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Engineering Surveying - II CE313: Route Survey Muhammad Noman

Here are the steps to solve this problem using deflection angles and offsets from chords: 1) By deflection angle ∅: - Tangent length = BT1 = BT2 = 97.18 m - Length of curve L = 192.68 m - Chainage of T1 = 2042.82 m - Chainage of T2 = 2235.5 m - Deflection angle δ1 = 18°24'/2 = 9°12' - Use Rankine's method to calculate offsets from T1 2) Offsets from chords: - Long chord l = 2Rsin(∅/2) = 594.4 m - Divide

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ishaq kazeem
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134 views

Engineering Surveying - II CE313: Route Survey Muhammad Noman

Here are the steps to solve this problem using deflection angles and offsets from chords: 1) By deflection angle ∅: - Tangent length = BT1 = BT2 = 97.18 m - Length of curve L = 192.68 m - Chainage of T1 = 2042.82 m - Chainage of T2 = 2235.5 m - Deflection angle δ1 = 18°24'/2 = 9°12' - Use Rankine's method to calculate offsets from T1 2) Offsets from chords: - Long chord l = 2Rsin(∅/2) = 594.4 m - Divide

Uploaded by

ishaq kazeem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Surveying - II

CE313
Route Survey
Lecture 03
Muhammad Noman
Route Survey
Route surveying is comprised of all survey operations required for
design and construction of engineering works such as highways,
pipelines, canals, or railroads.
Curves
Curves are provided in the line of
communications in order that the
change of direction at the intersection of
the straight lines shall be gradual.
Straight (tangent) sections of most types
of transportation routes, such as
highways, railroads, and pipelines, are
connected by curves in both the
horizontal and vertical planes.
Curves
Curves are provided whenever a road changes
its direction from right to S (vice versa) or
changes its alignment from up to down (vice
versa).
The curves are generally circular arcs, but
parabolic curves are often used in many
countries
The lines connected by curve are Tangential to
it and are called tangential straight.
T1 and T2 are tangent points
B is the intersection point or vertex.
Curves
Types of Curves
There are two types of Curves:
i) Horizontal Curve
ii) Vertical Curve
Types of Horizontal Curves
1. Simple Curve:
It consists of a single curve/Arc connecting two tangents or vertex.
It is the type most often used.
Types of Horizontal Curves
2. Compound Curve:
A compound curve consists of two arc/curves of different radii bending
in the same direction and laying on the same side of their common
tangent i.e. their center being on the same side of the curves.
Types of Horizontal Curves
3. Reverse Curve:
A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal of unequal radii,
bending in opposite direction with common tangent at their junction.
Their centers lying on opposite sides of the curve.
Types of Horizontal Curves

4. Transition Curve:
A track transition curve, or spiral
easement, is a calculated curve on a
section of highway, or railroad track,
where a straight section changes into
a curve. It is designed to prevent
sudden changes in lateral or
centripetal acceleration.
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
1. Tangents or Straights: The straight
lines AB and BC which are connected
by the curves are called the tangents
or straights to curves.

2. Point of Intersection: (PI.) The


Point B at which the 2 tangents AB
and BC intersect or Vertex (V) .
Nomenclature of Simple Curves

3) Back Tangent: The tangent line


AB is called 1st tangent or Rear
tangents or Back tangent.

4) Forward Tangent: The tangents


line BC is called 2nd tangent or
Forward tangent.
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
5) Tangents Points: The points T1 and
T2 at which the curves touches the
straights.
• 5.a) Point of Curve (P.C): The
beginning of the curve T1 is called
the point of curve or tangent curve
(T.C).
• 5.b) Point of tangency (C.T): The end
of curve T2 is called point of
tangency or curve tangent (C.T).
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
6) Angle of Intersection: (I) The angle ABC
between the tangent lines AB and BC.
Denoted by I.
7) Angle of Deflection (∅): Then angle B`BC
by which the forward (head tangent deflect
from the Rear tangent.
8) Tangent Length: (BT1 and BT2) The
distance from point of intersection B to the
tangent points T1 and T2. These depend
upon the radii of curves.
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
9) Long Cord: The line T1T2 joining the two
tangents point T1 and T2 is called long
chord. Denoted by l.
10) Length of Curve: the arc T1FT2 is called
length of curve. Denoted by L.
11) Apex or Summit of Curve: The mid
point F of the arc T1FT2 is called Apex of
curve and lies on the bisection of angle of
intersection. It is the junction of lines radii.
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
12) External Distance (BF): The distance BF
from the point of intersection to the apex
of the curve is called Apex distance or
External distance.
13) Central Angle: The angle T1OT2
subtended at the center of the curve by
the arc T1FT2 is called central angle and is
equal to the deflection angle.
14) Mid ordinate (EF): It is a ordinate from
the mid point of the long chord to the mid
point of the curve i.e. distance EF. Also
called Versed sine of the curve.
Nomenclature of Simple Curves
If the curve deflect to the right of the
direction of the progress of survey it is
called Right-hand curve and if to the left, it
is called Left-hand curve.
The Δ BT1T2 is an isosceles triangle and
therefore the angle

