.5
683.7 684
Rules for rounding off a measurement
3
If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits other
than zero, then the preceding digit is raised by one.

Number Round off up to 3 digits

62.354 62.4
9.6552 9.66
589.51 590
 Rules for rounding off a measurement
4
If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by zero or
nothing, the last remaining digit is increased by 1 if it is
odd, but left as it is if even.

Number Round off up to 3 digits

53.350 53.4
9.455 9.46
782.5 782
 Significant Figures In Calculation
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

If you round off to a “5”, if the next digit is ODD, round

up. If it is EVEN, round down (leave it)!
 Significant Figures In Calculation
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig. figs round to

3 sig. figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig. figs round to

2 sig. figs
 Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures

The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70

3 = 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7

Because 3 is an exact number

Precision and Accuracy are terms for quality of measurement
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other

accurate precise not accurate

& but &
precise not not precise
accurate
 Accuracy of measurement
It refers to the closeness of a measurement
to the true value of the physical quantity.
Example:
• True value of mass = 25.67 kg
• Mass measured by student A = 25.61 kg
• Mass measured by student B = 25.65 kg
• The measurement made by student B is more
accurate.
 Precision of measurement
It refers to the limit to which a
physical quantity is measured.
Example:
• Time measured by student A = 3.6 s
• Time measured by student B = 3.69 s
• Time measured by student C = 3.695 s
• The measurement made by student C is most precise.
Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving
Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L = 1630 mL
x 1L

1.63 L 1L
=2
x L
0.001630
1000 mL
 The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is
this speed in miles per hour?

meters to miles
seconds to hours

1 mile = 1609 m 1 min 1 hour = 60 min

= 60 s

343
m x 1 mile x 60 s 60 min mile
x 1 hour = 767 hour
s 1609 m 1 min