Surveying-II

CE-207 (T)
CURVES
Lecture No 1

civil engineering
ENGR.AWAIS KHAN

Curves
Curves are usually employed in lines of
communication in order that the change in
direction at the intersection of the straight lines shall
be gradual.
The lines connected by the curves are tangent to it
and are called Tangents or Straights.
The curves are generally circular arcs but parabolic
arcs are often used in some countries for this
purpose.
Most types of transportation routes, such as
highways, railroads, and pipelines, are connected
by curves in both horizontal and vertical planes.
2

Curves
The purpose of the curves is to deflect a vehicle
travelling along one of the straights safely and
comfortably through a deflection angle to enable
it to continue its journey along the other straight.

Curves

Horizontal Alignment
Plan View

Vertical Alignment
Profile View

Curves
Classification of Curves
Curves

Horizontal Curves

Vertical Curves

Simple Curves
Compound Curves

Circular Curves

Transition Curves
Reverse Curves

Spiral Curves
(non-circular curves)
9

Curves
Classification of Curves
1) Simple Curves: Consist of single Arc Connecting two straights.
2) Compound curves: Consist of 2 arcs of different radii, bending
in the same direction and lying on the same sides of their
common tangents, their centers being on the same side of the
curve.
3) Reverse curves: Consist of 2 arcs of equal or unequal radii,
bending in opposite direction with common tangent at their
junction (meeting Point), their center lying on the opposite sides
of the curve.

10

Curves

Simple Curve

Compound Curve

Reverse Curve

11

Curves
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
B

T1
A

90o

90o - /2

T2

90o

12

Curves
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
1) Tangents or Straights: The straight
lines AB and BC which are
connected by the curves are called
the tangents or straights to curves.
2)Point of Intersection: (PI.) The Point
B at which the 2 tangents AB and
BC intersect or Vertex (V) .

3)Back Tangent: The tangent line AB

is called 1st tangent or Rear
tangents or Back tangent.
4) Forward Tangent: The tangents
line BC is called 2nd tangent or
Forward tangent.
13

Curves
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
5) Tangents Points: The points T1 and
T2 at which the curves touches the
straights.
5.a) Point of Curve (P.C): The
beginning of the curve T1 is called
the point of curve or tangent curve
(T.C).

5.b) Point of tangency (C.T): The end

of curve T2 is called point of
tangency or curve tangent (C.T).
6) Angle of Intersection: (I) The angle
ABC between the tangent lines AB
and BC. Denoted by I.
14

Curves
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
7) Angle of Deflection (): Then
angle B`BC by which the forward
(head tangent deflect from the
Rear tangent.
8) Tangent Length: (BT1 and BT2)
The distance from point of
intersection B to the tangent points
T1 and T2. These depend upon the
radii of curves.
9) Long Cord: The line T1T2 joining
the two tangents point T1 and T2 is
called long chord. Denoted by l.

15

Curves
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
10) Length of Curve: the arc T1FT2 is
called length of curve. Denoted by
L.
11) Apex or Summit of Curve: The mid
point F of the arc T1FT2 is called
Apex of curve and lies on the
bisection of angle of intersection. It is
the junction of lines radii.
12) External Distance (BF): The
distance BF from the point of
intersection to the apex of the curve
is called Apex distance or External
distance.

16

Curves
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
13) Central Angle: The angle T1OT2
subtended at the center of the curve
by the arc T1FT2 is called central
angle and is equal to the deflection
angle.
14) Mid ordinate (EF): It is a ordinate
from the mid point of the long chord
to the mid point of the curve i.e
distance EF. Also called Versed sine of
the curve.

