MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

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UNIT V Medical Terms Referring Science
to Diseases of Various Systems of the Body

• TOPICS:  Obstetric Condition

 Cardiovascular System  Breast
 Respiratory System  Lymphatic System
 Digestive System  Blood
 Urinary and Male Reproductive  Endocrine System
System  Teeth
 Female Reproductive System  Nervous System
 Eye Ears, Nose, Throat
 Mind
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UNIT V Medical Terms Referring Science
to Diseases of Various Systems of the Body
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GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM

• Also known as digestive system or alimentary tract, contains the

organs involved in the ingestion and processing of food.

• Function of the GI System:

• to provide the body with:
• food,
• water and
• electrolytes
• by digesting nutrients to prepare them for absorption.
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PROCESS Science
INVOLVED IN THE GI SYSTEM

Processes involved:
• Ingestion: taking food into the mouth

• Mechanical: grinding or mincing food with the teeth and mixing with
saliva from the salivary glands

• Peristalsis: involuntary waves of smooth muscle contraction that

move materials through the tract
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INVOLVED IN THE GI SYSTEM

Digestion: chemical breakdown of large molecules into small ones so

that absorption can occur

Absorption: the movement of end products of digestion from the

lumen of the digestive tract into the blood and lymph circulation so
they can be used by the body cells.

Egestion (defecation): elimination of undigested wastes and bacteria

from the tract
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Esophagus: transport food from pharynx to stomach by peristalsis,

contains no digestive enzyme

• Stomach: primarily for food storage. Activity in the stomach results in

formation of chyme and propels it into the duodenum.
• It secretes the following chemicals:
• pepsin,
• hydrochloric acid,
• mucus, and
• intrinsic factor.
• The grastric juices initiate digestion of protein and fat.
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Small Intestine: completes digestion that started in the mouth and

stomach by its intestinal enzymes, pancreatic enzymes, and bile from
the liver.
• Pancreas: the large elongated gland located behind the greater
curvature of the stomach. ]
• It contains both endocrine and exocrine glands.
• The endocrine cells called islets of Langerhans, secrete the hormone insulin
and glucagon.
• While Exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes to digest protein,
carbohydrate, and fat.
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

Liver:
• produces bile for fat emulsification
• Stores glycogen to maintain blood sugar level
• Forms urea from excess amino acids and nitrogenous wastes
• Synthesizes fats from carbohydrate and protein
• Synthesizes plasma protein and blood clotting factors
• Synthesizes cholesterol and lipoproteins from fats
• Stores minerals and fat soluble vitamins
• Detoxifies drugs and toxins; inactivates hormones
• Produces heat and stores blood
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Gallbladder: concentrates and stores bile

• Large Intestine:
• Absorbs 80-90% of water and electrolytes and reduces chyme to a
semisolid mass

• Produces no digestive no digestive enzymes and hormones

• Bacteria present in the colon produces vitamin K, riboflavin, and thiamin.

• Excretes wastes and feces

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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• The abdominal cavity and its organs, are

lined by a membrane called peritoneum.

• The portion surrounding the abdominal

organs is called the visceral peritoneum and
that which lines the abdominal cavity is
called the parietal peritoneum.
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Mouth: oral cavity forming the beginning of the digestive system

• Teeth: structures of the jaws for biting and masticating

• Tongue: chief organ of taste; aids in mastication, swallowing and

speech

• Salivary glands: glands in the mouth that secretes saliva

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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Pharynx: the throat; membranous cavity behind the nasal cavities and
mouth , and prior to the larynx

• Esophagus: membranous passage extending from pharynx to the

stomatch

• Stomach: musculomembranous expansion of the digestive tract

between esophagus and duodenum, consisting of a cardiac part, a
fundus a body, and a pylorus
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Duodenum: the first portion of the small intestine

• Jejunum: part of the small intestine from duodenum to the ileum

• Ileum: last portion of the small intestine from jejunum to cecum

• Cecum: first part of the large intestine, a dilated pouch

• Ascending colon: portion of the colon from cecum to hepatic flexure. It takes 5
hours for digested particle to stay in this area.
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Transverse colon: portion of the large intestine passing transversely

across the upper part of the abdomen. It takes 6 hours for digested
particle to stay in this area.

