CURRENT ELECTRICITY


Prepared by
Felicia Aswathy W
Physical Science
Titus II Teachers College
Thiruvalla
Learning objectives
The learner can

Describe how continuous flow of current is maintained in a circuit.

Describe potential difference, current and emf, and measure each
using suitable devices.

Distinguish between resistance and resistivity and explain them.

Describe through experiments the factors affecting the resistance of
a conductor.

Explain Ohm's Law and recognise the relation between potential
difference, current and resistance by constructing circuits.

Calculate the effective resistance by constructing circuits in parallel
and series.

Solve numerical problems connected with potential difference,
current and resistance.
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
 Introduction  current  Ohm's Law
 Potential
 emf

 Resistors  Electric curre  Let's assess

nt
 Arrangement o
f Resistors  Combination
of cells
 Colour coding
INTRODUCTION

Both the circuits use the same type of

bulbs. Yet there is difference in the
Intensity of light.
What could be the reason?

This doubt was raised by a child when she was observing an experiment at a
science fair.
Why is there a difference in the intensity of light from the bulbs in the two
circuits?
 Will the flow of electric
current sustain in the circuit if
it is switched on?

STATIC ELECTRICITY CURRENT ELECTRICITY

In the first circuit, there is a flow of charge for a short interval of time and there
is a continuous flow of charge in the second.
CURRENT

The motion of charges creates current.
Current is formed in conductors by the flow
of free electrons in it and by the flow of
ions in gases and electrolytes.
HOW DOES THE ELECTRIC CHARGE FLOW?
Sl.No: SITUATION DIRECTION OF FLOW OR MOTION

1. Ball falling down Downwards from a higher level to a lower level

2. Flow of air From a region of high pressure to a region of

low pressure

3. Flow of water From a region of higher altitude to a region of

lower altitude

4. Flow of heat From a region of higher temperature to a region

of lower temperature
There Should Be
A Difference In Energy Levels
Between Two Points If
Any Type Of Flow Is To Occur.

It is due to the difference in the energy level or the gravitational

potential difference that there is a flow of water and consequent
rotation of the wheel
Potential And Potential Differences
 There is no potential difference between
P and Q. Hence there is no flow of
current and the bulb does not glow.

P
 For a bulb to glow in a circuit, as shown
Q in Figure, a potential difference should
Will the bulb glow if switched on? be maintained between P and Q.
Why?

The pump has been used in such a way that

the same quantity of water that flows from
A to B per second is returned to A from B
in the same period of time.
WHY IS THERE A CONTINUOUS FLOW
OF WATER WHEN THE VALVE IS
OPENED?
It is due to the working of the
pump, which is an external source
of power, that the potential
difference was
maintained and the flow of water
was made possible continuously

If the bulb shown in Figure is to

glow continuously,
there should be an external source
Such sources are the
sources of emf

Potential and potential 
Electromotive force
difference
There should be a potential
Electromotive force
difference between two (emf) is the ability
points of a conductor, if to maintain the
there is to be a flow of
current between them.
potential difference
Current flows from a point of between the ends
high electric potential to a of a conductor. The
point of low electric potential.
emf of a source of
The unit of potential difference
is volt (V). Voltmeter is the
current is the
device to measure this. If 1 potential difference
joule of work is done to between its ends
move
when the source is
one coulomb charge from one
point
in an open circuit.
to another, then the potential
The emf of a cell is
difference between the measured in the
points is 1 volt. unit volt.

Electromotive force

Voltmeter
Voltmeter is the device
used to measure the
potential difference and
emf. It should be
included in a circuit with
its positive terminal to
the positive of the cell
and the negative
terminal to the negative
of the cell. The
voltmeter should be
connected across the
points where the
potential difference is to
be measured.
How should you connect a voltmeter in a
circuit?
Electric current: Current is the quantity of
charge that flows through a conductor inthe
Ammeter is a device
circuitused
in one second.
to measure the
current in a circuit. The positive terminal of it
 Current = quantity of must be connected directly to the positive of
charge/time taken the cell and negative terminal, to the negative
of the cell. Ammeter should be connected in

I= Q/t
series in the circuit. The needle of the device

Unit of current=unit of moves in accordance with the current in the
charge/unit of time circuit. We can measure the current by
checking the position of the needle.

Unit of current is ampere (A). It is 1 C/s.
Milli ampere (mA) and micro ampere (μA )
are smaller units.

Ammeter reading indicates the current
flowing through the bulb. The intensity of
light from the bulb increases with the
increase in the current.
 In
Flow of current
any conductor, there are positively charged ions at rest and free electrons.
These free electrons are in random motion. When a conductor is connected to
through a conductor
a source of emf, the free electrons start moving uniformly from the negative
terminal to the positive terminal. But the free flow is hindered by the positive
ions. As a result, the increased speed is reduced. Still the push from one
terminal is experienced at the other end simultaneously. Hence the electrons
that come out from the other end of the conductor are not the ones that have
entered it. The same number of electrons entering a conductor returns to the
source at the same time. These electrons drift with a slow speed (0.01 m/s)
named drift velocity. Because of this drifting electric signals are transferred
at the speed of light in the circuit. Remember that the speed at which a
person walks alongside a current carrying conductor is 100 times that of the
speed of these electrons!
Ohm's law
Ohm's law
When temperature remains constant, the
current through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference
between its ends. In other words the ratio
of potential difference to the current is a
constant
This was formulated by George Simon Ohm, a scientist.
Hence this is known as Ohm's Law.
Resistors are conductors used to include a particular
resistance in a circuit. Its symbol is
Unit of resistance= (Unit of voltage/Unit of current)
Volt/Ampere is ohm. The symbol of this is Ω (Greek letter
omega).
OHM'S LAW

Current increases with increase
in voltage.
I.e.: V α I
V = a constant × I

V/I = a constant

This constant is the resistance
of the conductor. This is
indicated by the letter R.