If the curve deflect to the right of the

direction of the progress of survey it is
called Right-hand curve and id to the
left , it is called Left-hand curve.
The BT1T2 is an isosceles triangle and
therefore the angle
BT1T2 = BT2T1 =

17

Curves
Elements of Simple Curves
a) T1BT2 + B`BT2= 180o
I + = 180o
T1OT2 = = 180o I
b) Tangent lengths: (BT1 , BT2)
In T1OB,

tan (2) = BT1 / OT1

BT1= OT1 tan(2)

BT1 = BT2= R tan( 2 )

c) Length of Chord(l):
In T1OE,

sin( 2 ) = T1E / OT1

T1E = OT1 sin(2)

T1E = R sin( 2 )

18

Curves
Elements of Simple Curves

l = 2 T1E = 2 R sin( )

d) Length of Curve (L):

S=rx

L = length of arc T1FT2

L = R (rad) =

R
180

Or

L /2 R = / 360
L = 2 R / 360 =

R
2R

R
180

360o

e) Apex distance or External distance:

BF = BO OF

In OT1B, cos( ) = OT1 / BO

19

Curves
Elements of Simple Curves

BO = OT1 / cos(2)= R / cos(2)

BO

= R sec(2)

BF = R sec(/2) R

BF = R ( sec(2) 1)
BF = R (

cos(2)

1)

f) Mid ordinate or Versed sine of curve:

EF= OF OE
In T1OE,

cos(/2) = OE / OT1
OE = OT1 cos(/2) = R cos(/2)
EF = R R cos(/2)

EF = R (1 cos(2))

20

Curves
Designation Of Curves
In U.K a curve is defined by Radius which it expressed in
terms of feet or chains(Gunter chain) e.g 12 chain curve, 24
chain curve.

When expressed in feet the radius is taken as multiple of 100

e.g 200, 300, 400.. .
In USA, Canada, India and Pakistan a curve is designated by
a degree e.g 2 degree curve , 6 degree curve.

Degree Of Curves
Degree of curve is defined in 2 ways

1) Arc Definition
2) Chord Definition
21

Curves
Degree Of Curves
100 feet

1) Arc Definition:
The degree of a curve is the
central angle subtended by 100 feet
of arc.

D = Degree of Curve
Then

R=

100
2R

5729.58

Let R = Radius of Curve

360

100 feet
D

R
2R

(feet)

360o

It is used in highways.
22

Curves
Degree Of Curves
2) Chord Definition:
The degree of curve is the central
angle subtended by 100 feet of chord.
From OPM

50

=
sin( ) =

2
R=

50

sin( 2 )

100 feet
M

N
50
R

(feet)

It is used in Railway.

P 50
R

D/2
D

Example: D = 1o

1) Arc Def:

R = 5729.58 / D

= 5729.58 feet
2) Chord Def:

R = 50 / sin (D/2)
= 5729.65 feet

23

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
There are a number of different methods by which a
centerline can be set out, all of which can be summarized in
two categories:
Traditional methods: which involve working along the
centerline itself using the straights, intersection points and
tangent points for reference.
The equipment used for these methods include, tapes and
theodolites or total stations.
Coordinate methods: which use control networks as
reference. These networks take the form of control points
located on site some distance away from the centerline.
For this method, theodolites, totals stations or GPS receivers
can be used.
24

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
The methods for setting out curves may be divided into 2
classes according to the instrument employed .
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
2) Angular or Instrumental Method
Peg Interval:
Usual Practice--- Fix pegs at equal interval on the curve

20 m to 30 m ( 100 feet or one chain)

66 feet ( Gunters Chain)
Strictly speaking this interval must be measured as the Arc
intercept b/w them, however it is necessarily measure along
the chord. The curve consist of a series of chords rather than
arcs.
Along the arc it is practically not possible that is why measured
along the chord.

25

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
Peg Interval:
For difference in arc and chord to be negligible

Length of chord >

of curve
20

R = Radius of curve
Length of unit chord = 30 m for flate curve ( 100 ft)
(peg interval)

20 m for sharp curve (50 ft)

10 m for very sharp curves (25 ft or less)

26

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
Location of Tangent points:
To locate T1 and T2

1) Fixed direction of tangents, produce

them so as to meet at point B.
2) Set up theodolite at point B and
measure T1BT2 (I).