∟ BT1T2 = ∟ BT2T1 = ∅/2


Elements of Simple Curve
Elements of Simple Curve
Elements of Simple Curve
Degrees of Curves
Degree of curve is defined in 2 ways
1) Arc Definition
2) Chord Definition
Degrees of Curves
Degrees of Curves
Location of Tangent Points
To Locate T1 and T2
1) Fix the direction of tangents, produce them
so as to meet at point B.
2) Set up theodolite at point B and measure
T1BT2 (I). Then deflection angle ∅ = 180˚ – I
3) Calculate tangents lengths by
BT1 = BT2 = R tan(∅/2)
4) Locate T1 and T2 points by measuring the
tangent lengths backward and forward along
tangent lines AB and BC.
Location of Tangent Points
5) The chainage of T1 is obtained by subtracting the tangent length from the
known chainage of the intersection point B. And the chainage of T2 is found
by adding the length of curve to the chainage of T1.
6) Then the pegs are fixed at equal intervals on the curve.
7) The interval between pegs is usually 30m or one chain length.
8) The pegs along the centre line of the work should be at equal interval
from the beginning of the line up to the end.
9) The first peg on the curve is fixed at such a distance from the first tangent
point (T1) that its chainage becomes the whole number of chains i.e. the
whole number of peg interval.
10) The length of the first sub chord is thus less than the peg interval and it is
called a sub-chord.
Problem 01
Two tangents intersect at chainage of 6 +26.57. It is proposed to insert a
circular curve of radius 1000ft. The deflection angle being 16˚38’. Calculate:
a) Chainage of tangents points
b) Lengths of long chord

a) Solution:
Tangent length = BT1 = BT2 = R tan(∅/2)
BT1 = BT2 = 1000 x tan(16˚38`/2)
= 146.18 ft
Length of curve = L = 𝜋 R ∅/180˚
L = 𝜋 x 1000 x 16 ˚38`/180˚ = 290.31ft
Problem 01
Chainage of point of intersection =6 + 26.56
minus tangent length =-1 + 46.18
chainage of T1 = 4 + 80.39
plus L =2 + 90.31
Chainage of T2 =7 + 70.70

b) Lengths of long chord


Length of chord = l = 2 R sin(∅/2)
l = 2 x 1000 x sin(16˚38`/2) = 289.29 ft
Problem 02
Assignment 01 a: Two tangents intersect at chainage of 14 + 87.33,
with a deflection angle of 11˚21’ 35’’. Degree of curve is 6˚. Calculate
chainage of beginning and end of the curve.
Methods of Curve Ranging (Simple Curves)
The methods for setting out curves may be divided into 2 classes
according to the instrument employed .
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
2) Angular or Instrumental Method
1) Linear or Chain & Tape Method
These methods use the chain surveying tools only.
These methods are used for the short curves which doesn’t require
high degree of accuracy.
These methods are used for the clear situations on the road
intersections.
a) By offset or ordinate from Long chord
b) By offset from the Tangents
c) By offset from the Chords produced
a) By offset or ordinate from Long chord
Divided the long chord into even
number of equal parts.
Set out offsets as calculated
from the equation at each of the
points of division. Thus obtaining
the required points on the curve.

𝑂𝑥 = 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑅2 − (2𝑙 )2
Problem 03:
Assignment 1b: Calculate the ordinate at 7.5 m interval for a circular
curve given that l = 60 m and R = 180 m, by offset or ordinate from long
chord.
b) By Offsets from the Tangents
In this method the offsets are setout either
radially or perpendicular to the tangents BA
and BC according to as the center O of the
curve is accessible or inaccessible.
b) By Offsets from the Tangents
i) By Radial Offsets: (O is Accessible)
• Measure a distance x from T1 on back
tangent or from T2 on the forward
tangent.
• Measure a distance Ox along radial line
A1O.
• The resulting point E1 lies on the curve.

