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Complex Number Lecture - 1A

Complex numbers are numbers of the form x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Complex numbers are needed because some equations, like x^2 = -4, have no real solutions. By allowing imaginary solutions of the form x = 2i, all equations can have solutions. Complex numbers can be expressed in rectangular form x + iy or in polar form r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus and θ is the amplitude. Basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can be performed with complex numbers by treating i as a variable satisfying i^2 = -1.

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53 views

Complex Number Lecture - 1A

Complex numbers are numbers of the form x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Complex numbers are needed because some equations, like x^2 = -4, have no real solutions. By allowing imaginary solutions of the form x = 2i, all equations can have solutions. Complex numbers can be expressed in rectangular form x + iy or in polar form r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus and θ is the amplitude. Basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can be performed with complex numbers by treating i as a variable satisfying i^2 = -1.

Uploaded by

dev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is complex numbers?

and why we have to

study complex numbers?


x2  4  0
x2  4
ex:1 x  2

x2  4  0

Which are real


4 numbers.
2
x

x    4   4   1  2   1  2i , where i   1

ex:2
In number systems mainly there are two

types of numbers

•Real numbers
•Imaginary numbers

And when we are study by combining real

numbers and imaginary numbers it is

called complex numbers.


Defn : A number of the form x+iy,
i=-1 is called a complex number.
It is denoted by z .
x is called the real part of z=x+iy &
is written as Re(z) & y is called
the imaginary part of z & is written
as Im(z)
i.e. z=x+iy, where, x=Re(z) ,y=Im(z)
•Z=x+iy be a complex number then
conjugate of z is denoted by z- and is
defined as z-=x-iy.
Properties :
(1) Equality of two complex numbers
Two complex numbers
z1= x1+iy1 & z2 =x2+i y2
are said to be equal if
x 1 = x 2 & y 1= y 2

i.e, Re(z1)=Re(z2) & Im(z1) = Im(z2)

(2) If z1 = z2 then z1 = z2
(3) If z = x+iy
z = x-iy, are conjugate of each other
z-z =y
(i) z + z = x and
2 2i

(ii) z z = x + y =
2 2 z 2

(iii) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2

(iv) z1.z2 = z1 . z2

(v) z1/z2 = z1 / z2 where z2 = 0


(4) Elementary operations

If z1 = x1+i y1 and z2 = x2+i y2 are


two complex numbers then

1) z1 + z2 = (x1+iy1) + (x2+iy2)
= (x1+x2) + i (y1+y2)

(2) z1- z2 = (x1+iy1) - (x2+iy2)


= (x1-x2) + i (y1- y2)
(iii) z1 . z2 = (x1+iy1) . (x2+iy2)
= x1x2 + ix1y2 + iy1x2 - y1y2
= x1x2 - y1y2 + i (x1y2 + y1x2)

z
(iv) 1 = x 1 +iy 1
z2 x2+iy2
x1+iy1 . x2- iy2
=
x2+iy2 x2- iy2
(x1+iy1) (x2- iy2)
=
x22 – i2y22
z1 x x - ix y + iy x + y y
= 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
z2 x 22 + y 22

= (x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 ) +i (y 1 x 2 - x 1 y 2 )
x2 + y2
2 2 x 2
2
+ y 2
2
(5) Polar form of a complex no.:
As in polar form
x = r cosθ & y = r sinθ
 z = x+i y
= r cosθ+ i r sinθ
= r(cosθ+i sinθ) = r CiSθ=reiθ
Where, r is MODULUS of z which is
written as
mod (z)= z =r= + x2+y2
And the angle  = tan-1(y/x) is called the
amplitude or argument of z,
given by amp (z) or arg (z)
* Express the following as a+ib :-
2 +i 3
(i)
1+ i
= 2 + 3i x 1 – i
1+ i 1-i

=
2+ 3 i - 2i – 3 i 2

1 - i2
(2 + 3 ) + i ( 3 - 2 )
=
2
2+ 3 i( 3 – 2)
= + = a + ib
2 2
(ii) 1 . - 1 .
(2+i)2 (2-i)2
= (2-i) 2
-(2+i)2

(2+i)2 (2- i)2


= 4+i 2
–4i-(4+i 2
+4i)
(4-i2)2
= 3-4i-3–4i
(4+1)2
-8i
= 25
Express the following in the
modulus - amplitude form :-

(1)- 3 + i

(2) 1 - cos + i sin

(3) (3- 2 i) 2

1+ 2i
(1)- 3 + i cis( /6)
= 2 cis(5

z = x + iy = - 3 + i
 x=- 3 y =
2 1 2
r =x +y
2

= 3+ 1 = 4
r = 2
 = tan-1 (y/x)
= tan-1(1/ - 3)
= tan [tan ( -
-1  )] = 5/6
6
(2) 1 - cos + i sin

Here, x = 1 - cos y = sin


r2 = (1 - cos)2 + sin2
= (1 + cos2 - 2cos + sin2)
= 1 + 1 – 2cos
= 2 (1 - cos)
= 2 . 2 sin2/2
= 4 sin2 /2
 r = 2 sin/2
 = tan-1(y/x)
sin
= tan (
-1
1 - cos
)
= tan-1 ( )
2sin/2 cos /2
2sin2 /2
= tan-1(cot /2)
= tan-1(tan (/2 - /2))
= /2 - /2
1-cos+i sin = 2 sin/2 cis(/2 - /2)
(3 - i2)2 9–2–6 2 i
* =
1+2i
1+i2
(7 – 6 2 i) . (1 – 2i)
=
1+4

= 7 – 12 2 + i (-6 2 - 14)
5
r= x2 + y2

7 – 12 2 2 + ( 6 2 + 14) 2
=
( 5
) ( 5
)
r = (7 – 12 2) 2
+ ( 6 2 + 14) 2

5
11 5
=
5

(6 2 + 14)
 = tan-1
7 – 12 2

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