Then deflection angle = 180o I

3) Calculate tangents lengths by

BT1 = BT2 = R tan( )

4) Locate T1 and T2 points by measuring

the tangent lengths backward and
forward along tangent lines AB and BC.
27

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
Procedure:
After locating the positions of the tangent points T1
and T2 ,their chainages may be determined.
The chainage of T1 is obtained by subtracting the
tangent length from the known chainage of the
intersection point B. And the chainage of T2 is found
by adding the length of curve to the chainage of T1.
Then the pegs are fixed at equal intervals on the
curve.
The interval between pegs is usually 30m or one chain
length.
The distances along the centre line of the curve are
continuously measured from the point of beginning of
the line up to the end .i.e the pegs along the centre
line of the work should be at equal interval from the
beginning of the line up to the end.
28

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
Procedure:
There should be no break in the regularity of their spacing
in passing from a tangent to a curve or from a curve to
the tangent.
For this reason ,the first peg on the curve is fixed at such a
distance from the first tangent point (T1) that its chainage
becomes the whole number of chains i.e the whole
number of peg interval.
The length of the first sub chord is thus less than the peg
interval and it is called a sub-chord.
Similarly there will be a sub-chord at the end of the curve.
Thus a curve usually consists of two sub-chords and a no.
of full chords.

29

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
Important relationships for Circular
Curves for Setting Out
The BT1T2 is an isosceles triangle and
therefore the angle
BT1T2 = BT2T1 =

The following definition can be given:

The tangential angle at T1 to any point
X on the curve T1T2 is equal to half the
angle subtended at the centre of curvature
O by the chord from T1 to that point.
The tangential angle to any point on the
curve is equal to the sum of the tangential
angles from each chord up to that point.
I.e. T1OT2 = 2( + + ) and it follows
that BT1T2= ( + + ).

30

Simple Curves
Problem 01: Two tangents intersect at chainage of 6 +26.57. it is
proposed to insert a circular curve of radius 1000ft. The deflection
angle being 16o38. Calculate
a) chainage of tangents points
b) Lengths of long chord , Mid ordinate and External distance.
Solution:

Tangent length = BT1 = BT2 = R tan(2)

BT1 = BT2 = 1000 x tan(16o38`/2)
= 146.18 ft
R
Length of curve = L = 180o
x 1000 x 16o38`
L=
= 290.31ft
180o
Chainage of point of intersection
minus tangent length
chainage of T1
plus L
Chainage of T2

= 6 + 26.56
= -1 + 46.18
= 4 + 80.39
= + 2 + 90.31
= 7 + 70.70

31

Simple Curves
Problem 01:
Solution:

Length of chord = l = 2 R sin( )

l = 2 x 1000 x sin(36o38`/2) = 289.29 ft

Mid ordinate = EF = R (1 cos( )

EF= 1000 x ( 1 cos(36o38`/2)) = 10.52 ft
Ex. distance = BF = R ( sec

- 1)

BF = 1000 x ((1/cos( ) 1) = 10.63 ft

32

Simple Curves
Problem 02: Two tangents intersect at chainage of 14 +87.33,
with a deflection angle of 11o21`35``. Degree of curve is 6o.
Calculate chainage of beginning and end of the curve.
Solution:
D = 6o
R = 5729.58 / D ft = 954.93 ft

Tangent length = BT1 = BT2 = R tan(2)

BT1 = BT2 = 954.93 x tan(11o21`35``/2)
BT1 = BT2 = 94.98 ft
R
Length of curve = L = 180o
x 954.93 x 11o21`35``
L=
= 189.33 ft
180o
Chainage of intersection point B
= 14 + 87.33
minus tangent length BT1
= - 0 + 94.96
Chainage of T1
= 13 + 92.35
plus L
= + 1 + 89.33
Chainage T2
= 15 + 81.68

33

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
These methods use the chain surveying tools only.
These methods are used for the short curves which doesnt
require high degree of accuracy.
These methods are used for the clear situations on the road
intersections.
a) By offset or ordinate from Long chord
b) By successive bisections of Arcs
c) By offset from the Tangents
d) By offset from the Chords produced
34

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
a) By offset or Ordinate from long chord

ED = Oo = offset at mid point of T1T2

PQ = Ox = offset at distance x from E , so that EP = x
OT1 = OT2 = OD = R = Radius of the curve

Exact formula for offset at any point on the

chord line may be derived as:
By Pathagoras theorem
OT1E, OT12 = T1E2 + OE2
l
OT1 = R , T1E =2
OE = OD DE = R Oo
R2 = (l/2)2 + (R Oo)2