R = V/I
Sl. No. of Volt Current I
No cells (V) (A) V/I

1 ohm :If the potential
: difference between the ends of
1. 1
a conductor is 1 V when a
current of 1 A flows through it,
then the resistance of the
2. 2 conductor is 1 Ω.

3. 3
Activity Voltage (V)
volt
Current (I)
ampere
Resistance(R)
ohm

12 ........ 4
...... 2 3
8 4 ...........
6 3 ..........

 George Simon Ohm is a well- known

German physicist. He was appointed
Professor of Mathematics in the
Erlang en University and later as
Professor of Physics in Munich
University. It was he who found out
the relation between potential
difference, current and resistance.
This is known as Ohm's Law. The
George Simon Ohm unit of resistance is named after him
(1789 - 1854 )
RESISTORS

Factors affecting
resistance
 Nature of the material
 Area of cross section
 Length of the
conductor
 temperature
 The resistance of a conductor
decreases with increase in the area
of cross section.
 For a conductor of uniform area of
cross section, the length of the
conductor and the resistance are
directly proportional.
 The resistance of metals increases
with the increase in temperature.
 Factors Affecting Resistance

Rheostat is a device
1.LENGTH
designed on the basis of this
S
principle.
D C 
In the figure, AB is a resistor
wound over an insulator. The
resistance of a circuit can be
continuously changed by the
A B
sliding contact S. The change
Rheostat is a device used to regulate the in the resistance regulates the
current in a circuit by changing the current. The symbol of a
resistance.
rheostat is
 Factors Affecting Resistance
2.AREA OF CROSS SECTION 
i.e.; R α (l/A)

R= a constant × (l/A)
Oh!! how tough!!!
= ρ ×(l/A)
ρ = RA/l

(the constant is
indicated by the Greek
Haii...so easy
letter ρ (rho)).

ρ is the resistivity
of the material the
conductor is made of
 RESISTIVITY
Resistivity of a substance is the  Unit of resistivity
resistance of the conductor of unit =Unit of resistance ×
length and unit area of cross Unit of area of cross
section. The resistivity of a section/Unit of length
substance is a constant at fixed
temperature. But it will be = Ω × m2/m
different for different materials. =Ωm
 The unit of resistivity
is Ω m
The conductivity of a conductor is the reciprocal of its resistivity. This
is denoted by the symbol σ (from the Greek letter sigma).σ = 1/ρ
 Arrangement of resistors

 Series combination  Parallel combination

 V = V1+V2,  I=I1+I2
 V1 = IR1 ,V2 = IR2  I1=V/R1,I2=V/R2
 Req= R1+R2  1/Req=(1/R1 +1/R2)
 In this case the they
 There are three parallel
have to cross three bridges. It is an easy
bridges. Very difficult. journey. Even though
Even if one of the one bridge has broken
bridges have broken down, the journey is not
down journey is affected. But the
impossible. difficulties have
increased
COMPARISON
Resistors in series Resistors in parallel

* Effective resistance increases * Effective resistance decreases

* The current through each resistor is * The current through each resistor is
the same. different. It is divided as per the value
of resistors
*The potential difference across each * The potential difference across each
resistor is different. It gets divided as resistor is the same
per the value of the resistors.
* only a single switch is to be used to *Each resistor can be controlled by
control all the resistors using separate switches
Numerical Problems

1.What is the current if 4 Ω and 2 Ω
resistors are connected in series and 6 V
potential difference is applied?

2.What is the current if 12 Ω and 4 Ω
resistors are connected in parallel and 12
V potential difference is applied?

3.10 resistors of 2 Ω each are connected
in parallel. Calculate the effective
resistance.
Colour Coding For Resistors
Colour Number Multiplicity
Black 0 0
Brown 1 1
Red 2 2
Orange 3 3
Yellow 4 4
Green 5 5
Blue 6 6
Violet 7 7
Grey 8 8
White 9 9

 BB ROY of Great
Britain has a Very
Good Wife
 Combination of cells: A battery is a combination of
two or more cells connected in a suitable manner.
Cells can be connected in two ways.


1. Series connection 
2. Parallel connection
The method of connecting cells one The method of connecting similar
after the other in such a way that poles together.
the positive of one cell is connected 
Salient features
to the negative of another cell. 
If all the cells have equal emf then

Salient features the emf of the circuit is the same as

The total emf is the sum of the emf that of a single cell.
of all the cells. 
The total current flowing in the

The current passing through each circuit, splits up and flows through
cell is the same.
each cell.

The internal resistance developed 
The internal resistance of the circuit
in the circuit by the battery
increases. is very low.

The current in the external circuit

More current can be made available
increases under high voltage. for a longer time under low
voltage.
Combination of cells
Let's assess
 1.A potential difference of 6 V is applied across a
conductor having 12 Ω resistance. How much
current will pass through it?
 How many times will the current increase if length
of the resistor is halved and potential difference is
doubled?  3.What mode of
 2.The resistance of a 10 connection of three
cm long wire is 12 Ω. If this resistors of 3 Ω each will
is folded into two parts of produce minimum
equal length and included resistance? What will
in a circuit, how much will produce maximum
be the resistance resistance? Draw the
produced? diagram and calculate the
effective resistance.
4.Complete the table properly
Component Measuring Unit
Device

Potential Joule/
difference coulomb

ampere
ammeter
PhysicsSCERT text book class 9
Wikipedia
You tube videos

Reference