The Mole

• 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 grams

• 1 C-12 atom = 12 amu

• (12)(1.66 x 10-24 g) = 1.992 x 10-23 g

• 1.992 x 10-23 grams is the mass of
one carbon-12 atom
• But … we do not work with single
atoms or with gram values this small
• We need reasonable numbers to work
with in the laboratory
The
Mole
Concept
NO… not that
kind of mole !!!!
 The Mole
• The mole is a number…..
• A HUGE number……
• But still just a number…..
• A mole is a collection of
6.02 x 1023 particles
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
These particles may be atoms, molecules,
ions, or electrons
1 dozen = 12
1 gross = 144
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023
Just how large is this number?
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
It is really hard to relate to a
number this large ……….but let’s
try and see if we can make sense
the enormity of the number.
If all 5 billion people on Earth were to do
nothing but count the atoms in 1 mole of
an element, 24 hours a day, at the rate of
1 atom per second…….
It
would
take 4
million
years !!
1 mole of seconds represents a
span oftime…..
4 million times as long as the Earth
has already existed !!
1 mole of marbles is
enough marbles to cover
the entire Earth…
to a depth
of 50
miles
1 mole of rice grains
has a mass equal
to….
each of the 5 billion people on
earth having 1 million cars
each
A mole of dollars ??
How many years would it take
you to spend 1 mole of
dollars, if you spend at a rate
of $1 billion per second ?

$ 6.02 x 1023 = ? Years

 Using dimensional analysis:

$6.02x1023 1sec 1min 1hr

$1x109 1day 1 yr 60sec
60min 24hr 365day
= 19,089,294.77 years

over 19 million years!!!

And yet there is 1 mole of water
molecules – 6.022 x 1023
molecules of water in only 18 mL
of water !!
Say you had a mole of paper and
stacked it toward the sky,

Paper's really thin, but that pile

would get so high,
It'd reach up into outer space, in
fact I think you'd find,
It'd go up to the moon and back,
eighty billion times.
Say you had a mole of atoms,
would the pile be immense?
Should I say the answer now, or
leave you in suspense?
Well, atoms are so very, very
small, you understand,

You could hold a mole of atoms

in the palm of your hand.
So shake a little sugar in the
middle of your palm

Now you don't want to spill it, so

try and stay calm.
You hardly can imagine and barely
realize,
There are more atoms in that sugar
• Why is this number so special?
• The mole is defined as the
number of atoms of 12C in
exactly 12.000 grams of pure 12C
• There are exactly 1 mole of
atoms in the atomic mass of an
element when that mass is
expressed in grams
 Avogadro’s Number
• 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023
particles
• 1 mole = Avogadro’s number
• 1 mole = the atomic mass of an
element expressed in grams
What is the mass of
1 mole of carbon ?
12.011 grams
How many atoms?
6.022 x 1023 atoms
What is the mass of ½
mole of carbon ?
6.0055 grams
12.011 grams
of carbon
contains the
same # of
atoms as 1
mole of carbon
What is the mass of 1
mole of gold ?
196.967 grams
How many atoms?
6.022 x 1023 atoms
What is the mass of ½
mole of gold ?
98.4835 grams
12.011 grams of carbon contains the
same # of atoms as 196.967 grams
of gold.
What is the mass of 1
mole of Mg ?
24.305 grams
What is the mass of 2
moles of Mg ?
48.610 grams
How many atoms?
1.204 x 1024 atoms
12.011 grams of carbon contains the
same # of atoms as 196.967 grams
of gold and the same # of atoms as
24.305 grams of magnesium.
What is the mass of 1
mole of Cu ?
63.546 grams
What is the mass of ¼
mole of Cu ?
15.8865 grams
How many atoms?
1.5055 x 1023
atoms
12.011 grams of carbon contains the
same # of atoms as 196.967 grams of
gold and the same # of atoms as 24.305
grams of magnesium and the same #
of atoms as 63.546 grams of copper.
 Molar Mass:
The mass of 1 mole of
a substance in grams
The substance can be a
compound or an
element
Molar Mass of a Compound
H2O
2H = 2 x 1.008 = 2.016
g
1O = 1 x 16.00 = 16.00 g
16.00 g + 2.016 g = 18.016 g
molar mass of water = 18.02 grams
Calculate the molar masses:
HCl 36.46 g
44.01 g
CO2 262.87 g
Mg3(P 342.30 g
O4)2
58.33 g