35

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
a) By offset or Ordinate from long chord

l
DE = Oo = R (R2 ( 2 )2) ------- A
In eqn A two quantities are usually or
must known.
In OQQ1,

OQ2= QQ12 + OQ12

OQ1 = OE + EQ1 = OE + Ox
OQ1 = ( R Oo) + Ox
R2 = x2 + { (R Oo) + Ox ) }2
Ox = (R2 x2) (R - Oo)
Ox = (R2 x2) (R (R- (R2 (l/2)2))

Ox = (R2 x2) ((R2 (2)2)) -- 1 exact formula

36

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
a) By offset or Ordinate from long chord

When the radius of the arc is larger as compare to the length of

the chord, the offset may be calculated approximately by
formula or

Ox =

( )
-------- 2 (Approximate formula)
2

In eqn 1 the distance x is measured from the mid point of the

long chord where as eqn 2 it is measured from the 1st tangent
point T1.
This method is used for setting out short curves e.g curves for
street kerbs.
.
37

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
a) By offset or Ordinate from long chord

Working Method:
To set out the curve
Divided the long chord into even
number of equal parts.
Set out offsets as calculated from the
equation at each of the points of
division. Thus obtaining the required
points on the curve.

Since the curve s symmetrical along ED,

the offset for the right half of the curve
will be same as those for the left half.
38

Simple Curves
Problem 03: calculate the ordinate at 7.5 m interval for a circular
curve given that l = 60 m and R = 180 m, by offset or ordinate
from long chord.
Solution:
Ordinate at middle of the long chord = verse sine = Oo
l
60
Oo = R (R2 ( 2 )2) = 180 (1802 ( 2 )2
Oo = 2.52 m
Various coo2.52 rdinates may be calculated by formula
l
Ox = (R2 x2) ((R2 ( )2))
2

x = distance measured from mid point of long chord.

60
O7.5 =

( )2)) = 2.34 m
2
60
O15 = (1802 152) ((1802 ( )2)) = 1.89 m
2
60
O22.5 = (1802 22.52) ((1802 ( )2)) = 1.14 m
2
60
O30 = (1802 302) ((1802 ( )2)) = 0 m
2

(1802

7.52)

((1802

X (m)

Ox (m)

2.52

7.5

2.34

15

1.89

22.5

1.14

30

39

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
b) By Successive Bisection of Arcs

Let T1 and T2 be the tangents

points. Join T1 and T2 and bisect it
at E.

Setout offsets ED(y), determined

point D on the curve equal to

ED = y = R ( 1 cos ()

Join T1D and DT2 and bisect them

at F and G respectively.

Set out offset HF(y) and GK(y)

each eqn be

FH = GK = y= R ( 1 cos ()

Obtain point H and K on a curve.

By repeating the same process,
obtain as many pints as required
on the curve.
40

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
3) By Offsets from the Tangents
In this method the offsets are setout either radially or perpendicular to
the tangents BA ad BC according to as the center O of the curve is
accessible or inaccessible.
a) By Radial Offsets: (O is Accessible)

Working Method:

Measure a distance x from T1 on back

tangent or from T2 on the forward tangent.

Measure a distance Ox along radial line

A1O.

The resulting point E1 lies on the curve.

41

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
3) By Offsets from the Tangents
In this method the offsets are setout either radially or perpendicular to
the tangents BA ad BC according to as the center O of the curve is
accessible or inaccessible.
a) By Radial Offsets:

EE1 = Ox , offsets at distance x from T1 along

tangent AB.
In OT1E

OT12 + T1E2 = OE2

T1

A
Ox
E1

OT1 = R, T1E = x, OE = R + Ox

R2 + x2 = (R + Ox)2
R + Ox = (R2 + Ox2)
Ox =(R2 + X2) R ---------A (Exact Formula)

O
42

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
3) By Offsets from the Tangents
a) By Radial Offsets:
Expanding

(R2

+ x)

x2
x4
, Ox = R ( 1 + 2R2 + 8R4 + ..) - R

T1

Taking any two terms

x2

R
Ox = 2 R2

eqn (A) Ox = R ( 1 + 2R2 ) R

x2

Ox
E1

R
R

x2
Ox =
-------B ( Approximate formula)
2R
O
Used for short curve
43

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
3) By Offsets from the Tangents
a) By Radial Offsets:: Example

44

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
3) By Offsets from the Tangents
In this method the offsets are setout either radially or perpendicular to
the tangents BA ad BC according to as the center O of the curve is
accessible or inaccessible.
b) By Offsets Perpendicular to Tangents

(O is Inaccessible)
Working Method:

Measure a distance x from T1 on back

tangent or from T2 on the forward tangent.