• Descending colon: portion of the large intestine from splenic flexure to

the sigmoid colon. It takes 12-24 hours for digested particle to stay in this
area up to the recto-sigmoid are ready to be excreted.
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM

• Transverse colon: portion of the large intestine passing transversely

across the upper part of the abdomen. It takes 6 hours for digested
particle to stay in this area.

• Descending colon: portion of the large intestine from splenic flexure to

the sigmoid colon. It takes 12-24 hours for digested particle to stay in this
area up to the recto-sigmoid are ready to be excreted.
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM
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MAJOR AND ACCESORY Science
ORGANS OF THE GI SYSTEM
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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Adhesions: union of two surfaces normally separate; also any fibrous gland that
connects them. Surgery within the abdomen may result in adhesions from scar
tissue.

• Anorexia Nervosa: lack or loss of appetite for food; a psychophysiological condition

characterized by symptoms of under nutrition.

• Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix, which may rupture

• Botulism: an extremely severe type of food poisoning caused by a neurotoxin

(botulin) in improperly canned or preserved foods
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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Carcinoma: a malignant tumor

• Cholelithiasis: gallstone
• Cirrhosis: interstitial inflammation of an organ particularly the liver; loss
of normal shape with fibrosis and nodular regeneration
• Colitis: inflammation of the colon; ulcerative or spastic
• Cryptitis: inflammation of the crypt; especially anal crypt
• Diverticulitis: inflammation of the diverticula
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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Dysentery: inflammation of the intestine; in the colon, with abdominal

pain, diarrhea, and mucus in the stools associated with bacterial/parasitic
infection.
• Esophagistis: inflammation of the esophagus
• Esophageal Atresia: congenital absence of the opening between
esophagus and stmach
• Esophageal Varices: enlarged, incompetent veins in the distal esophagus
caused by portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis
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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Flexure: a bend or fold; as in hepatic flexure of the colon

• Gastroenteritis: inflammation of the stomach and intestine caused by
ingested harmful bacterial substance with acute nausea and vomiting,
cramps, and diarrhea
• Gastric ulcer: peptic or duodenal tissue inflammation of the stomach or
intestinal linings, with pain and sometimes bleeding from perforation
• Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach lining
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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Glossitis: inflammation of the tongue

• Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
• Type A- is spread by either direct contact with an infected person’s
feces or by indirect fecal contamination of food or water.
• Type B- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be spread through: body fluids,
urine, semen, from mother to infant soon or right after birth
• Type C- is most commonly spread by exposure to contaminated blood
or needles.
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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Hernia: protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening

• Hiatal: protrusion of any structure through the esophageal hiatus of the

diaphragm

• Inguinal: hernia into the inguinal canal

• Umblical: protrusion of the abdominal contents through the abdominal wall

at the umbilicus

• Femoral: hernia into the femoral canal

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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Impaction: a collection of hardened feces in the rectum or sigmoid colon

• Intussusception: prolapse of a part of the intestine into the lumen of an
immediately adjacent part
• Obesity: body weight above 20% of the desirable weight due to excess
body fat
• Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas
• Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneal cavity; may be due to chemical
irritation or bacterial invasion
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CLINICAL DISORDERS

• Phenylketonuria (PKU): a congenital inability to metabolize phenylalanine;

a component of protein; may lead to retardation
• Polyposis: the formation of numerous polyps into a cavity or lumen
• Pyloric Stenosis: an obstruction of the pyloric orifice of the stomach,
congenital or acquired
• Rectocele: hernia of the rectum through the vaginal floor
• Sialolith: a salivary duct stone
• Ulcers: sores or lesions on the surface of an organ or tissue
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SURGERGY Science
INVOLVING GI SYSTEM

• Anastomosis: surgical formation of a connection between two parts;

ileorectal anastomosis connects ileum and rectum after removal of the
colon
• Appendectomy: excision of the appendix
• Biopsy: removal of tissue for microscopic diagnosis
• Bypass: a shunt, e.g., a surgically created pathway
• Cheiloplasty: surgical repair of lip defect
• Cholecystectomy: excision of the gallbladder
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SURGERGY Science
INVOLVING GI SYSTEM

•Choledochoduodenostomy: surgical formation of an opening into the

duodenum that connects it with the common bile duct.

