Chapter 16

Wireless WANs:
Cellular Telephone
and Satellite Networks

16.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 16-1 CELLULAR
TELEPHONY
Cellular telephony is designed to provide
communications between two moving
mobileunits,
stations (MSs), or between one mobile unitcalled
and
one stationary unit, often called a land unit.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency-Reuse Principle
Transmitting
Receivin
g
Roaming
First Generation
Second Generation
16.2Third Generation
A service provider must be able to locate and track a caller, assign a
channel to the call, and transfer the channel from base station to base
station as the caller moves out of range.
To make this tracking possible, each cellular service area is divided into
small regions called cells.
Each cell contains an antenna and is controlled by a solar- or
Acpowered network station, called the base station (BS).
Each base station, in turn, is controlled by a switching office, called a
mobile switching center (MSC).
The MSC coordinates communication between all the base stations and
the telephone central office.
It is a computerized center that is responsible for connecting calls,
recording call information, and billing
 Figure 16.1 Cellular system

16.4
 Operation
Frequency-Reuse Principle
the set of frequencies available is limited, and frequencies
need to be reused.
A frequency reuse pattern is a configuration of N cells, N
being the reuse factor, in which each cell uses a unique set
of frequencies.
When the pattern is repeated, the frequencies can be
reused. There are several different patterns.
The numbers in the cells define the pattern.
The cells with the same number in a pattern can use the
same set of frequencies. We call these cells the reusing
cells.
 Figure 16.2 Frequency reuse patterns

16.6
Transmitting
1. To place a call from a mobile station, the caller enters a code
of 7 or 10 digits (a phone number) and presses the send
button.
2. The mobile station then scans the band, seeking a setup
channel with a strong signal, and sends the data (phone
number) to the closest base station using that channel.
3. The base station relays the data to the MSC.
4. The MSC sends the data on to the telephone central office.
5. If the called party is available, a connection is made and the
result is relayed back to the MSC.
6. At this point, the MSC assigns an unused voice channel to the
call, and a connection is established.
7. The mobile station automatically adjusts its tuning to the new
channel, and communication can begin.
Receiving
When a mobile phone is called, the telephone central
office sends the number to the MSC.
The MSC searches for the location of the mobile station
by sending query signals to each cell in a process called
paging.
Once the mobile station is found, the MSC transmits a
ringing signal and, when the mobile station answers,
assigns a voice channel to the call, allowing voice
communication to begin.
Handoff
It may happen that, during a conversation, the mobile
station moves from one cell to another.
When it does, the signal may become weak. To solve this
problem, the MSC monitors the level of the signal every few
seconds.
If the strength of the signal diminishes, the MSC seeks a
new cell that can better accommodate the communication.
The MSC then changes the channel carrying the call
(hands the signal off from the old channel to a new one)
Hard Handoff
Early systems used a hard handoff. In a hard handoff, a
mobile station only communicates with one base station.
When the MS moves from one cell to another,
communication must first be broken with the previous
base station before communication can be
established with the new one.
This may create a rough transition.
Soft Handoff
New systems use a soft handoff. In this case, a mobile
station can communicate with two base stations at the
same time.
This means that, during handoff, a mobile station may
continue with the new base station before breaking off
from the old one.
Roaming
One feature of cellular telephony is called roaming.
Roaming means, in principle, that a user can have access to
communication or can be reached where there is coverage.
A service provider usually has limited coverage.
Neighboring service providers can provide
extended coverage through a roaming contract.
The situation is similar to snail mail between countries.
The charge for delivery of a letter between two countries
can be divided upon agreement by the two countries.
 First Generation

Note

AMPS is an analog cellular phone

system using FDMA.

16.
13
 Figure 16.3 Cellular bands for
AMPS
AMPS operates in the ISM 800-MHz band. The system uses two separate analog channels,
one for forward (base station to mobile station) communication and one for
reverse (mobile station to base station) communication

The band between 824 and 849 MHz carries reverse communication;
the band between 869 and 894 MHz carries forward communication

16.
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 Figure 16.4 AMPS reverse communication band

Freq reuse factor of 7

16.
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 Figure 16.5 Second-generation cellular phone systems

16.
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 Figure 16.6 D-AMPS

16.
17
 Note

D-AMPS, or IS-136, is a digital cellular

phone system using TDMA and
FDMA.

16.18
 Figure 16.7 GSM
bands

16.19
 Figure 16.8 GSM

13*8= 24kbps*2
24kbps 6frames=
270.8kbp
s s

16.20
 Figure 16.9 Multiframe components

16.21
 Note

GSM is a digital cellular phone system

using TDMA and FDMA.

16.22
 Figure 16.10 IS-95 forward transmission

16.23
 Figure 16.11 IS-95 reverse transmission

16.24
 Note

IS-95 is a digital cellular phone system

using CDMA/DSSS and FDMA.

16.25
 Note

The main goal of third-generation

cellular telephony is to provide
universal personal communication.

16.26
 Figure 16.12 IMT-2000 radio interfaces

16.27
The third generation of cellular telephony refers to a
combination of technologies that provide both digital
data and voice communication.
The main goal of third-generation cellular telephony is
to provide universal personal communication.
 16-2 SATELLITE NETWORKS

A satellite network is a combination of nodes, some of

which are satellites, that provides communication from
one point on the Earth to another.... A node in the
network can be a satellite, an Earth station, or an end-
user terminal or telephone....
Topics discussed in this section:
Orbits
Footprint
Three Categories of Satellites
GEO Satellites
MEO Satellites
LEO Satellites
16.30
 Figure 16.13 Satellite orbits

16.31
 Example 16.1

What is the period of the Moon, according to

Kepler’s law?

Here C is a constant approximately equal to 1/100.

The period is in seconds and the distance in kilometers.

16.32
 Example 16.1 (continued)

Solution
The Moon is located approximately 384,000 km above the
Earth. The radius of the Earth is 6378 km. Applying the
formula, we get.

16.33
 Example 16.2

According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a satellite

that is located at an orbit approximately 35,786 km above
the Earth?

Solution
Applying the formula, we get

16.34
 Example 16.2 (continued)

This means that a satellite located at 35,786 km has a

period of 24 h, which is the same as the rotation period of
the Earth. A satellite like this is said to be stationary to the
Earth. The orbit, as we will see, is called a
geosynchronous orbit.

16.35
 Figure 16.14 Satellite categories

16.36
 Figure 16.15 Satellite orbit altitudes

16.37
 Table 16.1 Satellite frequency bands

16.38
 Figure 16.16 Satellites in geostationary orbit

16.39
 Figure 16.17 Orbits for global positioning system (GPS)
satellites

16.40
 Figure 16.18 Trilateration

16.41
 Figure 16.19 LEO satellite system

16.42
 Figure 16.20 Iridium constellation

16.43
 Note

The Iridium system has 66 satellites in

six LEO orbits, each at an
altitude of 750 km.

16.44
 Note

Iridium is designed to provide direct

worldwide voice and data
communication using
handheld terminals, a service similar
to
cellular telephony but on a global scale.

16.45
 Figure 16.20 Teledesic

16.46
 Note

Teledesic has 288 satellites in 12 LEO

orbits, each at an altitude of 1350
km.

16.47