Internal Memory

Internal Memory
12/19/23 1
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Permanent storage
—Nonvolatile
• Systems programs (BIOS)
Types of ROM
• Written during manufacture
—Very expensive for small runs
• Programmable (once)
—PROM
—Needs special equipment to program
• Read “mostly”
—Erasable Programmable (EPROM)
– Erased and Programmed
– Electrically Erasable (EEPROM)
– Takes much longer to write than read
—Flash memory
– Erase whole memory.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• The random access memory, or RAM, of a computer
can be compared to the surface of your desk.
• When you’re working, you have papers and books
spread out and you can refer to each of them. The
larger your desk, the more things you can spread out
on it.
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What’s the Difference between System Memory
and Storage Capacity?
• Some people are confused about the difference
between the terms system memory (meaning RAM)
and storage capacity (that is, hard-drive space).
• RAM should never be confused with storage
capacity.
• When you think of storage, think of the hard drive.
• The hard drive is like a file cabinet.
• The computer equivalent of this is storing data to a
file that’s placed on the hard drive.
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Retrieving data on the hard drive is similar to
retrieving paper items from a filing cabinet.
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• System memory is generally measured in units called
megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB).
• A typical system might come with 2 GB, or
2,000,000,000 bytes of RAM.
• Hard-drive capacity is much larger and is usually
measured in terabytes (TB) rather than in megabytes
or gigabytes.
12/19/23 7
Types of RAM
• Let’s review a few things that you should understand
by now about RAM.
• RAM is the term that’s used to describe the
computer’s working memory.
• RAM has two characteristics.
• First, RAM is volatile. This means that if the chip
doesn’t have power applied to it, all information
stored in the chip will be lost.
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Types of RAM(cont..)
• Second, RAM can be written to and read from, so the
information stored at any particular address.
• To go to a location ,you much first go through all
previous locations.
• The term random access memory refers to the fact
that all locations in memory can be accessed equally
and in the same amount of time.
• This term applies to all the different types of RAM.
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Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
• Dynamic random access memory, or DRAM, is one
of the cheapest types of memory to manufacture.
• Consumes More power than static RAM (SRAM).
• Most DRAM on system is stored on dual inline
memory modules, or DIMMs.
12/19/23 10
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
(SDRAM)
• In normal DRAM, the CPU waits for the RAM capacitors to
refresh and then access memory addresses.
• RAM speed falls short of the speed of the CPU, delays (or
waits) occur that increase the overall processing time.
• Synchronous DRAM, or SDRAM, eliminates these waits by
working within the cycle time of the system clock.
12/19/23 11
Double-Data-Rate Synchronous DRAM
(DDR SDRAM)
• Double-data-rate synchronous DRAM (DDR SDRAM),
sometimes called SDRAM II, is a next-generation SDRAM
technology.
• It allows the memory chip to perform transactions on both the
rising and falling to the clock cycle.
12/19/23 12
Static RAM (SRAM)
• The term static means “fixed” or “unmoving.” Static RAM, or
SRAM, doesn’t have to be refreshed to maintain its contents.
12/19/23 13
Static RAM (SRAM) (cont..)
• It has lowers access times and makes SRAM much faster
than DRAM. Access times for SRAM can be less than 2 ns,
while typical access times for DRAM are between 60 and 70
ns.
• This is why SRAM is used in small amounts for cache and
DRAM is used as the main system memory.
12/19/23 14
Static RAM (SRAM) (cont..)
• You may ask, why not use SRAM for all of the system
memory if it’s so much faster? Unfortunately, SRAM costs
more to manufacture than DRAM, consumes more power.
12/19/23 15
What Is Cache?
• A cache is a small amount of high-speed memory, the size of
which varies. This high-speed memory is known as static
RAM (SRAM).
• Static RAM operates much faster than dynamic RAM
(DRAM), which is used for the system’s main memory.
12/19/23 16
What Is Cache? (cont..)
• When the CPU requests information, a cache controller that’s
designed into either the CPU or system board loads chunks of
the DRAM into the SRAM.
• The next time the CPU needs information, the cache is
checked first; if the needed data is there, it’s loaded into the
CPU, speeding up the process.
12/19/23 17
What Is Cache? (cont..)
• dramatically increases the speed of the system because the
access time of the SRAM is faster than the access time of the
DRAM.
• The CPU doesn’t have to wait as long between requests for
data.
12/19/23 18
Types of cache
• There are two main types of cache: Level (L1) and Level 2
(L2).
• Although not as common yet, there is a third type of cache,
Level 3 (L3) cache, which is the cache memory farthest from
the core, but still part of the overall processor system.
12/19/23 19
ECC(error checking and correcting)
• ECC, permits error detection as well as correction of certain
errors.
• Typically, ECC can detect single- and dual-bit errors, and can
correct single-bit errors.
• Error detection and correction are done “on the fly” without
the operating system even being aware of it.
12/19/23 20
ECC(error checking and correcting) (cont..)
• The memory controller chip on the system board performs the
correction and always sends corrected data to the CPU.
• Multibit errors are so rare that further detection and correction
capabilities are required only in extreme cases, and would
require custom memory components.
12/19/23 21
•End

Internal Memory

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