MEC-257 (SOLID MECHANICS)

Chapter : 03
Torsion

Torsion
Flanged bolt couplings
Torsion of thin-walled tube
Helical Springs
TORSION
Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the other end by a
torque or twisting moment T equivalent to F × d, which is applied perpendicular to the
axis of the bar, as shown in the figure. Such a bar is said to be in torsion.
 TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS, τ
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the
tensional shearing stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft is

and

where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the outer radius .

For solid cylindrical shaft:

For hollow cylindrical shaft:

 ANGLE OF TWIST
The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist is

where T is the torque in N·mm, L is the length of shaft in mm, G is shear modulus in MPa,
J is the polar moment of inertia in mm4, D and d are diameter in mm, and r is the radius in
mm.

POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT

A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity ω (in radians per second) is being acted
by a twisting moment T. The power transmitted by the shaft is

where T is the torque in N·m, f is the number of revolutions per second, and P is the
power in watts.
.

Formula

Where,
τ =Shearing stress due to torque.
T=Torsion force.
d=Diameter of the shaft.
J=Polar moment of inertia.
G=Shear Modulus.
P=Power.
Θ=Twisting angle.
f= Frequency.
L=Length of the shaft.
Solution:
We know
T = = 1590 N.m
Again,
=
d= 58.7 mm
We know,

=
d =48.6 mm

(Answer)
Solution:

=0
Put the values in equation , we get,
Here, Both sides are fixed, =4580 lb.in
So, and = 5420 lb.in
We know ,
=
=1.185 = 864 psi (Answer)
And = 3450 psi (Answer)
Problem 304
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in is subjected to a
torque of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress and the
angle of twist. Use G = 12 × 106 psi.

Solution 304

answer

answer
Problem 305
What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not
twist through more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a
torque of 12 kN·m? What maximum shearing stress is developed?
Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution 305

answer

answer
Problem 306
A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in diameter and 18 ft long is
used to transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If G = 12 × 106 psi,
determine the maximum shearing stress.

Solution 306

answer
Problem 307
A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted
through 4°. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What
power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?

Solution 307

Answer
Problem 308
A 2-in-diameter steel shaft rotates at 240 rpm. If the shearing stress
is limited to 12 ksi, determine the maximum horsepower that can
be transmitted.
Solution 308

answer
Problem 309
A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a
shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than 1° in a length of 26
diameters. Compute the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa.
Solution 309

Based on maximum allowable shearing stress:

Based on maximum allowable angle of twist:

Use the larger diameter, thus, d = 352 mm. answer
Problem 310
Show that the hollow circular shaft whose inner diameter is half the outer
diameter has a torsional strength equal to 15/16 of that of a solid shaft of the
same outside diameter.
Solution 310
Problem 311
An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques
applied to gears attached to it as shown in Fig. P-311. Using G = 28 GPa,
determine the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.

answer
Problem 312
A flexible shaft consists of a 0.20-in-diameter steel wire encased in a stationary tube that fits
closely enough to impose a frictional torque of 0.50 lb·in/in. Determine the maximum length
of the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 20 ksi. What will be the angular
deformation of one end relative to the other end? G = 12 × 10 6 psi.
Solution 312
Problem 313
Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow circular steel shaft of
100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside diameter without exceeding a
shearing stress of 60 MPa or a twist of 0.5 deg/m. Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution:
Problem 314
The steel shaft shown in Fig. P-314 rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20 kW
removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using G = 83 GPa, find the maximum shearing
stress and the angle of rotation of gear A relative to gear C.

∴
Problem 315
A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW applied at a gear that is 2 m from the left
end where 20 kW are removed. At the right end, 30 kW are removed and another 20
kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the right end. (a) Find the uniform shaft diameter so
that the shearing stress will not exceed 60 MPa. (b) If a uniform shaft diameter of 100
mm is specified, determine the angle by which one end of the shaft lags behind the
other end. Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution 315

Part (a)
For AB

For BC

For CD

Use d = 69.6 mm answer

Part
(b)

answer
 Problem 316
A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an aluminum segment is acted upon by
two torques as shown in Fig. P-316. Determine the maximum permissible value of T subject
to the following conditions: τst ≤ 83 MPa, τal ≤ 55 MPa, and the angle of rotation of the free
end is limited to 6°. For steel, G = 83 GPa and for aluminum, G = 28 GPa.

