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    Curve

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    Suraj
    This document provides an overview of horizontal curves, vertical curves, and transition curves used in highway and railway design. It defines key terms related to circular curves such as radius, degree of curvature, tangent distance, and deflection angle. It describes the different types of circular curves including simple, compound, and reverse curves. It also discusses the setting out of simple circular curves using linear and angular methods. Finally, it provides an introduction to vertical curves, which are used to gradually change gradients, and transition curves, which are used to connect straight lines and circular curves tangentially.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Curve

    Uploaded by

    Suraj
    31 views82 pages
    This document provides an overview of horizontal curves, vertical curves, and transition curves used in highway and railway design. It defines key terms related to circular curves such as radius, degree of curvature, tangent distance, and deflection angle. It describes the different types of circular curves including simple, compound, and reverse curves. It also discusses the setting out of simple circular curves using linear and angular methods. Finally, it provides an introduction to vertical curves, which are used to gradually change gradients, and transition curves, which are used to connect straight lines and circular curves tangentially.

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    This document provides an overview of horizontal curves, vertical curves, and transition curves used in highway and railway design. It defines key terms related to circular curves such as radius, degree of curvature, tangent distance, and deflection angle. It describes the different types of circular curves including simple, compound, and reverse curves. It also discusses the setting out of simple circular curves using linear and angular methods. Finally, it provides an introduction to vertical curves, which are used to gradually change gradients, and transition curves, which are used to connect straight lines and circular curves tangentially.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views82 pages

    Curve

    Uploaded by

    Suraj
    This document provides an overview of horizontal curves, vertical curves, and transition curves used in highway and railway design. It defines key terms related to circular curves such as radius, degree of curvature, tangent distance, and deflection angle. It describes the different types of circular curves including simple, compound, and reverse curves. It also discusses the setting out of simple circular curves using linear and angular methods. Finally, it provides an introduction to vertical curves, which are used to gradually change gradients, and transition curves, which are used to connect straight lines and circular curves tangentially.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 82

    CHAPTER – 3

    Horizontal Curve

    Subject:Surveying III Department of Civil Engineering Lecture by: Suraj Rayamajhi


    Introduction
    • Generally used on Highway and Railway.
    • Use for change the direction.
    • Always tangential to the straight direction.
    • The two line connected by a curve are
    called tangents.
    Types of Curves

    Circular
    Horizontal curve
    Curves Transitio
    Curves
    Vertica n
    l curve
    curves
    Types of Circular Curve
    • There are three type of the circular
    curve.

    Simple Curve

    Compounded
    Curve

    Reserve
    Curve
    1. Simple Curve
    • Consist of a single Arc.
    • Tangential to both the straight line.
    2. Compound
    Curve
    • Two or more simple arc.
    • In fig arc radius R1 and centre O1
    • In fig arc radius R2 and centre O2
    3. Reverse Curve
    • Two circular arcs.
    • Centre in opposite direction.
    • Reverse curve are provided for low
    speeds roads and railway.
    Definition and Notations for simple
    • Back tangent
    curve
    point :-
    • The tangent (AT1)
    previous to the
    curve is called tha
    back tangent or
    first tangent point.

    • Forward
    tangent Point :-
    • The tangent (T2B)
    following the
    curve is called the
    forward tangent
    point or second
    tangent point.
    • Point of Intersection
    (P.I) :-
    • If the tangents AT1
    and AT2 are produced
    they will meet in a
    point, called the point
    of intersection (P.I).
    • It is also called vertex
    (V)

    • Point of Curve (P.C)


    :-
    • It is the beginning point
    T1 of a curve, at this
    point alignment is
    changes from a tangent
    to a curve.
    • Point of tangency
    (P.T) :-
    • The end point of
    the curve (T2) is
    called the point of
    tangency.

    • Intersection angle
    (Φ) :-
    • The angle AVB
    between tangent
    AV and tangent
    VB is called
    intersection angle.
    • Deflection angle
    (Δ) :-
    • The angle at P.I
    between tangent
    AV produce
    and VB is
    called the
    deflection angle.

    • Tangent
    distance
    :-
    • It is the distance
    between the P.C to
    P.I, it is also
    • External distance
    (E) :-
    • It is the distance
    from the mid point
    of the curve to P.I.

