FUNDAMENTS OF

NETWORKING
ABOUT US
Welcome to Eximius Network Solutions, where innovation meets reliability in the dynamic world
of IT. With a commitment to excellence, we specialize in providing cutting-edge solutions in IT
Networking, Cybersecurity, Servers, and a wide array of IT Technologies.
Why Choose Eximius Network Solutions:
• Proven Track Record: With a track record of successful implementations and satisfied students,
we bring reliability to every technical training.
• Dedicated Team: Our team of skilled professionals trainers are dedicated to delivering top-
notch solutions, ensuring IT education performs at its best application environment.
• Tailored Approach: Your unique needs are at the forefront of our trainings. We work closely
with students to understand their requirements and deliver tailored solutions.
At Eximius Network Solutions, we don't just provide IT trainings; we build concreate knowledge
base. Join us on the journey to elevate IT education and secure the future of your career.
ABOUT FOUNDER
Mrs. Priyanka Bilwankar is founder of Eximius Network Solutions
and she has being in IT Training since past 9+ years.
She being deliver Online and Offline Training on CCNA ,CCNP and
pursued global certification as well.

Masters in Business Administration |2011

GLOBAL CERTIFICATION:-
• Cisco Certified Network Professional | CCNP Enterprise
• CCNP Enterprise Network Core Technologies Specialist
• CCNP Enterprise Advanced Routing And Services Specialist
• Cisco Certified Network Associate | CCNA Enterprise
• Sophos Certified Engineer
• Sophos Certified Architect

GLOBAL CERTIFICATION:-
• Basic Networking
• CCNA, CCNP
• AWS
• Firewall Technology
• Progressive Career Counselling
ABOUT ANKIT BILWANKAR
Ankit Bilwankar is a Technology Trainer and Cyber Security
Consultant with more than 10+ Years of experience.

GLOBAL CERTIFICATION:-
• Cisco Certified Network Professional – Routing &
Switching
• Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional – Service
Provider
• Cisco Data Center Unified Fabric Support Specialist
• Cisco Cyber Security Specialist
• Cisco Certified Network Associate – Routing & Switching
• Cisco Certified Network Associate – Security
• Cisco Certified Network Associate – Data Center
DAY 1….
INTRODUCTION AND
WORKING OF NETWORK
 Basics Of Networking
What is a Network?

A network is a collection of Multiple devices that are connected via a

transmission media for sharing information.

There are two basic types of networks :-

A Local Area Network (LAN)

A Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network:
Is a group of network and network communication devices within a limited
geographical area such as a office building. With no third party involvement.
They are characterized by the following:
High data transfer speeds
Generally less expensive technologies
Limited geographic area
Wide Area Network:
A WAN is interconnection of multiple LAN. It is not restricted to particular
geographical area and may interconnects around the world .With the help of
third party
They are characterized by the following:
Multiple interconnected LANs
Generally more expensive technology
Exist in an unlimited geographic area
 LAN Transmission Methods
Transmission Method:-
Unicast transmission (1 to 1 )

Multicast transmission (1 to group)

Broadcast transmission (1 to all )

TOPOLOGY
STA
R

BUS

MES
H

RIN
G
TOPOLOGY

Hybri
d
APPLICATION LAYER
Top most Layer
Closest to User
It provides user interface & support for services such as
Mails (SMTP 25, POP3 110)
Remote access(Telnet 23)
Transfer & share of database (FTP- 21 ,20)
And thus helps in Distributing Information.
Port Service name Transport protocol

20, 21 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) TCP

22 Secure Shell (SSH) TCP and UDP

23 Telnet TCP

25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP

50, 51 IPSec

53 Domain Name System (DNS) TCP and UDP

67, 68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) UDP

69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) UDP

80 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TCP

110 Post Office Protocol (POP3) TCP

119 Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP) TCP

123 Network Time Protocol (NTP) UDP

135-139 NetBIOS TCP and UDP

143 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4) TCP and UDP

161, 162 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) TCP and UDP

389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol TCP and UDP

443 HTTP with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) TCP and UDP

989, 990 FTP over SSL/TLS (implicit mode) TCP

3389 Remote Desktop Protocol TCP and UDP

Various ports that are used for secure email transmission using TLS/SSL are given below:

995 TCP - Post Office Protocol 3 over TLS/SSL (POP3S) (Official)

993 TCP - Internet Message Access Protocol over SSL (IMAPS) (Official)

587 TCP - e-mail message submission (SMTP)

443 TCP - HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL/TLS)

465 TCP - this is the port used if you want to send messages using SMTP securely
PRESENTATION LAYER
Conerned with Sytax & Semantics of the information exchanged between two system.
Translation
Ascci code – Character or Number
Image-JPG,JPGE,AVI,BMP
AUDIO,VIDEO- Codec
Encryption & Decryption
Compression & Decompression
SESSION LAYER
Establish,Maintains,Synchronizes Session the interaction among communicating systems.
Specific responsibility:
Dialog Control:-
Allows communication between two processes to take place in either half-duplex
or Full duplex mode
Synchronize:- e.g.2000pages (checkpoint after every 100 pg., if pg crash…. )
TRANSPORT LAYER
 Process To Process Delivery
 Service –point Addressing
The network layer gets each packet to the correct computer
BUT
The transport layer gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer.
Thus also identify, replace the lost one.
 Connection control (TCP / UDP)
Segmentation & Reassembly
 Sequencing number of segments (messages)
Flow control (end to end Link control rather then single link)
Error control ( correction on receiving damage, loss & duplication entire message)
User Datagram Protocol Transmission Control Protocol

request

response
 NETWORK LAYER
Responsible for delivery of individual packets from Source to Destination Host possibly
across multiple networks
 Routed & Routing Protocol works here
 Logical addressing

