Chemistry Lesson

DISCOVER
Y
OF
PROTON
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
-Protons are subatomic particles that have a positive charge.
-They are found in the nucleus of an atom along with neutrons.
-The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number, and it determines
the element that the atom belongs to.
-Protons are responsible for the element's chemical properties, such as its
reactivity and bonding behavior.
-The number of protons in an atom can be changed through nuclear reactions such
as fusion or fission, but it is very difficult to do so.
-Protons can also be removed from an atom through ionization, which creates a
positively charged ion.
RUTHERFORD
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of
Nelson, (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937)
was a New Zealand came to be known as the
father of nuclear physics. A consummate
experimentalist, Rutherford was responsible for
a remarkable series of discoveries in the fields
of radioactivity and nuclear physics. He
discovered alpha and beta rays, set forth the
laws of radioactive decay, and identified alpha
particles as helium nuclei.In 1911, Rutherford
discovered the atomic nucleus, using a
"scattering" experimen, that would become a
classic technique of particle physics.Ernest
Rutherford found that the atom is mostly empty
space, with nearly all of its mass concentrated
in a tiny central nucleus. The nucleus is
positively charged and surrounded at a great
HOW HE DISCOVERED
In a gold foil experiment, Rutherford bombarded alpha particles on an
ultrathin gold foil and then detected the scattered alpha particles on a
zinc sulphide (ZnS) screen. According to Rutherford’s observation,Most of
the alpha particles were not deflected; they passed through the foil.
Some alpha particles get deflected at a small angle. Very few particles
bounced back (1 in 20,000).Based on these observations, Rutherford
proposed the following:
Most of the atom’s mass and its entire positive charge are confined in a
small core, called a nucleus.
The positively charged particle is called a proton.Most of the volume of
an atom is empty space.
The number of negatively charged electrons dispersed outside the
nucleus is the same as the number of positively charged electrons in the
nucleus.
PROTON
Protons are positively charged subatomic
particles found in the nucleus of an atom, with a
mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit. The
number of protons in an atom determines its
element and chemical properties.
CHARACTERSTICS
A proton is one of three main particles that make up the
atom. Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom. This
is a tiny, dense region at the center of the atom. Protons
have a positive electrical charge of one (+1) and a mass
of 1 atomic mass unit (amu), which is about 1.67×10−27
kilograms. Every element in nature or made in a lab has
at least one proton. The mass of a proton is the same as a
neutron but 1840x greater than the mass of electron.
CANAL RAYS
These are positively charged radiations
that consist of particles having charges
equal in magnitude. Canal rays can also
be described as the beam of positive ions
obtained by gas-discharge tubes. The
mass of canal particles is extremely more
than that of electrons.
EUGEN GOLDSTEIN
-Eugen Goldstein was a German physicist who conducted
experiments on cathode rays in the late 1800s. In 1886,
he discovered a new type of radiation in the cathode ray
tube, which he called canal rays. He observed that these
rays were composed of positively charged particles, which
he called "positive rays." Through his experiments,
Goldstein was the first to discover the existence of
protons, although he did not name them as such. He also
observed that positive rays were deflected by electric and
magnetic fields in a manner similar to that of negatively
charged particles, which were later identified as electrons.
Goldstein's experiments played a significant role in the
development of the atomic model and the understanding
of subatomic particles.
HOW HE DISCOVERED
E. Goldstein in 1886 discovered the presence of
new radiations in a gas discharge and called them
canal rays.The electrons emitted from the cathode
collide with the gas atoms found in the tube,
knocking one or two additional electrons out of
each of these atoms. These collisions leave behind
ions which are positively charged. The produced
positive ions travel towards the cathode. Any of
the positive ions pass through the perforations
that create canal rays in the cathode disc.
RELATION BETWEEN PROTON
AND CANAL RAYS
Canal ray experiment lead to the discovery of protons.
Canal rays are also called anode rays or positive rays.
Protons are positively charged particles. Canal rays are
made up of protons. Canal rays originate in the region
between cathode and anode in a discharge tube. A Canal
ray (also known as a positive or anode ray) is described as
a positive ions' beam, created by certain gas-discharge
tube types. These rays were observed in 1886 in Crookes
tubes when the German scientist named "Eugen Goldstein
performed experiments."
QUESTIONS
• What determines the element to which an atom belongs?
A) The number of electronsB) The number of protonsC) The number of neutronsD) The number of
both protons and neutrons
• What is the mass of a proton approximately equal to?
A) 1 electronB) 1 atomic mass unitC) 1 neutronD) 1 photon
• What did Eugen Goldstein discover in the cathode ray tube?
A) ElectronsB) NeutronsC) ProtonsD) Positive rays
• How did Eugen Goldstein's experiments contribute to the development of the atomic model?
A) By identifying the existence of electronsB) By identifying the existence of neutronsC) By
identifying the existence of protonsD) By identifying the existence of isotopes
• How can protons be removed from an atom?
A) Through fusion or fissionB) Through ionizationC) Through radioactive decayD) None of the
above
• Name one of the discoveries of ernest rutherford ?
• when was atomic nucleus ?
• what is the charge of a proton ?
• When did E. Goldstein discover the presence if new radiations ?
• What can also be described as the beam of positive ions obtained by gas-discharge tubes?
• Canal rays originate in the region between ____________and ___________in a discharge tube
THANK
YOU

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