Erect a perpendicular of length Ox.

The resulting point E1 lies on the curve.

45

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
3) By Offsets from the Tangents
b) By Offsets Perpendicular to Tangents

EE1 = Ox = T offset at a distance of x measured along

tangent AB
OE1E2, OE12 = OE22 + E1E22

OE1 = R, E1E2 = x, OE2 = R Ox

T1

Ox

E2

E1

R2 = (R Ox) 2 + x2
(R Ox)2 = R2 x2

Ox = R (R2 x2) ------- A (Exact Formula)

Expanding (R2 x2) and neglecting higher

power
x2
Ox =
------- Approximate Formula
2R

46

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
3) By Offsets from the Tangents
b) By Offsets Perpendicular to Tangents : Example

47

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method

4) By Offsets from Chord Produced

T1E = T1E1 = bo --- 1st chord of length b1

EF, FG, etc = successive chords of length b2 and b3,
each equal to length of unit chord.
BT1E = = angle b/w tangents T1B and 1st chord
T1E
E1E = O1 = offset from tangent BT1
E2F = O2 = offset from preceding chord T1E
produced.

Arc T1E = chord T1E

T1E = OT1 2
T1E = R 2 ,

T1E
--------- 1
2R

48

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
4) By Offsets from Chord Produced

Similarly chord EE1 = arc E1E

1st offset O1 = E1E = T1E x
O1 = T1E T1E / 2R

O1 = T1

E2/2R

b12
2

----- 2

E2EF1 = DET1 (vertically opposite)

DET1 = DT1E since DT1 = DE

::: E2EF1 = DT1E = E1T1E

The s E1T1E and E2EF2 being nearly
isosceles may be considered similar
49

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
4) By Offsets from Chord Produced

The s E1T1E and E2EF2 being nearly

isosceles may be considered similar
21
2

1
1

21 =

21
2

i.e

21
1

2
1

12
2

1
1

2 1
2

F1F being the offset from the tangent at E

is equal to :

F1 F =

EF2
2

b22
2
50

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
4) By Offsets from Chord Produced
Now 2nd offset O2
O2 = E2F = E2F1 + F1F
O2 = E2F =
O2 = E2F =

21
2

22
+ 2

2 (1+2)
2

Similarly 3rd offset

O3 =
O3 =
On =

b3 ( b2 + b3)
2

b22

, since b2=b3=b4

, so O3=O4=O5 except for last offset.

bn ( bn 1...+ bn)
2

51

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
2) Angular or Instrumental Methods
1) Rankines Method of
Tangential Angles
2) Two Theodolite Method
1) Rankines Method of
Tangential Angles
In this method the curve is
set out tangential angle
often called deflection
angles with a theodolite,
chain or tape.
52

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
2) Angular or Instrumental Methods
1) Rankines Method of Tangential Angles
Working method:
1. Fix the theodolite device to be at point
T1 and directed at point B.
2. Measure the deflection angles 1 and
the chords C1.
3. Connect the ends of the chords to
draw the curve.
Deflection Angles:
The angles between the tangent and the
ends of the chords from point T1.
53

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
2) Angular or Instrumental Methods
1) Rankines Method of
Tangential Angles
AB = Rear tangent to curve
D,E,F = Successive point on the
curve
1, 2, 3.. The tangential angles
which each of successive chord
T1D,DE,EF makes with the
respective tangents at T1, D, E.
1 , 2, 3 Total deflection
angles
C1, C2, C3.. Length of the
chord. T1D, DE, EF.
54