Solution:
Based on maximum shearing stress,
τmax = 16T / πd3:

Steel:

Aluminum:
Based on maximum angle of twist, θmax = 6°:

Use the least value of T. Thus, T = 679.04 N·m

answer
Problem 317
A hollow bronze shaft of 3 in. outer diameter and 2 in. inner diameter is slipped over a
solid steel shaft 2 in. in diameter and of the same length as the hollow shaft. The two
shafts are then fastened rigidly together at their ends. For bronze, G = 6 × 10 6 psi, and
for steel, G = 12 × 106 psi. What torque can be applied to the composite shaft without
exceeding a shearing stress of 8000 psi in the bronze or 12 ksi in the steel?
Problem 318
A solid aluminum shaft 2 in. in diameter is subjected to two torques as shown in
Fig. P-318. Determine the maximum shearing stress in each segment and the angle of
rotation of the free end. Use G = 4 × 106 psi.
Problem 319
The compound shaft shown in is attached to rigid supports. For the bronze segment
AB, the diameter is 75 mm, τ ≤ 60 MPa, and G = 35 GPa. For the steel segment BC,
the diameter is 50 mm, τ ≤ 80 MPa, and G = 83 GPa. If a = 2 m and b = 1.5 m,
compute the maximum torque T that can be applied.
Problem 320
In determine the ratio of lengths b/a so that each material will be
stressed to its permissible limit. What torque T is required?

Solution
From the solution of
Maximum Tbr = 4.970 kN·m
Maximum Tst = 1.963 kN·m

answer
Problem 321
A torque T is applied, as shown in to a solid shaft with built-in ends. Prove that
the resisting torques at the walls are T1 = Tb/L and T2 = Ta/L. How would these
values be changed if the shaft were hollow?
Solution 321
Problem 322
A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in Using G = 83 GPa, determine the
required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is limited to 60 MPa and the
angle of rotation at the free end is not to exceed 4 deg.
Problem 323
A shaft composed of segments AC, CD, and DB is fastened to rigid supports and
loaded as shown in. For bronze, G = 35 GPa; aluminum, G = 28 GPa, and for steel, G
= 83 GPa. Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in each segment.
Problem 324
The compound shaft shown in is attached to rigid supports. For the bronze segment AB, the maximum
shearing stress is limited to 8000 psi and for the steel segment BC, it is limited to 12 ksi. Determine the
diameters of each segment so that each material will be simultaneously stressed to its permissible limit
when a torque T = 12 kip·ft is applied. For bronze, G = 6 × 10 6 psi and for steel, G = 12 × 106 psi.
→ Equation (1)
Problem 325
The two steel shaft shown in each with one end built into a rigid support have flanges rigidly attached to
their free ends. The shafts are to be bolted together at their flanges. However, initially there is a 6°
mismatch in the location of the bolt holes as shown in the figure. Determine the maximum shearing stress
in each shaft after the shafts are bolted together. Use G = 12 × 10 6 psi and neglect deformations of the
bolts and flanges.
Problem 326
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm-diameter bolts
spaced evenly around a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine
the torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress
in the bolts is 40 MPa.

answer
Problem 327
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten steel ½-in.-diameter bolts
spaced evenly around a bolt circle 14 in. in diameter. Determine
the torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress
in the bolts is 6000 psi.
 Problem 328
A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on a bolt
circle 400 mm in diameter, and six 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on a concentric
bolt circle 300 mm in diameter, as shown in What torque can be applied without
exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

Solution
For one bolt in the outer circle

For one bolt in the inner circle:

answer
Problem 329
A torque of 700 lb-ft is to be carried by a flanged bolt coupling that consists of
eight ½-in.-diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 12 in. and six ½-in.-
diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 9 in. Determine the shearing stress in
the bolts.
Solution :
Problem 330
Determine the number of 10-mm-diameter steel bolts that must be
used on the 400-mm bolt circle of the coupling described in to
increase the torque capacity to 14 kN·m
Problem 331
A flanged bolt coupling consists of six ½-in. steel bolts evenly spaced around a bolt circle 12
in. in diameter, and four ¾-in. aluminum bolts on a concentric bolt circle 8 in. in diameter.
What torque can be applied without exceeding 9000 psi in the steel or 6000 psi in the
aluminum? Assume Gst = 12 × 106 psi and Gal = 4 × 106 psi.
Solution:
Equations (1) and (2a)

Equations (1) and (2b)

Use T = 77.75 kip·in answer

Problem 332
In a rivet group subjected to a twisting couple T, show that the torsion formula τ =
Tρ/J can be used to find the shearing stress τ at the center of any rivet. Let J = ΣAρ 2,
where A is the area of a rivet at the radial distance ρ from the centroid of the rivet
group.