•Colostomy: surgical creation of an opening (stoma) between the colon and

the body surface

•Gastrectomy: excision of the stomach, may be partial or subtotal

•Herniorrhaphy: surgical repair of hernia with suturing

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SURGERGY Science
INVOLVING GI SYSTEM

•Laparotomy: incision to any part of the abdominal wall

•Portacaval Shunt: connecting the portal vein and

inferior vena cava to bypass a cirrhotic liver

•Vagotomy: cutting the vagus nerve to reduce stomach

stimulation; used to treat an ulcer

•ileostomy: surgical creation of an opening into the

ileum with a stoma on the abdominal wall
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TESTS RELATED TO THE GI SYSTEM

•Biopsy: removal and examination, usually microscopic, of tissue from the

living body , performed for diagnosis
•Cholangiography: radiographic examination of the bile ducts, using
radiopaque dye as contrast medium
•Colonoscopy: endoscopic examination of the colon
•Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): examination of the esophagus,
stomach and duodenum using endoscope
•Gastrointestinal Series (GI Series): radiographic examination of the GI tract
using barium sulfate as contrast medium
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TESTS RELATED TO THE GI SYSTEM

•Gastroscopy: an examination of the stomach’s interior using gastroscope

•Proctoscopy: inspection of the sigmoid and rectum with a proctoscope

•Ultrasonography: imaging modality using ultrasound waves to obtain a

visual record of any organ.
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GASTROINTESTINAL PROCESSES

• Ingestion: taking food, drugs e.g., by mouth

• Digestion: the act of converting food into chemical substances that can be
absorbed and assimilated
• Absorption: the uptake from the intestine of fluids, solutes, proteins, fats,
and other nutrients into the intestinal wall cells, blood, lymph, or body
fluids
• Metabolism: the sum and physical and chemical processes by which living
organism is built up and maintained (anabolism), and by which large
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules to make energy
(catabolism)
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MISCELLANEOUS ScienceTO GI SYSTEM
TERMS RELATED

• Anasarca: generalized massive edema

• Ascites: abnormal accumulation of (edematous) fluid within the peritoneal
cavity
• Buccal: pertaining to the cheek
• Cachexia: severe malnutrition and wasting
• Deglutition: the act of swallowing
• Enema: introduction of fluid into the rectum to promote evacuation of
feces or to administer nutrient or medicinal substances
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MISCELLANEOUS ScienceTO GI SYSTEM
TERMS RELATED

• Lavage: washing out of an organ, e.g., the stomach or bowel

• Lingual: pertaining to the tongue; sublingual means “under the tongue”

• Nasogastric Tube (NGT): a soft flexible tube introduced through the nose
into the stomach for gavage, lavage or suction

• Nothing per Orem/Os (NPO): no food or fluid by mouth

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MISCELLANEOUS ScienceTO GI SYSTEM
TERMS RELATED

• Peritoneum: membrane lining the abdominal walls and pelvic cavities and
investing the contained viscera: the peritoneal cavity

• Stoma: “mouth”; an artificially created opening (e.g., in colostomy) on the

surface of the abdomen

• Viscera: a large interior organ in body cavity, especially the abdomen

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MISCELLANEOUS ScienceTO GI SYSTEM
TERMS RELATED

• Gut-brain axis
• An essential regulatory system of the digestive system is the gut-brain axis
which regulates how food is digested by the digestive system.
• The brain is the center of all regulatory control. It controls the digestive
system via the gut-brain axis and alters the rate of metabolism and
digestion in conditions such as stress.
• When the stomach is full and distended, the nerve fibers in the lining of
the stomach walls send out signals to the brain thereby giving a feeling of
fullness. The opposite occurs when the stomach is empty.
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MISCELLANEOUS ScienceTO GI SYSTEM
TERMS RELATED

• The Average human being has over 400 bacterial species in the gut.
• The bacteria present in the gut create a microflora that is beneficial and
protective to the human gut.
• On taking antibiotics, this microflora is depleted, and thus causes the side
effect of gastrointestinal issues.
• E.coli is one of the most common bacterial species present in the gut
microflora, an overgrowth of which can cause gastroenteritis.
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MISCELLANEOUS ScienceTO GI SYSTEM
TERMS RELATED

• Stomach rumbling is called Borborygmi, and it does not happen only when
we are hungry.
• The human body takes about 6 hours to digest a meal that is high in fat
content, whereas it takes only 2 hours to digest a meal that is high in
carbohydrate content.
• Every two weeks the stomach lining produces new mucus as a protective
layer.
• The small intestine stretches out to around 22-23 feet whereas the large
intestine is only 4 feet long.
• On an average, a person produces around 32 ounces of saliva per day.