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
2) Angular or Instrumental Methods
1) Rankines Method of Tangential Angles
Arc T1D = chord T1D = C1
So, T1D = R x 2 1
2 R 1
C1= T1D =
And
180
C 180
1 = 1
degree
2R
C 180 60
1 = 1
min
2R
1718.9 C1
1 =

2 =
n =

1718.9 C2

1718.9 Cn

55

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
2) Angular or Instrumental Methods
1) Rankines Method of Tangential Angles
Total deflection angle for the
1st chord --T1D = BT1D :. 1= 1
2nd Chord --DE = B T1 E
But B T1 E = B T1 D + D T1 E
2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2
3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 2 + 3
4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 3 + 4
n = 1 + 2 +. + n = n-1 + n
Check:

Total deflection angle BT1T2 = , = Deflection angle of the curve

2

This Method give more accurate result and is used in railway & other
important curve.

56

Simple Curves
Problem 04: Two tangents intersect at chainage 2140 m . = 18o24`.
Calculate all the data necessary for setting out the curve, with R =
600 m and Peg interval being 20 m by:
1) By deflection angle
2) offsets from chords.
Solution:
BT1 = BT2 = R tan

= 600 tan

18o24`
2

BT1 = BT2 = 97.18 m

Length of curve = L =

R
180

L = 192.68 m
Chainage of point of intersection
Minus Tangent length
Chainage of T1
Plus L
Chainage of T2

600 1824`
180

= 2140 m
= - 97.18 m
= 2042.82 m
= + 192.68 m
= 2235.50 m
57

Simple Curves
Problem 04:
Solution:
Length of 1st chord = C1 = 2060 2042.82 = 17.18 m
C2 = C3 = C4 = C5 = C6 = C7 = C8 = C9 = 20 m
C10 = 2235.50 2220 = 15.15 m
1) By deflection angle
1718.9 C1
1718.9 C1
1 =
(min) =
(degree)

1 =
2 =

1718.9 x 17.18
60 600

1718.9 x 20
60 600

60

= 0o49`13.07``
= 0o57`17.8

2 =3 =4 =5 =6 =7 =8 =9
1718.9 x 15.15
10 =
= 0o44`24.3``
60 600

Note: No of chords =

= (192.68 17.18)/ 20 = 8.77=8

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Simple Curves
Problem 04:
Solution:
1) By deflection angle

Total deflection (tangential) angle for the chords are:

1= 1 = 0o49`13.07``
2= 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 1o46`30.87``
3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 2o43`48.67``
4 = 3o41`6.4
5 = 4o38`24.27``
6 = 5o35`42.07``
7 = 6o32``54.87``
8 = 7o30`17.67``
9 = 8o27`35.47``
10 = 9 + 10 = 9o11`54.77``
Check: 10

18o34` o
= =
= 9 12`0``

59

Simple Curves
Problem 04:
Solution:
2) By Offsets from Chords
bn ( bn 1...+ bn)

On =
O1 =
O2 =
O3 =

b n2
2

17.18 2
2 600

b2 (b1 + b2)
2

b3 (b2 + b3)
2

=
=

= 0.25 m
20 17.18+20
2 600

b22

= 0.62 m

= 0.67 m

O3 = O 4 = O5 = O6 = O7 = O8 = O9

O10 =

b10 (b9 + b10)

2

15.50 20 +15.50
2 600

= 0.46 m
60

Simple Curves
Method of Curve Ranging
2) Angular or Instrumental Methods
2) Two Theodolite Method
This method is used when ground is not favorable for accurate
chaining i.e rough ground , very steep slope or if the curve one water
It is based on the fact that angle between tangent & chord is equal to
the angle which that chord subtends in the opposite segments.
1 is b/w tangent T1B & T1D => BT1D = T1T2D = 1
T1E = 2 = T1 T2 E
The total tangential angle or deflection angle
1, 2 3 ,As calculate in the 1st method.

61

Simple Curves
Obstacles in Setting Out Simple Curve
The following obstacles occurring in common practice will be
considered.

1) When the point of intersection of Tangent lines is inaccessible.

2) When the whole curve cannot be set out from the Tangent
point, Vision being obstructed.
3) When the obstacle to chaining occurs.