C H O
Mole Conversions
 Moles to Mass

Molar mass
Moles of Mass of
substance substance
of substance
Calculate the number of moles in 26.00 g of NaOH:

26.00 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH

= 0.65 mol
40.00 g NaOH

Calculate the number of g in 0.02 moles of NaOH:

0.02 mol NaOH 40.00 g NaOH = 0.8 g

1 mol NaOH
Moles to Number of Entities

Avogadro’s Number of
Moles of
substance atoms or
number molecules
 Calculate the number of atoms of Na in 0.34
moles of Na:
6.022 x 1023
0.34 mol Na atoms Na = 2.05 x1023
1 mol Na atoms Na

Calculate the number of moles of Na in

3.61 x 1018 atoms of Na:

3.61 x 1018 atoms Na 1mol = 6.0 x 10-6

Na 6.022 x 10 23 mol Na
atoms Na
 Avogadro’s Molar mass

number of substance
Number of
Moles of Mass of
atoms or
substance substance
molecules
Calculate the number of grams of Na
present in 3.00 x 1018 atoms of Na:

3.00 x 1018 atoms 1 mol 23 g

6.022 x 1023 1 mol

= 0.0001146 g or 1.146 x 10-4 g of Na

 Calculate the number of atoms of
Na in 160.00 grams of Na:

160.00 g Na 1 mol Na 6.022 x 1023

23.00 g Na 1 mol Na

= 4.189 x 1024 atoms of Na

Americium is an element that does
not occur naturally.
It can be made in very small
amounts in a particle accelerator.
Calculate the mass in grams of a
sample of americium
containing only six atoms.
6 atoms 1 mol 243 grams
6.022 x 1023 1 mol
atoms

= 2.42 x 10 -21 grams of Am

A silicon chip used in an
integrated circuit of a
microcomputer has a mass of
5.68 mg. How many silicon
(Si) atoms are present in the
chip?
 6.022 x 1023
5.68 mg 1 g 1 mol Si atoms
1000 mg 28.09 g Si 1 mol Si

= 1.22 x 10 20 atoms of Si
Aluminum is often used for the structure
of light-weight bicycle frames. How many
atoms of Al are in 20.00 grams of Al?
 6.022 x 1023
20.00 g Al 1 mol Al atoms Al
26.98 g Al 1 mol Al

= 4.46 x 1023 atoms Al

The artificial sweetener aspartame
(Nutri-Sweet) formula C14H18N2O5 is
used to sweeten diet foods, coffee
and soft drinks. How many moles of
aspartame are present in 225 mg of
aspartame?
 = 294 g/mol
C14H18N2O5

225 mg 1g 1 mol
1000 mg 294 g

= 7.65 x 10-4 mol

Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used
antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of
serotonin by the brain. How many
atoms of carbon are in 0.003 grams of
Prozac?
 C17H18F3NO = 309 g/mol

6.022 x 1023
0.003 g 1 mol C 17H18F3NO 17 mol C atoms C
309 g 1 mol C
17 H18F3NO 1 mol C

= 9.94 x 1019 atoms C

More
Calculations
with the Mole
Penicillin, the first of a
now large number of
antibiotics, has the
formula C14H20N2SO4.
Calculate the mass of
2.0 x 1010 molecules of
penicillin.
 Molar mass C14H20N2SO4 = 312.4 grams

2.0 x 1010 molecules 1 mol 312.4 grams

6.022 x 1023 1 mol
molecules

= 1.04 x 10-11 grams of penicillin

A student drinks 3 cups of
coffee in order to stay
awake and study. Coffee
contains the compound
caffeine, a stimulant , with
the formula C8H10N4O2

If the caffeine content in

an average cup of coffee is
0.5 mg. How many
molecules of caffeine did
the student ingest?
 (0.5 mg) (3) = 1.5 mg

molar mass caffeine = 194.2 grams

6.022 x 1023
1.5 mg 1 g 1 mol molecules
1000 mg 194.2 g 1 mol

= 4.65 x 1018 molecules of caffeine

 Humulone, C21H30O5, is one of the flavor
components that gives a bitter taste to beer.
What is the molar
mass of humulone?
How many moles are
in 275 mg of
humulone?

