Subject Teacher: Blessing Adegbolagun

Week: 4

Date: 20th Jan. – 24th Jan. 2025

Class: Year 11

Subject: Physics

Lesson Title: Waves

Period: 1st ,5th and 6th

Duration: 120minutes (40mins each)

Lesson objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to :
• State the different gas laws viz; Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Pressure Law, General
gas Law

 Apply the principles of these laws in solving problems related to the behaviour of
gases under different volume , temperature, and pressure.

Key vocabulary words:

Resources and materials:

1. New School Physics

2. IGCSE Physics

Building background/connection to prior knowledge: Students have

learnt about latent heat and change of state.
Biblical Integrated Objective
The objective of this integration is to examine the scientific process of gases as an
through biblical lens.
Biblical Principles
Renewal and Transformation: Heat brings about change of state; from solid to liquid,
or from liquid to gas.
Restoration and Refreshing: In Isaiah 58:11, it is written, "The Lord will guide you
always; he will satisfy your needs in a sun-scorched land and will strengthen your
frame."
Bible Integration
In 2 Corinthians 5:17, it states, "Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, the new creation has
come: The old has gone, the new is here!". Moreover, the cooling effect that results
from evaporation by heat can symbolize the peace that surpasses understanding
(Philippians 4:7)
Waves
WAVES
A wave is disturbance which travels through a medium and transfer energy from one
point to another without causing any permanent displacement of the medium itself.
WAVE MOTION
This is a process of transferring a disturbance (in form of kinetic energy) from one
point to another in a medium without any transfer of the particles of the medium.
Types of waves

Waves are broadly classified into two types

a. Based on the medium of propagation: mechanical wave and electromagnetic

wave
b. Based on the comparison of the wave direction with the direction of vibration of the
particle: transverse wave and longitudinal wave
A. Based on the medium of propagation
1. Mechanical Waves: These are waves that require a material medium for their mode of
propagation e.g. water waves, sound waves etc.

2. Electromagnetic Waves: These are waves that do not require or need a material medium for
their propagation but they travel successfully in free space e.g. light waves, radio waves, x-rays
etc.

B. Based on the comparison of the wave direction with the direction of vibration of the
particle:
A wave which travels along a medium transferring energy from one part of the medium to another
is called a progressive wave. The progressive wave can be divided into transverse and
longitudinal waves
2. Transverse waves

A transverse wave is a wave in which travel perpendicularly to the direction of the vibrations
producing the waves.

2. Longitudinal wave
A standing or stationary wave: this is formed when two waves travelling in the
opposite direction meets or by superimposition of incident wave and its reflection. The
amplitude of the standing wave varies along the wave.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING WAVES

1. Phase - particles which are at the same vertical direction from their positions of rest and are
moving in the same direction are said to be in phase.
2. The amplitude (A) - is the maximum displacement of a particle from its rest or mean position. It is
measured in meter (m).
3. The period (T) - is the time required for a particle to perform one complete cycle or oscillation
•
•
4. Frequency (f) - is the number of complete cycles made in one seconds. It is measured in Hertz
(Hz)
5. Wavelength (λ) - is the distance covered by the waves after one complete oscillation. For
transverse waves, it is the distance between successive crests or troughs while for longitudinal
wave, it is the distance between successive compressions or rarefactions. Unit is meter (m).
6. Wave-velocity (v) is the distance traveled by the waves in one second. The S.I unit is m/s
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP
v = wave – velocity
f = frequency (Hz)
λ = wavelength (m)

v = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒

T = period (s)

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

v =𝜆/𝑇
since T=1/f

𝜆= v/f = v𝑇
We have v =f𝜆
Class Activity
1. Elias radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 21MHz. If the speed of light in
the air 3×108ms-1, calculate the wavelength of the broadcast.
2. A radio station broadcasts at frequency of 300 KHz. If the wavelength of the
wave is 985m calculate the period and the speed of the wave?
PROPERTIES OF WAVES

All waves exhibit the following properties

• Reflection

• Refraction

• Diffraction

• Interference

Apart from the properties listed above transverse waves has another properties called polarization.

Reflection

This is a property of wave which occurs when a travelling wave strikes a surface and it bounces back.
The travelling wave is the incident wave while the one that bounces back is the reflected rain. In case
of water waves generated in a ripple tank, if the waves were made to incident normally on a plane
strip, the wave will be reflected back along their original course.

If the waves are incident at a particular angle, it will be observed that the angle of incidence is equal to
the angle of reflection in line with the laws of reflection
LAWS OF REFLECTION

• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal, at point of incidence, all lie on the same
plane.

• The angle of incidences is equal to the angle of reflection

Refraction

This is the change in the speed and direction of waves as it passes from one medium to another.

When plane waves pass from deep to shallow water, their wavelength becomes shorter and
thereby travels slowly. A change in the wavelength and speed produce a change in the direction
of travel of waves when they cross the boundary. It is important to note that during refraction,
the wavelength remains constant.

Refractive index is the ratio of the sine of the incident angle (i) to the sine of the angle of
refraction (r). It is also the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the first medium (v1) to the velocity
in the second medium (v2)
Diffraction
This is the spreading out of a wave on passing through a narrow opening.
If waves are directed towards a large gap compared with the wavelength of the waves,
slightly bent or beam of waves are formed on passing through the gap.
If the barriers are placed closer to leave a narrow gap waves forms spherical wave
fronts on passing through a narrow shit.

Diffraction occurs when the wavelength of the wave is longer than the width of the
opening or the size of the obstacles.
Interference

This is a phenomenon which occurs when two similar waves traveling in the same
direction cross each other. If the waves are in phase or step so that they travel the
same distance at equal time and the crest or trough of the two waves arrive
simultaneously or one is a complete wavelength ahead of the other. The resulting
wave will build up to twice the amplitude of the two waves; this is called constructive
or additive interference.

If the crest of one wave arrives with the troughs of the waves, and vice-versa, the
waves cancel each other out to give zero resultant, this is called destructive
interference.
Polarization

This is an exclusive property of transverse waves only. It is the production of transverse

vibration in only one plane. A transverse wave which vibrates in only one plane is said
to be plane-polarized.

Polarized light can be produced by passing an ordinary light through a polarizer called
Polaroid or crystal of calcite, tourmaline or quartz. The arrangement of molecules
within this polarizer will only permit the passage of light in a particular plane and then
absorb light due to other vibration. Thus, when an unpolarized light is passed through
a polarizer, the emergent light consists in only one plane.

Application of Polaroid

The Polaroid is used in sunglasses to reduce the intensity of incident light and to
eliminate reflected light glare.
Methods of polarizing an unpolarized light

- Reflection(from smooth surface)

- Double refraction(through tourmaline crystals)
- Selective absorption(in certain crystals; quartz , calcite)
- Scattering (by small particles)
- Polaroid.