𝑂𝑥 = (𝑅2 +𝑥 2 ) − 𝑅
b) By Offsets from the Tangents
ii) By Offsets Perpendicular to Tangents (O is
Inaccessible)
• Measure a distance x from T1 on back
tangent or from T2 on the forward tangent.
• Erect a perpendicular of length Ox.
• The resulting point E1 lies on the curve.

𝑂𝑥 = 𝑅 − (𝑅2 −𝑥 2 )
c) By Offsets from Chord Produced
𝐶12
O1 =
2𝑅

𝐶2
O2 = (C1+C2)
2𝑅

𝐶𝑛
On = (Cn-1+Cn)
2𝑅
2) Angular or Instrumental Method
i) Rankine’s Method of Tangential Angles
ii) Two Theodolite Method
i) Rankine’s Method
METHOD:
1.Fix the theodolite device to be at
point T1 and directed at point B.
2.Measure the deflection angles 𝛿1
and the chords C1.
3.Connect the ends of the chords to
draw the curve.
i) Rankine’s Method

C1= T1D = 2 π R δ1/180


δ1 = C1 ∗ 180/ 2 π R (degree)
δ1 = C1 ∗ 180 ∗ 60/2 π R (min)
δ1 = 1718.9 ∗C1/𝑅
δ2 = 1718.9 ∗C2/𝑅
δn = 1718.9 ∗Cn/𝑅
i) Rankine’s Method
• Δ1= δ1
• Δ2 = δ1 + δ2 = Δ1 + δ2
• Δ3 = δ1 + δ2 + δ3 = Δ2 + δ3
• Δ4 = δ1 + δ2 + δ3 + δ4 = Δ3 + δ4
• Δn = δ1 + δ2 +…………. + δn = Δn-1 + δn

Check:
Total deflection angle BT1T2 = φ/2 ,
φ = Deflection angle of the curve
This Method give more accurate result and is
used in railway & other important curve.
Problem 04:
• Two tangents intersect at chainage 2140 m . ∅= 18˚24`. Calculate all
the data necessary for setting out the curve, with R = 600 m and Peg
interval being 20 m by:
• 1) By deflection angle ∅
• 2) offsets from chords.
Problem 04:
Tangent length = BT1 = BT2 = R tan(∅/2)
BT1 = BT2 = 600 x tan(18˚24`/2)
= 97.18 m
Length of curve = L = 𝜋 R ∅/180˚
L = 𝜋 x 600 x 18 ˚24`/180˚ = 192.68 m
Chainage of point of intersection = 2140 m

minus tangent length = 97.18 m


chainage of T1 = 2042.82 m
plus L = 192.68 m
Chainage of T2 = 2235.50 m
Problem 04:
Length of 1st chord = C1 = 2060 – 2042.82 = 17.18 m
C2 = C3 = C4 = C5 = C6 = C7 = C8 = C9 = 20 m
C10 = 2235.50 – 2220 = 15.15 m
Problem 04:
Problem 04:
2) By Offsets from Chords
𝐶12 17.182
O1 = = = 0.25 m
2𝑅 2 ∗600
𝐶2 20
O2 = (C1+C2) = (17.18+20) = 0.62 m
2𝑅 2 ∗600
𝐶3 20
O3 = (C2+C3) = (20+20) = 0.67 m
2𝑅 2 ∗600
O3 = O4 = O5 = O6 = O7 = O8 = O9
𝐶10 15.50
O10 = (C9+C10) = (20+15.50) = 0.46 m
2𝑅 2 ∗600
ii) Two Theodolite Method
• This method is used when
ground is not favorable for
accurate chaining i.e. rough
ground or very steep slope.
• It is based on the fact that
angle between tangent &
chord is equal to the angle
which that chord subtends in
the opposite segments.
Obstacles in Setting Out Simple Curve
Assignment 1c
The following obstacles occurring in common practice will be
considered.
1) When the point of intersection of Tangent lines is inaccessible.
2) When the whole curve cannot be set out from the Tangent point,
Vision being obstructed.
3) When the obstacle to chaining occurs.
• Thank You

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