CP and I Assing.

Shri Vaishnav Vidhyapeeth
Vishwavidyala, Indore
Department of computer science and engineering
Session:- 2020-21
Student Name :- Aditya Yewley

Semester:- First (CSE IMPUTUS)
Subject:- Computer peripherals and interfaces
SUBJECT CODE :- BTCS204
Submitted To:-
MS. Durga patel
“ASSIGNMENT :- I ST
“EXPALIN THE VARIOUS TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY?”
MEMORY:-
Computer memory, device that is used to store data or programs
(sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for
use in an electronic digital computer. Computers represent
information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each
binary digit (or “bit”) may be stored by any physical system that can
be in either of two stable states, to represent 0 and 1. Such a system
is called bistable. This could be an on-off switch, an
electrical capacitor that can store or lose a charge, a magnet with its
polarity up or down, or a surface that can have a pit or not. Today
capacitors and transistors, functioning as tiny electrical switches, are
used for temporary storage, and either disks or tape with a magnetic
coating, or plastic discs with patterns of pits are used for long-term
storage.
A memory is used to store data and instructions. It is the storage

space in a computer, where data is to be processed and all the
instructions are stored that are required for processing. In simple
words, it works just like a human brain where we can store
memories.
Storage devices are hardware devices that are capable of storing and
fetching data. Hard drives or optical discs are an example of such
storage devices
Computer memory is divided into chache memory , main (or
primary) memory and auxiliary (or secondary) memory. Main
memory holds instructions and data when a program is executing,
while auxiliary memory holds data and programs not currently in use
and provides long-term storage.
Cache memory:-
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which
can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main
memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which
are most frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and programs are
transferred from disk to cache memory by operating system, from
where CPU can access them.
Advantages:-
The advantages of cache memory are as follow:-
 Cache memory is faster than main memory.
 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of
time.
 It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages:-
The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows
 Cache memory has limited capacity.
 It is very expensive.
Main Memory(Primary memory):-
Primary memory is also known as main memory or may also refer to

“Internal memory.” and primary storage. All those types
of computer memories that are directly accessed by the processor
using data bus are called primary memory. That allows a processor to
access stores running programs and currently processed data that
stored in a memory location.
The use of memories is therefore mandatory in all systems using
a microprocessor, including computers. An example of Primary
memory is RAM and ROM that store programs. These memories are
limited in capacity and manufactured by using integrated circuits (IC)
or semiconductor device.
Its speed of Data accessing is faster than secondary memory. It is

more expensive than secondary memory.
Characteristics of Main :-
 These are semiconductor memories.
 It is known as main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off
 It is working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
Generally, the primary memory is classified into two parts :-
1.RAM (Random Access Memory):-
The Word “RAM” stands for “random access memory” or may also
refer to short-term memory. It’s called “random” because you can
read store data randomly at any time and from any physical location.
It is a temporal storage memory. RAM is volatile that only retains all
the data as long as the computer powered. It is the fastest type of
memory. RAM stores the currently processed data from
the CPU and sends them to the graphics unit.
There are generally two broad subcategories of RAM:-
• Static RAM:-
Static RAM is the form of RAM and made with flip flops and used for
primary storage are volatile.
It retains data in latch as long as the computer powered. SRAM is
more expensive and consumes more power than DRAM. It used as
Cache Memory in a computer system. As technically, SRAM uses
more transistors as compared to DRAM. It is faster compared to
DRAM due to the latching arrangement, and they use 6 transistors
per data bit as compared to DRAM, which uses one transistor per bit.
SRAM requires a constant power flow in order to function. Because
of the continuous power, SRAM doesn’t need to be ‘refreshed’ to
remember the data being stored.
• Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM):-
DRAM is another form of RAM used as Main Memory, its retains

information in Capacitors for a short period (a few milliseconds) even
though the computer powered. The Data is Refreshed Periodically to
maintain in it. The DRAM is cheaper, but it can store much more
information. Moreover, it is also slower and consumes less power
than SRAM.
The capacitors that store data in DRAM gradually discharge energy;
no energy means the data becomes lost.
There are mainly 4 types of DRAM:
1.Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM):-
The DRAM described above is the asynchronous type DRAM. The

timing of the memory device is controlled asynchronously. A
specialized memory controller circuit generates the necessary
control signals to control the timing. The CPU must take into account
the delay in the response of the memory.
2.Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM):-
These RAM chips’ access speed is directly synchronized with the
CPU’s clock. For this, the memory chips remain ready for operation
when the CPU expects them to be ready. These memories operate at
the CPU-memory bus without imposing wait states. SDRAM is
commercially available as modules incorporating multiple SDRAM
chips and forming the required capacity for the modules.
A.Double-Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM):-
The second generation of systems running synchronous DRAM use

