Engineering Materials

Ch.E 311
Lecture 1
Course Contents
• (1) Fundamental concepts of stress and strain, their estimation and applications
• (2) Mechanical and thermal properties and phase behavior of the following
materials of construction: (a) Iron, Chromium and Aluminum and their Alloys (b)
Lead and Titanium (c) Coinage materials (Gold, Copper and Silver) (d) Platinum,
Palladium
• (3) Polymeric and Composite materials: (a) Organic Polymers (plastics and Rubbers)
(b) Inorganic Polymers (Ceramic Materials and refractories) (c) Biopolymers (Wood)
• (4) Novel Engineering Materials: (a) Functional Materials (b) Smart Materials (c)
Nanomaterials
• (5) Selection of materials of construction
• (6) Corrosion: (a) Mechanism of Corrosion (b) Types of Corrosion (c) Control and
prevention of Corrosion
Recommended Books
• Material Science And Engineering - An Introduction By William D.
Callister.
• C. M. Srivastava, and C. Srinivansan, Science of Engineering Materials,
1st Ed, John Wiley and Sons Inc: 1987.
• V. John, Introduction to Engineering Materials, 4th Ed, Palgrave
Macmillan UK: 2003.
• W. F. Smith, “Principles of Materials Science and Engineering, 3rd Ed,
McGraw-Hall: 1995.
• R. A. Flinn, and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, 1st Ed, Houghton Mifflin Co.: 1975.
 CLOs for the subject
CLO1 Define the basic terminologies related to engineering materials. PLO01 Cognitive 1. Remember

CLO2 Discuss the properties of various industrial materials. PLO01 Cognitive 2. Understand

CLO3 Select the most appropriate engineering materials for industrial PLO12 Cognitive 3. Apply
applications.
Brief Course Contents...
• Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science (Chapter-1)
• Mechanical Properties of Metals (Chapter-6)
• The Structure of Crystalline Solids (Chapter-3)
• Phase Diagrams (Chapter-9)
• Polymers (Chapter-14, 15 )
• Ceramics (Chapter-13)
• Composites (Chapter-16, 17)
Assessment Plan
Assessment No. Tool/Method Weightage (%) CLO – 1 CLO – 2 CLO - 3

PLO – 1 PLO – 1 PLO - 12

1 Oral Discussion 2 x

2 Quiz 1 5 x

3 Class activity (numerical 3 x x

based)

4 Quiz 2 5 x

5 Quiz 3 5 x x

6 Mid Term Exam 30 x x

7 Assignment/Project 10 x x x

8 Q/A session 2 x

9 Quiz 4 3 x

10 Quiz 5 5 x x

11 End Exam 40 x x x

Total 110
Materials Science?
• Material science is the investigation of
the relationship among processing,
structure, properties, and performance
of materials.
• A Material is substance of which is it
made or composed of.
• Strictly speaking, “materials science”
involves investigating the relationships
that exist between the structures and
properties of materials.
Materials Engineering
• In contrast, “materials engineering” is, on the basis of these
structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.
• From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to
develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is
called upon to create new products or systems using existing
materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials.
Relationship b/w Material Science &
Engineering
Processing

Material
Performance Sci. & Structure

Eng.
Properties
Property
• A property is a material trait in terms of kind and magnitude of
response to a specific imposed situation.
• For example, A specimen subjected to forces will experience
deformation, or a polished metal surface will reflect light.
Material Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. All
important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories:
1. Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, Stress-Strain, elastic modulus
and strength etc.
2. Electrical properties - response to electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, the stimulus
is an electric field etc.
3. Magnetic properties - response to magnetic fields, Ferromagnetism, Paramagnetism and
Diamagnetism etc.
4. Thermal properties - are related to transmission of heat i.e thermal conductivity and heat
capacity.
5. Optical properties - include absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Index of
refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties
6. Deteriorative properties - Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion
resistance.
• In addition to structure and properties of Materials, two other
important components are involved—namely
o Processing
o Performance
• With regard to the relationships of these four components, the
structure of a material will depend on how it is processed.
• A material’s performance will be a function of its properties. Thus,
there lies a interrelationship between processing, structure,
properties, and performance of a material as depicted below.
Example
• Thin disk specimens (aluminum
oxide) placed over some printed
matter to demonstrate light
transmittance
• Transparent
• Translucent
• Opaque
• Crystal boundaries and pores
Materials Knowledge Spectrum