    • Length of Curve
    (l) :-
    • It is the total
    length of curve
    from P.C to P.T.
    • Long Chord :-
    • It is chord
    joining P.C to
    P.T T1, T2
    is a long
    chord.

    • Normal chord
    :-
    • A chord
    between two
    successive
    regular station
    on a curve is
    called normal
    • Sub Chord :-
    • The chord shorter
    than normal
    (Shorter than
    20m) is called
    Sub chord.

    • Versed sine :-
    • The distance
    between mid
    point of long
    chord (D) and the
    apex point C is
    called versed
    sine.
    • Right hand curve
    :-
    • If the curve deflect
    to the right of the
    direction of the
    progress of survey,
    it is called right
    hand curve.

    • Left hand
    curve :-
    • If the curve deflect
    to the left of the
    direction of the
    progress of survey,
    it is called left hand
    curve.
    Designation of Curve
    • The sharpness of Curve is designated by two ways :-
    1) By radius (R)
    2) By degree of curvature (D)

    1) By radius (R) :-
    • In this method the curve is known by the length of its
    radius (R).
    • Ex :-
    • 200m curve means the curve having radius 200m.
    • 6 chain curve means the curve having radius 6 chain.
    2) By Degree of Curvature :-
    • In this method curve is designated by degree.
    • The degree of curvature can be divided into two
    ways.

    1. Chord definition :-
    • The angle subtended at the centre of curve by a chord
    of 20m is called degree of curvature.
    • Ex :- If the angle subtended at the centre of the curve
    by a chord of 20m is 50 the curve is called 50 degree
    curve.
    2. Arc definition :-
    • The angle subtended at the centre of the curve
    by an arc of 20m length is called degree of
    curve.
    • Used in America, Canada, India.
    Relation Between Radius and Degree of
    Curve

    By Chord
    Definition

    By Arc Definition
    By Chord Definition
    • The angle subtended
    at the centre of curve
    by a chord of 20m is
    called degree of curve.

    • R = Radius of curve
    • D = Degree of Curve
    • PQ = 20 m = Length
    of Chord
    By Arc
    Definition
    Elements of Simple Circular
    Curve
    Length of Curve (l)
    Tangent Length (T)
    Length of Chord (L)

    O
    External Distance (E)

    O
    Mid Ordinate (M)
    Setting Out of Simple Circular
    Curve
     Normal Chord and Sub Chord :-
     On the alignment of the curve, at a certain distance interval
    pegs are driven into the ground.
     The distance between the two pegs is normally kept equal
    to 20 m.
     The distance is known as peg interval.
     If the peg are driven at 20m interval, the peg station
    are called main peg stations.
     The chord joining the tangent point T1 and the first
    main peg station is called first sub chord.
     All the chord joining adjacent peg station are called
    full chord or normal chord.
     The length of normal chord is generally taken equal
    to 20m.
     The chord joining last main peg station and the
    tangent point T2 is called last sub chord.
    Method of setting out of Simple
    circular curve

    Angular

    Method

    Linear
    method
    Linear
    Method
    • Only chain or tap are required.
    • Angle measurement instrument are not
    used.
    • Method are used where high degree
    of accuracy is not required.
    • Method is used where curve is very
    short.
    Linear methods
    are
    i. By offset or ordinate from the long chord.
    ii. By offsets from the tangents
    1. By offset or ordinate from the long
    chord.
    • R = Radius of curve
    • Oo = Mid-Ordinate
    • Ox = Ordinate at distance x from the mid
    point of the chord.
    • T1 and T2 = Tangent Points
    • L = Length of Long chord
    2. By offsets from the tangents