The data link layer oversees the delivery of packet between two system on the same network
but
the network layer ensure that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination.
DATA LINK LINK LAYER
It Transform the physical layer, a raw Transmission facility, to a reliable link.
It makes the Physical layer appear error free to the upper layer
Responsibility:
Framing
Physical Addressing
Flow, Error & Access control
PHYSICAL LAYER

Mechanical • Transmission Medium

• Representation of BITS
Electrical

Functional • Physical device

interface to perform
Procedural for transmission
DEVELOP UNDERSTANDING OF IP SCHEMA
WHAT IS IP?
IP Stands for Internet Protocol.
It is an one type of addressing format used to define network interface.
IP address is a logical address.
There are different versions of IP address.IP Version numbers can be 0-15.
From which we are using are ipv4 and ipv6.
0-1 are Reserved.

2-3 are unassigned

4 i.e ipv4

5 ST datagram

6 ipv6

7 TP/IX: The Next Internet

8 PIP The P Internet Protocol

9 TUBA

10 -14 unassigned

15 Reserved
 IANA
CLASSES RANGE Private IP ADDRESS Range N/H PURPOSE
BITS
CLASS A 1-126 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 8 Bit Unicast (Large Network)
CLASS B 128-191 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 16Bits Unicast (Medium Network)

CLASS C 192-223 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 24 Unicast (Small Network)

Bit
CLASS D 224-239 Multicast

CLASS E 240-255 Experimental

Automatic Pvt. IP Add. 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255

Loop Back 127 127.0.0.0. to 127.255.255.255 Testing

SUBNETTING…….
DAY …..
ACCESS, CONFIGURATION AND
BUILDING CONNECTION OF DEVICES
ROUTER
Define:-
It is device which connects multiple network.

Router Components:
NVRAM: Stores the startup configuration
RAM: Contains the active configuration, Routing table, Running IOS, Buffers etc.
Flash: Stores the IOS version
ROM: Contains a mini IOS to start and maintain the router

Connecting To A Router:
Console Port: access locally via Terminal Server/modem
Auxiliary Port: access locally via modem dial port
VTY Port: Remote Access
COMPONENT….. FLASH NVRAM RAM

ROM

Router Booting process

 CABLE STANDARD
Straight through A-A / B-B Connect Different devices
RJ 45 connector
cable e.g. R-SW
Crossover Cable B-A / A-B Connects same device
e.g. SW-SW
Rollover A-reverse Access of device
/management B -reverse
/console cable
SWITCH
It’s a device witch connects multiple devices od same network

Further will discuss regarding switch in detail……..

CONFIGURATION
MODES NAME COMMAND
Router> User executive Enable
Router# privilege Configure terminal
Router(config)# Global configuration Hostname,interface,routing methods, line
Router(config-if)# Interface
Router(config-router)# Router
Router(config-line)# Line
exit One step back
IP ADDRESSING(MANUALLY)
Router> Enable
Router# Configure terminal
Router(config)# Interface S0/0/0
Router(config-if)# e.g. Ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# No shutdown
Router(config-if)# end
Router# show version,show ip interface brief,
show cdp neighbor
CONFIGURATION
(LAB1-CONNECTION BETWEEN DIRECTLY CONNECTED NETWORK)
CONFIGURATION
(lab2-connection between indirectly connected network) THROUGH STATIC ROUTING
CONFIGURATION
(LAB3-CONNECTION BETWEEN INDIRECTLY CONNECTED NETWORK
ON INTERNET) THROUGH DEFAULT ROUTING
DNS
CONFIGURATION
(LAB4-COMBINATION OF ROUTER/SWITCH/DESKTOP )- USING
STATIC AND DEFAULT ROUTE
IP ADDRESSING (DHCP- DYNAMIC HOST
CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL )
LAB-5 LAB-6
SWITCH-
(CONFIGURATION AND PREREQUISITE)

Dynamic Trunking Protocol

Lab-7
SWITCH-
(CONFIGURATION AND PREREQUISITE)

VLAN TRUNKING PROTOCOL

ROUTER ON STICK
INTERVLAN
SWITCH-
(CONFIGURATION AND PREREQUISITE)

SPANNING-TREE PROTOCOL
BASIC SECURITY
PORT-SECURITY
ACCESS-CONTROL-LIST
NATTING