11hydraulics in Pipeline Transport Logistics

Subject
Hydraulics in pipeline
transport logistics
11 lecture
teacher: PhD Haciyeva I.Y.

Hydraulic resistance
When the fluid moves, two types of
resistance are distinguished and,
accordingly, two types of pressure
losses.
1. Resistance, manifested along the entire length of the flow, due to the forces of
friction of the fluid particles against each other and on the walls that limit the flow; the
corresponding pressure losses will be called friction losses along the length and
denoted by hfr (resistance along the length);
2. Local resistance caused by various kinds of obstacles installed in the flow (valve, crane, elbow),
leading to changes in the value or direction of the fluid flow rate; the corresponding pressure losses
(local losses) will be denoted by hl.r. (local resistance).
Head loss between sections h 1-2
h1-2 = hfr + hl.r.

Modes of fluid
movement
The existence of two modes of fluid motion
was noticed:
- in 1839 by Hagen
- in 1880 by D.I.Mendeleev.
Experiments on this issue were
conducted by the English physicist
Osborne Reynolds in 1883.
Depending on the type of liquid, its
speed of movement and the nature of
the walls that restrict the flow, there
are two main modes of movement:
laminar and turbulent.
In the laminar regime, the flow of the fluid
moves in separate streams and layers, and the
trajectories of the individual particles do not
intersect each other, i.e. the existence of a
laminated flow or, as it is usually called, a
laminar flow (from the Latin "lamina" - a
layer) is established.
The laminar motion regime occurs most often when
moving through pipes of a liquid with a high viscosity
(oil, petroleum products, clay), and also when water
moves in capillary tubes and soil pores.
The type of fluid motion observed at high speeds is called
turbulent ("turbulentus" in Latin – vortex).
Individual particles mix with each other and move along

ever-changing trajectories. Such movement is also called
disorderly.
Turbulent mode is characterized by intensive mixing of the

liquid as a result of the movement of particles along very
To characterize the regime of fluid motion,
Reynolds introduced a dimensionless parameter Re,
taking into account the influence of the above
factors, called the Reynolds number (criterion).
du dh
Pin
 V  Sl
vl
Re   dt  dt 
T 
du
S S 
dh
In the calculations, the critical value
of the Reynolds number is used - Re = 2320.
• When
Re <2320 - laminar mode,

• At
Re >2320 - turbulent mode.

With a circular cross section, When
the hydraulic radius • Re < 580 – laminar mode,
4vR When
Re 
 Re > 580 – turbulent mode.
2320
 580
4
The basic equation for
uniform motion
The fluid flow with uniform motion, the axis of
which is inclined to the horizon at an angle α
When the fluid moves, the uniform
acceleration of the center of mass of the
allocated volume is zero, therefore, the
sum of the projections of all external
forces applied to the indicated volume on
any axis should also be zero.
Such external forces are:
1. Pressure forces P1 and P2 (;
2. Forces of hydrodynamic pressure on the side surface Pп;
3. Gravity
4. Resistance to movement
The sum of the projections of all the forces on the xx
axis parallel to the flow axis. Given the fact that the
forces of the Pp do not give a projection on the
specified axis
P1  P2  G sin   T  0
sin  
 z1  z 2 
L
z1  z 2
p1 F  p2 F  gFL  AL  0
L
Dividing the resulting equation by ρgF
taking into account that A/F = 1/R
p1 p2    L 
z1   z2     
g g  g  R 
Let us compare the obtained equation for uniform (v1 = v2) motion and
the Bernoulli equation in the usual form also for uniform motion
2 2
p1 v1 p 2 v2
z1    z2    h1 2
g 2 g g 2 g
We get the expression for the pressure loss along
the flow length:
   L 
h fr    
 g  R 
This equation is called
basic equation of uniform motion.
The law of distribution of
tangentional tention
Consider the case of fluid movement in a pressure
pipe of circular cross section.
where:
r inner radius of the pipe;
the origin at the center of the cross section of the pipe O;
direct the x axis along the pipe axis and the z axis vertically.
• Let us isolate the volume of liquid inside the pipe in the
form of a cylinder whose radius is y, length L.
• We apply to this volume the basic equation of uniform
motion.
y    2 L 
R h fr    
2  g  y 
When the pipe is horizontal p 2L
(z1 = z2), it can be written as: h1 2  
g gy
For unit friction p
 y
(tangentional tention): 2L
This allows us to establish the law of distribution of tangents
stresses in the cross section of the pipe.
τ varies according to a linear law:
- its smallest value τo = 0 (on the axis of the pipe, with у = 0),
- highest value τo = τmax (at the walls, with у = r):
Darcy-Weisbach Expression
The basic equation for uniform motion
   L 
h fr  h1 2    
 g  R 
Chezi proposed to designate
 1 2
 2v
g C
From the basic equation of uniform motion
v2L
h1 2 
C 2R
Given the fact that
h fr
i
L
(where “i" is the hydraulic slope)

Chesi's formula for speed with uniform fluid motion:
v  C Ri
Value С2 has an acceleration dimension
8g
C

• λ - is a dimensionless quantity called
the hydraulic friction coefficient.
2
L v
h1 2 
4R 2 g
For round pipes 4R = d
2
L v
h1 2  hfr  
d 2g
The resulting expression is called
the Darcy-Weisbach formula
to determine the pressure loss with uniform
fluid movement in round pipes:

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teacher: PhD Haciyeva I.Y.

h1-2 = hfr + hl.r.

Individual particles mix with each other and move along

Turbulent mode is characterized by intensive mixing of the

Re <2320 - laminar mode,

Re >2320 - turbulent mode.

(where “i" is the hydraulic slope)

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