Materials Science Materials Science Materials

and Engineering Engineering

• Basic knowledge • Resultant knowledge of • Application of

of materials structure, properties, scientific knowledge
• Physiochemical processing and to design valuable
properties performance of products
engineering materials • Selecting right
material from the
many thousands that
are available
Classification of Materials
• Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications

MATERIALS
METALS POLYMERS

CERAMICS

• This scheme is based upon chemical makeup and atomic structure. Most materials fall into
distinct groupings, although there are some intermediates.
• In addition, there are the Composites, combinations of two or more basic material classes.
• Another classification is advanced materials such as semiconductors, biomaterials, smart
materials, and nanomaterials.
Metals
• Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements.
Examples are Iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel. They often
also contain non-metallic elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in
relatively small amounts.
• Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner and in
comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense.
Mechanical Electrical and Magnetic Properties:
• Relatively Stiff , ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation
without fracture) and are resistant to fracture.
• Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat, and are not
transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous
appearance.
• In addition, some of the metals (i.e., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable
magnetic properties.
Ceramics
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements; they are most
frequently used oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
• Examples : Aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon
carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), porcelain , cement and glass.
Mechanical, Electrical and Magnetic Properties:
• Ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—stiffness and strength are
comparable to those of the metals. In addition, they are typically very hard.
• Ceramics have exhibited extreme brittleness (lack of ductility) and are highly
susceptible to fracture.
• Ceramic materials are typically insulated for heat and electricity (i.e., have low
electrical conductivities).
• More resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and
polymers.
• Optical characteristics of ceramics may be transparent or opaque and some of the
oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behaviour.
Polymers
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
• Many of them are organic compounds are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other non-
metallic elements (i.e., O, N, and Si).
• Polymers have very large molecular structures, chainlike in nature. They often have a backbone of
carbon atoms.
• Common polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
Mechanical Electrical and Magnetic Properties:
• These materials typically have low densities.
• Mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials—
they are not as stiff nor as strong.
• In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic). So they are
easily formed into complex shapes.
• Polymers are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments.
• One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at
modest temperatures, which limits their use.
• Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.
Composites (Man-made Materials)
• A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials
(metals, ceramics, and polymers).
• The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of
properties that is not displayed by any single material, and also to
incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component
materials.
• Metal-Ceramic: e-g reinforced concrete cement.
• Ceramic-polymer: e-g fiber reinforced plastic (helmets).
• Metal-polymer: e-g vinyl coated steel to protect steel from rusting.
Comparison of Materials
Advanced Materials
• Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are termed advanced materials.
• Examples: computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, rockets etc.
• Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials.
• Semiconductors
• Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical
conductors (i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators (i.e., ceramics and polymers).
• Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants.
• Examples: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
• Biomaterials
• Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body to replace
diseased or damaged body parts.
• These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body
tissues.
• materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be used as
biomaterials. Examples of Tooth implants, knee joints etc.
• Smart Materials
• The adjective smart implies that these materials are able to
sense changes in their environment and then respond to
these changes in predetermined manners—traits that are
also found in living organisms.
• Examples : Sensors , Actuators (that performs a responsive
and adaptive function).
• Nanomaterials
• The study of the properties of these materials is termed
SEM of a polyethylene ,
“nanotechnology”; the “nano” prefix denotes that the 20nm
dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a
nanometer (10-9 m)
• Examples: carbon nanotube
Materials Applications
Reference
• Chapter 1, Material Science And Engineering - An Introduction By
William D. Callister.