2023-integumentary-system

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
PARTS: Functions:
• 1.Protection
Skin • Skin
• ▪ Against abrasion and UV light
• ▪ Prevents entry of microorganisms
• ▪ Prevents dehydration
• ▪ Helps regulate body temperature
• Hair
Hair • ▪ Protects against abrasion and UV light
• ▪Acts as a heat insulator
• Nail
• ▪ protects the ends of digits
• 2. Sensation
• ▪ Sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain
Glands • 3.Temperature regulation by controlling

• ▪ Blood flow through the skin(Controls heat loss from the body by dilation and constriction of blood vessels)
• ▪ Sweat gland activity(Produce sweat, which evaporates and lowers body temperature)
• 4.Vitamin D production
• ▪ UV light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is modified by the liver and
kidneys into vitamin D
Nails • ▪ Vitamin D increases calcium uptake in the intestines
• 5. Excretion of small amounts of waste products

• ▪ Skin glands remove small amounts of waste products but are not important in excretion
SKIN
• SA – 1.2-2.2 m2 and weighs 4-5 kg (9-
11 lbs)
• Consists of three major regions
• Epidermis: outermost region
(superficial)
• Resists abrasion
• Reduces water loss
• Dermis: middle region (bulk of
skin)
• Responsible for most of the
structural strength of the skin
• Leather is produced from the
dermis of animals
• Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis):
deepest region
• Not really part of the skin
• Connects the skin to underlying
muscle or bone
Epidermis Composed of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium, consisting of four distinct cell types and four
or five layers
I. Layers of the Epidermis
1. Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

-Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached
to the dermis
• Structural strength is provided by
desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
-Consists of a single row of the youngest
keratinocytes
-Cells undergo mitotic divisions ~every 19
days
- 10-25% are melanocytes
2. Stratum Spinosum
- Melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells are
abundant in this layer
• Melanin is taken up by the keratinocytes
and accumulates on the “sunny side” to
protect the nucleus from UV damage
3. Stratum Granulosum
- Drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance
occurs
- Keratohyaline and lamellated bodies
(waterproofing) accumulate in the cells of this
layer
- Above this layer the epithelial cells die
because they are too far from the dermis
4. Stratum Lucidum
- Thin, transparent band superficial to the
Stratum Granulosum
- Consists of a few rows of flat, dead
keratinocytes
- Present only in thick skin
5. Stratum Corneum
- Outermost layer of keratinized cells
- Accounts for three quarters of the
epidermal thickness
- 20-30 cell layers thick, all dead.
- Millions rub off everyday. Totally new every
25-45 days.
- Functions include:
• Waterproofing
• Protection from abrasion and
penetration
• Rendering the body relatively
insensitive to biological, chemical, and
physical assaults
• Thick skin has all five epithelial strata
• Thin skin contains fewer cell layers per stratum
> Stratum lucidum is usually absent
> Hair is found only in thin skin
Epidermis II. Cells of the Epidermis
1. Keratinocytes
Most abundant cell type
Produce the fibrous protein keratin
Gives skin its protective properties
2. Melanocytes
Produce the brown pigment melanin
Found in the deepest layers of the epidermis
3. Langerhans’ cells/ Intraepidermal

Macrophage
Epidermal macrophages
Help activate the immune system
4. Merkel cells/ Tactile Epithelial Cells

Touch receptors in association with sensory
nerve endings
Skin Color
 Melanocytes produce melanin inside melanosomes
and then transfer the melanin to keratinocytes
The size and distribution of melanosomes determine
skin color
 Melanin production is determined genetically but
can be influenced by UV light (tanning) and
hormones
 Increased blood flow produces a red skin color
(Erythema), whereas a decreased flow causes pale
skin
Decreased oxygen content in the blood results in a
bluish color called cyanosis
 Carotene, an ingested plant pigment, can cause the
skin to appear yellowish
DERMIS
 Second major skin
region containing  Cell types include
strong, flexible fibroblasts, a few adipose
connective tissue cells and macrophages
 Composed of two layers:

papillary and reticular
Layers of the Dermis
1. Papillary layer
 Areolar
connective
tissue with
collagen and
elastic fibers
 Contains blood
 Its superior surface contains peg-
vessels that supply
the overlying like projections called dermal
epidermis with papillae
nutrients,Remove - Genetically determined
waste products, - Responsible for fingerprints and
Aid in regulating footprints (films of sweat)
body temperature
2. Reticular layer
 Dense irregular
connective tissue
 Accounts for  Collagen fibers in this

approximately 80% of layer add strength
the thickness of the and resiliency to the
skin skin
 Striae (stretch
marks) are caused
when skin is
 Elastin fibers provide overstretched, the
dermis ruptures and
stretch-recoil leaves visible lines
properties
2. Reticular layer
Elastin and collagen
fibers are oriented more
in one direction than in
others and produce
cleavage, or tension,
lines
Subcutaneous Tissue
Deep to the skin
◙Composed of adipose and areolar

connective tissue
Not really part of the skin
Mostly adipose tissue
Stores fat and connects the skin to

the underlying structures (mainly
muscles)
Shock absorber and insulator
Increases greatly as you gain weight

Hair
♫Hairs are columns of dead, keratinized
epithelial cells
Each hair consist of
- A shaft above the skin
- A root below the skin
- A hair bulb the site of hair
formation
♫Lanugo (fetal hair) is replaced near the
time of birth by terminal hairs (scalp,
eyelids, and eyebrows) and vellus hairs
♫At puberty, vellus hairs can be replaced
with terminal hairs
♫Hairs have a growth stage and a

resting stage
♫Contraction of the arrector pili, which

are smooth muscles, causes hair to
“stand on end” and produces “goose
flesh”
GLANDS Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands
◙Different types prevent overheating of

the body
◙Simple or compound ◙Secrete cerumen and milk
alveolar glands found all over ◙Up to 3 million/person
the body except on the palms →Merocrine sweat glands
and soles produce sweat, which cools the body:
◙Soften skin when stimulated most numerous in the palms and
by hormones soles of the feet
◙Secrete an oily secretion →Apocrine sweat glands: Found
called sebum in axillary and genital areas. Ducts
◙Acne is an active empty into hair follicles. Produce an
inflammation of the organic secretion that can be broken
sebaceous glands. down by bacteria to cause body odor
→Ceruminous glands: modified
merocrine glands in external ear
canal that secrete cerumen (ear
wax)
→Mammary glands: specialized
sweat glands that secrete milk
Nails
→is Stratum Corneum containing
hard keratin
→nail root is covered by skin
→nail body is the visible part of the nail
→ lunula is the part of the nail
matrix visible through the nail
body
→ Nearly all of the nail is

formed by the nail matrix,
but the nail bed contributes
Thank you for listening
time ： to teacher ： the magical PTs
fly

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Glands • 3.Temperature regulation by controlling

• 5. Excretion of small amounts of waste products

I. Layers of the Epidermis

1. Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

3. Langerhans’ cells/ Intraepidermal

4. Merkel cells/ Tactile Epithelial Cells

 Composed of two layers:

 Accounts for  Collagen fibers in this

◙Composed of adipose and areolar

Not really part of the skin

Mostly adipose tissue

Stores fat and connects the skin to

Shock absorber and insulator

Increases greatly as you gain weight

♫Hairs have a growth stage and a

♫Contraction of the arrector pili, which

◙Different types prevent overheating of

→ Nearly all of the nail is

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