62

Simple Curves
Obstacles in Setting Out Simple Curve
1) When the point of intersection of Tangent lines is inaccessible
When intersection point falls in lake, river , wood or any other
construction work
1) To determine the value of
2) To locate the points T1 & T2
Calculate 1 & 2 by instrument
(theodolite).
BMN = = 180 1
BNM = = 180 2

Deflection angle = = +
= 360o (sum of measured angles)
= 360o - (1+ 2)
63

Simple Curves
Obstacles in Setting Out Simple Curve
1) When the point of intersection of Tangent lines is inaccessible
Calculate the BM & BN from BMN
By sine rule

sin (180o (+))

sin
BM =
sin (180o (+))
sin
BN =
sin (180o (+))
sin

BT1 & BT2 = R * tan ( )

MT1 =BT1 - BM
NT2 = BT2 - BN
64

Simple Curves
Obstacles in Setting Out Simple Curve
2) When the whole curve cannot be set out from the Tangent
point, Vision being obstructed
As a rule the whole curve is to be set out from T1 however

obstructions intervening the line of sight i.e Building, cluster of tree,

Plantation etc. In such a case the instrument required to be set up
at one or more point along the curve.

65

Simple Curves
Obstacles in Setting Out Simple Curve
3) When the obstacle to chaining occurs

66

Simple Curves

Assignment
Obstacles in Setting Out Simple Curve
(Detail procedure)
Page 130 Part II
Example 1 (approximate method)
Example 2
Example 3
Page 135 Part II

67

Curves
Compound Curves
A compound curve consist of 2 arcs of different radii
bending in the same direction and lying on the same side
of their common tangent. Then the center being on the
same side of the curve.
RS = Smaller radius
RL = Larger radius
TS = smaller tangent length = BT1
TL = larger tangent length = BT2
= deflection angle b/w common
tangent and rear tangent
= angle of deflection b/w common
tangent and forward tangent
N = point of compound curvature
KM = common tangent

68

Curves
Compound Curves
Elements of Compound Curve
= +

KT1 = KN =RS tan( 2 )

MN = MT2 = RL tan ( 2 )
From BKN, by sine rule

sin

sin

BK =
BM =

180o - ( +) = I
180o = I

sin

sin(180o ( +))
sin

sin(180o ( +))
sin

sin(180o ( +))
69

Curves
Compound Curves
Elements of Compound Curve
TS = BT1 = BK + KT1

TS = BT1 =
TL = BT2 =

sin

sin(180o

( +))

sin

sin(180o ( +))

+ RS tan ( 2 )

+ RL tan ( 2 )

Of the seven quantities RS, RL, TS, TL, , ,

four must be known.

70

Curves
Compound Curves
Problem: Two tangents AB & BC are intersected by a line KM. the
angles AKM and KMC are 140o & 145o respectively. The radius of
1st arc is 600m and of 2nd arc is 400m. Find the chainage of
tangent points and the point of compound curvature given that
the chainage of intersection point is 3415 m.
Solution:
= 180o 140o = 40o
= 180o 145o = 35o
= + = 75o
I = 180o 75o = 105o

KT1 = KN = RL tan ( 2 ) = 600 tan(40o/2)

KT1 = KN = 218.38 m

MN = MT2 = RS tan( 2 ) = 400 tan(35o/2)

MN = MT2 = 126.12 m
KM = MT2 + MN = 218.38 + 126.12
KM = 344.50 m

71

Curves
Solution:
Fin BKM, by sin rule

sin

Compound Curves

sin()

BK =

sin
sin()

BM =

sin
sin()

344.50 35
sin 105

= 204.57 m

344.50 40
sin 105

= 229.25 m

TL = KT1 + BK = 218.38 + 204.57 = 422.95 m

TS = MT2 + BM = 126.12 + 229.25 = 355.37 m

LL =
LS =

600 4 0
=
= 418.88 m
180
180
400 30
=
= 244.35 m
180
180
72

Curves
Compound Curves

Solution:
Chainage of intersection point
Minus TL
Chainage of T2
Plus L
Chainage of compound curvature (N)
Plus LS
Chainage of T2

= 3415 m
= - 422.95 m
= 2992.05 m
= + 418.88 m
= 3410.93 m
= + 244.35 m
= 3655.25 m

73