double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM). DDR SDRAM performs two
transfers per clock cycle (instead of one, as with regular SDRAM) and
features a two-bit prefetch buffer. 168-pin DIMM memory modules
use DDR SDRAM chips. It works of lower standard voltage, from 2.5V
to 3.3V. It also prevent backward compatibility with SDR SDRAM.
While DDR SDRAM is sometimes rated in MHz, it is more often rated
by throughput (MBps). Common speeds for DDR SDRAM include
PC1600 (200MHz/1600Mbps), PC2100 (266MHz/2100Mbps), PC2700
(333MHz/2700Mbps), and PC3200 (400MHz/3200Mbps), but other
speeds are available from some vendors.
B.Double data rate 2 SDRAM (DDR2 SDRAM):-
DDR2 SDRAM is the successor to DDR SDRAM. DDR2 SDRAM runs its
external data bus at twice the speed of DDR SDRAM and features a
four-bit prefetch buffer, enabling faster performance. However,
DDR2 SDRAM memory has greater latency than DDR SDRAM
memory. 240-pin memory modules use DDR2 SDRAM. It runs at a
lower voltage(1.8V) and also prevent backward compactibity.
DDR2 SDRAM memory might be referred to by the effective memory

speed of the memory chips on the module (the memory clock speed
x4 or the I/O bus clock speed x2)—for example, DDR2-533 (133MHz
memory clock x4 or 266MHz I/O bus clock x2)=533MHz)—or by
module throughput (DDR2-533 is used in PC2-4200 modules, which
have a throughput of more than 4200Mbps). PC2- indicates the
module uses DDR2 memory; PC- indicates the module uses DDR
memory.
Other common speeds for DDR2 SDRAM modules include PC2-3200
(DDR2-400; 3200Mbps throughput); PC2-5300 (DDR2-667); PC2-6400
(DDR2-800); and PC2-8500 (DDR2-1066).
C.Double data rate 3 SDRAM (DDR3 SDRAM):-
DDR3 SDRAM Compared to DDR2, DDR3 runs at lower voltage (1.5V),
has twice the internal banks, and most versions run at faster speeds
than DDR2. DDR3 also has an eight-bit prefetch bus. As with DDR2
versus DDR, DDR3 has greater latency than DDR2. DDR3 modules
also use 240 pins, their layout and keying are different than DDR2,
and they cannot be interchanged.
DDR3 SDRAM memory might be referred to by the effective memory

speed of the memory chips on the module (the memory clock speed
x4 or the I/O bus clock speed x2); for example, DDR3-1333 (333MHz
memory clock x4 or 666MHz I/O bus clock x2)=1333MHz) or by
module throughput (DDR3-1333 is used in PC3-10600 modules,
which have a throughput of more than 10,600MBps or 10.6GBps).
PC3- indicates the module uses DDR3 memory.
Other common speeds for DDR3 SDRAM modules include PC3-8500
(DDR3-1066; 8500MBps throughput); PC3-12800 (DDR3-1600); and
PC3-17000 (DDR3-2133).
D. DDR4 SDRAM ( Double data rate 4 SDRAM):-
DDR 4 SDRAM introduced alongside Intel’s X99 chipset for Haswell-E

Core i-series processors in August 2014, is the fourth generation of
DDR memory. Compared to its predecessor, DDR3, DDR4 runs at
lower voltage (1.2V) than either DDR3 or lower-voltage DDR3L. DDR4
supports densities up to 16Gb per chip (twice the density of DDR3),
twice the memory banks, and uses bank groups to speed up burst
accesses to memory, but uses the same eight-bit prefetch as DDR3. It
has 288- pins configuration which prevents backward compactinity.
Data rates range from 1600Mbps to 3200Mbps, compared to
800Mbps to 2133Mbps for DDR3. To improve memory reliability,
DDR4 includes built-in support for CRC and parity, rather than
requiring the memory controller to support error-checking (ECC)
with parity memory as in DDR3 and earlier designs
3.Rambus DRAM (RDRAM):-
The RDRAM provides a very high data transfer rate over a narrow
CPU-memory bus. It uses various speedup mechanisms, like
synchronous memory interface, caching inside the DRAM chips and
very fast signal timing. The Rambus data bus width is 8 or 9 bits.
4.Cache DRAM (CDRAM):-
This memory is a special type DRAM memory with an on-chip cache
memory (SRAM) that acts as a high-speed buffer for the main DRAM.

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Shri Vaishnav Vidhyapeeth

Student Name :- Aditya Yewley

A memory is used to store data and instructions. It is the storage

Main Memory(Primary memory):-

Primary memory is also known as main memory or may also refer to

Its speed of Data accessing is faster than secondary memory. It is

Generally, the primary memory is classified into two parts :-

1.RAM (Random Access Memory):-

There are generally two broad subcategories of RAM:-

• Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM):-

DRAM is another form of RAM used as Main Memory, its retains

1.Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM):-

The DRAM described above is the asynchronous type DRAM. The

The second generation of systems running synchronous DRAM use

DDR2 SDRAM memory might be referred to by the effective memory

DDR3 SDRAM memory might be referred to by the effective memory

DDR 4 SDRAM introduced alongside Intel’s X99 chipset for Haswell-E

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