What is the mass of

9.00 x 1018 molecules of
humulone?
 Molar mass = 362.45 grams

275 mg 1 g 1 mol
1000 mg 362.45 g = 7.59 x10-4 mol

7.59 x10-4 mol 6.022 x 1023 molecules

1 mol
= 4.57 x 1020 molecules
Isopentyl acetate (C7H14O2) is the compound
responsible for the scent of bananas. Bees
release about 1g of this compound when
they sting. The resulting scent attracts
other bees to join the attack.
How many molecules of isopentyl acetate
(C7H14O2) are released in a typical bee
sting of about 1g (1 x 10-6 g) ?
 Molar mass = 130.18 grams

1.0 x 10-6 g 1 mol 6.022 x 1023 molecules

130.18 g 1 mol

= 4.626 x 1015 molecules

How many atoms of
carbon would be in the
4.626 x 1015
molecules of isopentyl
acetate (C7H14O2) ?
 Has 7 atoms of carbon
C7H14O2 for every one
molecule

4.626 x 1015 molecules 7 atoms C

1 molecule C7H14O2

= 3.24 x 1016 atoms of C

Diamond is a natural form of pure carbon

A diamond contains
5.0 x1021 atoms of
carbon. How many
moles of carbon and
how many grams of
carbon are in this
diamond?
5.01 x 1021 atoms C 1 mol C
6.022 x 1023 atoms C

8.32 x 10-3 mol C 12.01 g C

1 mol C
= 0.099 g C
How many atoms of carbon are in a
2.00 carat diamond?
( 1.00 carat = 0.200 grams )
2 carat 0.200 g 1 mol 6.022 x 1023 atoms
1 carat 12.01 g 1 mol

= 2.006 x 1022 atom of carbon

The formula for
acetylsalicylic acid
(aspirin) is
C9H8O4

A typical aspirin tablet

contains 1.67 x 1021
molecules of aspirin.
How many moles and
how many grams of
aspirin are in a typical
tablet?
 C9H8O4 = 180.154 grams

1.67 x 1021 molecules 1 mol

6.022 x 1023 molecules

0.00277 mol 180.154 g

= 0.499 g
1 mol
500 mg
Sucrose or table
sugar has the
formula C12H22O11

How many moles of

sugar are in 20
grams of sugar?
What is the mass of
1.00 x 1020 molecules
of sugar?
 Molar mass = 342.296 g

20 g 1 mol
= 0.058 mol sugar
342.296 g

1.00 x 1020
molecules 1 mol
342.296 g = 0.0568 g
6.022 x 1023 1 mol
molecules
What is the mass
of 2.00 moles of
Iron (III) oxide,
commonly known
as rust?
 Rust = Fe2O3

Molar mass = 159.70 g

2.00 mol 159.70 g

= 319.40 g Fe2O3
1 mol
A chemistry student
prepares 2.09 grams
of the compound
copper (II) sulfate in
the laboratory.
How many moles of
the compound
does he make?
What is the %
copper in the
compound?
 CuSO4 = 159.62 grams

2.09 g 1 mol
= 0.0131 mol
159.62 grams

% Cu = ( mass Cu / mass of CuSO4) x 100

63.55 g
% Cu = x 100 = 39.81% Cu
159.62 g
Calcium carbonate is the principle
compound found in pearls, marble,
shells, and chalk.
A certain sample of calcium
carbonate contains 4.86 moles.
What is the mass of this sample and
how many formula units of
calcium
carbonate are
CaCO is an ionic
present in the
3
sample?
compound and is not a
molecule, but a crystal
lattice with the simplest
ratio of ions.
 Formula = CaCO3

Molar mass = 100.09 grams

4.86 mol CaCO3 100.09 grams

1 mol CaCO3

= 486.44 grams CaCO3

How many atoms of carbon are in
the 486.44 grams of CaCO3 ?

6.022 x 1023
486.44 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 molecules
100.09 grams 1 mol

= 1.42 x 1027 molecules CaCO3

= 1.42 x 1027 atoms of C
Juglone is a natural
herbicide produced from
the husks of black
walnuts. The formula for
juglone is C10H6O3.

Calculate the molar mass

of juglone and how many
moles of juglone would be
in a 1.56 x 10-2 gram
sample.
 (10 x 12.01) + (6 x 1.008) + (3 x 16.00)
Molar mass = 174.1 grams

1.56 x 10-2 g 1 mol juglone

174.1 g juglone

= 8.96 x 10 –5 mol juglone