    • The offset from the tangent point can be


    divided in to two types :-
    1) Radial offset
    2) Perpendicular offset
    1. Radial offset
    2. Perpendicular
    offset
    Angular method
    • Theodolite are used.
    • Some time chain and tape is also used.
    • This method is used when the length of the curve
    is very large.
    • More accurate method.
    • There are two method. They are
    1) Rankine method of tangential angles.
    2) Two theodolite method.
    1. Rankine method of
    tangential angles
    • Also called one theodolite method.
    • Most frequently used.
    • Useful for setting out of work like railway,
    Highway, express way with more accuracy.
    2. Two theodolite method
    • Two theodolite is used.
    • In this method chain or
    tape is not required.
    • VT1A = Δ1 =
    Deflection angle for A.
    • But AT2T 1 is the
    angle subtended by long
    chord T1A in the
    opposite segment.
    • AT2T 1 = VT1A = Δ1
    • Similarly
    • T1T 2B = VT1B = Δ2
    Procedure :-
    • Set up the
    theodolite at T1 and
    T2 point.
    • Clamp both the
    plate transit zero
    degree.
    • With zero reading,
    direct the line of
    sight of the transit
    at T1 towards V.
    • Similarly direct the
    line of sight of the
    other transit at T2
    toward T1.
    • Vernier A of the
    both the theodolite
    will shows the
    zero reading.
    • Transit the deflection
    angle for the first
    point A equal to Δ1.
    • Second theodolite
    set the same angle
    and turn the
    telescope to A at
    angle Δ1.
    • We get point A.
    • Repeat the same
    procedure and get
    number of the
    point.
    CHAPTER – 4
    Vertical Curve

    Subject:Surveying III Department of Civil Engineering Lecture by: Suraj Rayamajhi


    Vertical Curve
    • Vertical curve is provided when there is sudden
    change in gradient of highway or a railway.
    • Vertical curve are provided when highway or railway
    are at hilly or valley area.
    • Gradient is expressed in the form of the percentage.
    • EX : +2% means rise by 2m in every 100m.
    • Rising gradient is taken as +ve
    • Falling gradient taken as -ve
    Rate of Change of Gradient
    Advantage of Vertical curve
    • Change in gradient is gradually.
    • Improve the appearance of the
    road.
    • Road and railway journey become
    comfortable.
    Types of Vertical Curve
    • There are main two type of the vertical
    curve.
    Summit Curve
    (Convex curve)

    Valley curve
    (Concave Curve)
    Summit Curve
    (Convex curve)
    • Summit curve is provide in following situation :-
     An upgrade (+g1) followed by down grade (-g2)
     An upgrade (+g1) followed by another upgrade (+g2). g1>g2
     An downgrade (-g1) followed by another down grade (-g2).
    g2>g1
     A plane surface followed by down grade (-g1).
    Valley Curve (Concave
    • curve)
    Valley curve is provide in following situation :-
     A Down grade (-g1) followed by up grade (+g2)
     A Down grade (-g1) followed by another down grade (-g2).
    g1>g2
     An up grade (+g1) followed by another up grade (+g2).
    g2>g1
     A plane surface followed by up grade (+g1).
    Length of Vertical Curve
    CHAPTER – 5
    Transition Curve

    Subject:Surveying III Department of Civil Engineering Lecture by: Suraj Rayamajhi


    Transition Curve
    • The Transition Curve is a Horizontal Curve
    of Varying Radius which we can use to
    connect Straight line to Circular curve
    • The radius of curve is varying from infinite
    to certain fix value
    • Generally, we provide transition curve at
    both ends of the circular curve
    • Sometimes we also provide it at the end of
    compound curve.
    Requirement of the transition
    curve
    • It should be tangential to the straight line.
    • It should meet the circular curve tangentially.
    • Its curve should be zero at the origin of the straight
    curve.
    • Its curvature at the junction with the circular curve
    should be same as that of the circular curve.
    • Full super elevation is attained at the junction with
    circular curve.
    Purpose of providing transition
    curve
    • Increase the curvature gradually.
    • Provide medium for super elevation.
    • Provide extra widening on the circular
    curve gradually.
    Advantages
    • Reduce the discomfort.
    • Reduce the chances of overturning of
    the vehicles.
    • Allows higher speed at curve.
    • Wear on running gears is reduce.
    Super Elevation or Cant
    • Super elevation is defined as the rising of
    the outer edge of a road respect to its inner
    edge.
    Length of Transition Curve
    • Length of the transition curve
    introduce between straight and circular
    curve is calculated following
    consideration.
    1) By rate of super elevation
    2) By time rate
    3) By rate of change of radial
    acceleration.
    1) By rate of super elevation
    2) By time rate
    3) By the rate of change of radial
    acceleration
    Type of Transition curve
    • There are mainly three type of the transition curve.
    Type of
    transition
    curve
    Cubic spiral

    Cubic parabola

    The Lemniscate curve


    1) Cubic Spiral
    2) Cubic Parabola
    3) The Lemniscate
    curve

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