Solution:
Problem 333
A plate is fastened to a fixed member by four 20-mm-diameter rivets
arranged as shown in Compute the maximum and minimum shearing
stress developed.
Solution:
Minimum shearing stress (ρ = 40 mm):

answer
Problem 334
Six 7/8-in-diameter rivets fasten the plate in to the fixed member. Using the results of
determine the average shearing stress caused in each rivet by the 14 kip loads. What
additional loads P can be applied before the shearing stress in any rivet exceeds 8000
psi?

Solution:
Note:
The τmaximum is carried by the corner
rivets (4 rivets in all) while the
τminimum is carried by the middle two
rivets.
With the loads P, two cases will arise:
1st case (P )
 answer

Note:
Without the load P = 10 kips, the shear stress at corner rivets is 14 ksi (see τ maximum),
which is way above 8 ksi. Thus, this minimum value of P is necessary to prevent
stressing the corner rivets beyond 8 ksi.
2nd case (P > 14 kips)

answer
Problem 335
The plate shown in is fastened to the fixed member by five 10-mm-diameter
rivets. Compute the value of the loads P so that the average shearing stress in
any rivet does not exceed 70 MPa. (Hint: Use the results of Prob. 332

Solution :
Solving for location of cantroid of
rivets:

Where:
Show Another way to solve for J:

The critical rivets are at distance r1 from centroid:

answer
Problem 337
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section shown in Determine
the wall thickness t so as not to exceed a shear stress of 80 MPa. What is the
shear stress in the short sides? Neglect stress concentration at the corners.
Problem 338
A tube 0.10 in. thick has an elliptical shape shown What torque will cause a
shearing stress of 8000 psi?
Solution:

Where:

answer
Problem 339
A torque of 450 lb·ft is applied to the square section shown in Fig. P-339.
Determine the smallest permissible dimension a if the shearing stress is limited to
6000 psi.
Solution:

Where:

answer
 Problem 340
A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown Find the shearing stress caused by a
torque of 600 N·m.
Solution

Where:

answer
Problem 341
Derive the torsion formula τ = Tρ / J for a solid circular section by assuming the
section is composed of a series of concentric thin circular tubes. Assume that
the shearing stress at any point is proportional to its radial distance.

Solution:
and it follows that :

(okay!)
Formula
Where,
P=Applied load
R=Mean radius
n=No. of turn
d= wire Diameter
G=Shear modulus
m=2R/d
Problem 343
Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a helical steel spring
composed of 20 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 mm when the
spring is supporting a load of 1.5 kN. Use Eq. (3-10) and G = 83 GPa.
solution:
Problem 344
Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a bronze helical spring
composed of 20 turns of 1.0-in.-diameter wire on a mean radius of 4 in. when the
spring is supporting a load of 500 lb. Use Eq. (3-10) and G = 6 × 10 6 psi.

Solution:
Problem 345
A helical spring is fabricated by wrapping wire 3/4 in. in diameter around a forming
cylinder 8 in. in diameter. Compute the number of turns required to permit an
elongation of 4 in. without exceeding a shearing stress of 18 ksi. Use Eq. (3-9) and G =
12 × 106 psi.

Solution:
Problem 346
Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring having
mean diameter of 200 mm and consisting of 24 turns of 200-mm diameter wire when
the spring is stretched 100 mm. Use Eq. (3-10) and G = 42 GPa.

Solution
Problem 347
Two steel springs arranged in series as shown. supports a load P. The upper spring
has 12 turns of 25-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of 100 mm. The lower spring
consists of 10 turns of 20-mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 75 mm. If the
maximum shearing stress in either spring must not exceed 200 MPa, compute the
maximum value of P and the total elongation of the assembly. Use Eq. (3-10) and G =
83 GPa. Compute the equivalent spring constant by dividing the load by the total
elongation.
Problem 348
A rigid bar, pinned at O, is supported by two identical springs as shown.Each spring
consists of 20 turns of 3/4-in-diameter wire having a mean diameter of 6 in.
Determine the maximum load W that may be supported if the shearing stress in the
springs is limited to 20 ksi. Use Eq. (3-9).
Problem 349
A rigid bar, hinged at one end, is supported by two identical springs as shown. Each
spring consists of 20 turns of 10-mm wire having a mean diameter of 150 mm.
Compute the maximum shearing stress in the springs, using Eq. (3-9). Neglect the
mass of the rigid bar.
 Problem 350
As shown a homogeneous 50-kg rigid block is suspended by the three springs
whose lower ends were originally at the same level. Each steel spring has 24 turns
of 10-mm-diameter on a mean diameter of 100 mm, and G = 83 GPa. The bronze
spring has 48 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean diameter of 150 mm, and G
= 42 GPa. Compute the maximum shearing stress in each spring using Eq. (3-9).
Solution:
→ Equation (4)