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    Chapter 8.alternating Current

    Uploaded by

    MASYITAH MOHD PADZIL
    PHY150 GOOD LUCK

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 8.alternating Current

    Uploaded by

    MASYITAH MOHD PADZIL
    15 views30 pages
    PHY150 GOOD LUCK

    Original Title

    CHAPTER 8.ALTERNATING CURRENT

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    PHY150 GOOD LUCK

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    15 views30 pages

    Chapter 8.alternating Current

    Uploaded by

    MASYITAH MOHD PADZIL
    PHY150 GOOD LUCK

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    CHAPTE

    R8
    AC CIRCUIT
    SCOPE OF STUDY
    Alternating
    LRC Series Current
    Circuit
    Circuit

    AC Circuit

    Phasor
    Power
    Diagram
    Symbol of alternating voltage
    Produce a sinusoidal voltage of frequency,f.

    Emf gives rise to a current :

    I = Io cos 2*pai*f*t = Io cos wt

    where Io = Peak current

    Reversing positive and negative current over time.

    Source of voltage : Generator


    Io = Irms* 2

    Vo = Vrms* 2
    When resistor is
    connected to an ac
    source, current (blue
    curve) is in phase with
    the voltage (red) across
    a resistor.
    I increases and decreases with alternate voltage according to

    Ohm’s Law :
    V = IoR cos wt = Vo cos wt

    V and I are in phase because I = 0 when V = 0 and I reaches the

    peak when V also reaches the peak.

    Average power (average rate of energy) is :

    Pavg = I2rms R = V2rms / R


    When inductor connected
    to an ac source, current
    (blue curve) lags voltage
    (red curve) by a quarter
    cycle or 90°.
    I lags V by 90o in the inductor : I in the inductor reaches its

    peaks a quarter cycle than the voltage does.

    The voltage across the inductor is given by :

    .
    Peak Voltage (V)

    Inductive Reactance (Ω)


    When capacitor connected

    to an ac source, current

    (blue curve) leads voltage

    (red curve) by a quarter

    cycle, or 90°.
    The voltage across the capacitor is given by :

    Peak Voltage (V)

    Vo = Io Xc [maximum or rms values,


    not at any instant]

    Inductive Reactance (Ω)


    LRC Circuit
    Voltage across inductor

    Vrms = Irms XL or Vo = Io XL

    Voltage across capacitor

    Vrms = Irms Xc or Vo = Io Xc

    Voltage across resistor

    Vrms = Irms R or Vo = Io R
    Total current in circuit

    Vrms = Irms Z or Vo = Io Z

    Impedance, Z (Ω)
    Power factor, cos Ø

    Phase angle, Ø
    The rms current in an ac circuit is

    Irms depends on the frequency.

    We see that Irms will be a maximum when XC = XL; the


    frequency at which this occurs is
    f0 = ω0/2π

    Current in LRC circuit as a


    function of angular frequency,
    showing resonance peak at ω =
    ω0 = (1/LC)1/2.
    DEFINITION

    Projection of rotating vector


    (phasor) onto the horizontal axis
    represents the instantaneous current.
    Phasor Diagrams

    A phasor is an arrow whose length represents the amplitude of an


    AC voltage or current.
    The phasor rotates counterclockwise about the origin with the
    angular frequency of the AC quantity.
    Phasor diagrams are useful in solving complex AC circuits.

    Resistor Capacitor Inductor


    Vp
    Ip Vp Ip
    Ip
    t t

    t

    Vp
    Reactance - Phasor Diagrams

    Resistor Capacitor Inductor


    Vp
    Ip Vp Ip
    Ip
    t t

    t

    Vp
    Phasors for a Series RLC
    Circuit
    Ip
    VRp
    VLp
     VP

    (VCp- VLp)
    VCp

    By Pythagoras’ theorem:
    (VP )2 = [ (VRp )2 + (VCp - VLp)2 ]

    = Ip2 R2 + (Ip XC - Ip XL) 2


    Phasor diagram for a series LRC circuit at t=0.

    The current and voltage


    are both at a maximum.
    As time goes on, the
    phasors will rotate
    counterclockwise.
    Phasor diagram for a

    series LRC circuit at

    a time t later.
    Phasor diagram for a series LRC circuit

    The voltages across each


    device are given by the x-
    component of each, and the
    current by its x-component.
    The current is the same
    throughout the circuit.
    XL XL
    XL



    R R

    R 
    XC XC
    XC

    XL > XC XL < XC XL = XC
    >0 <0 =0
    current current current
    LAGS LEADS IN PHASE
    applied voltage applied voltage applied voltage
    The average power is half the product of I and the
    component of V in phase with it.

    Average power depends on current and voltage


    amplitudes and the phase angle f:
    Task 1 : LRC circuit.

    Suppose R = 25.0 Ω, L = 30.0 mH, and C = 12.0 μF,


    and they are connected in series to a 90.0-V ac (rms)
    500-Hz source. Calculate (a) the current in the circuit,
    (b) the voltmeter readings (rms) across each element,
    (c) the phase angle , and (d) the power dissipated in
    the circuit.
    Solution:

    a. XL = 2πfL = 94.2 Ω; XC = 1/(2πfC) = 26.5 Ω; so Z =


    72.2 Ω and I = 1.25 A.
    b. The voltages are the currents multiplied by the
    reactances (or resistance). VL = 118 V; VC = 33.1 V; VR
    = 31.2 V.
    c. cos φ = 0.346, so φ = 69.7°.
    d. P = Irms Vrms cos φ = 39.0 W.

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