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Embedded System

An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software designed for specific functions, often found in devices like automobiles, mobile phones, and medical equipment. These systems can vary in complexity and typically consist of a processor, power supply, memory, and communication ports, operating often under real-time operating systems. The embedded systems market is expected to grow significantly, driven by advancements in technology and the Internet of Things.

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2 views

Embedded System

An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software designed for specific functions, often found in devices like automobiles, mobile phones, and medical equipment. These systems can vary in complexity and typically consist of a processor, power supply, memory, and communication ports, operating often under real-time operating systems. The embedded systems market is expected to grow significantly, driven by advancements in technology and the Internet of Things.

Uploaded by

penmethsajahnavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Embedded

system
What is an Embedded System?
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and
software designed for a specific function. Embedded systems may also
function within a larger system. The systems can be programmable or
have a fixed functionality.
While embedded systems are computing systems, they can range from
having no user interface(UI) to complex graphical user
interfaces(GUIs).
Chip manufacturers for embedded systems include many well-known
technology companies such as Apple, IBM, Intel and Texas
instruments.
Examples of Embedded Systems
Embedded systems are used in a wide range of technologies across an array of industries.
Some examples include:
 Automobiles: Modern cars commonly consists of many embedded systems, designed
to perform different tasks within the vehicle, some of which include cruise control,
backup sensors, suspension control, navigation systems and airbag systems.
 Mobile Phones: These consists of many embedded systems, including GUI software
and hardware, operating systems, cameras, microphones, and USB I/O(input/output)
modules.
 Industrial Machines: They can contain embedded systems, like sensors, and can be
embedded systems themselves. Industrial machines often have embedded automation
systems that perform specific monitoring and control functions.
 Medical equipment: These may contain embedded systems like sensors and control
mechanisms.They’ll often include a more complex OS and GUI designed for an
appropriate UI.
How does an embedded system work?
Embedded systems always function as part of a complete device – that’s
what meant by the term embedded. They are low-cost, low-power
consuming, small computers that are embedded in other mechanical or
electrical systems. Generally, they comprise a processor, power supply,
and memory and communication ports.
Embedded systems use the communication ports to tranmit data between
the processor and peripheral devices. The processor interprets this data
with the help of minimal software stored on the memory.
The software is usually highly specific to the function that the embedded
system serves. The processor maybe a microprocessor or microcontroller.
Often, embedded systems are used in real-time operating system(RTOs) to
communicate with the hardware.
Characteristics of Embedded System
Structure of Embedded Systems
Embedded systems vary in complexity but, generally, consist of three
main elements:
Hardware: The hardware of embedded systems is based around
microprocessors and microcontrollers. Microprocessor refers to a CPU
that is integrated with basic computing components such as memory
chips and digital signal processors, microcontrollers have those
components built in one chip.
Software and Firmware: Software can generally vary in complexity,
but industrial grade microcontrollers and embedded IoT systems
usually run very simple software with little memory.
Real-time Operating System: The real-time operating systems(RTOs)
define how the system works by supervising the software and setting
rules during program execution.
In terms of hardware, a basic embedded system would consist the following
elements:
Sensors convert physical sense data into an electric signal.
Analog-to-digital(A-D) converters change an analog electrical signal
into a digital one.
Processors process digital signals and store them in memory.
Digital-to-analog (D-A) converters change the digital data from the
processor into analog data.
Actuators compare actual output to memory-stored output and choose the
correct one.
Embedded System Structure Diagram

A diagram representing the basic structure and flow of information in embedded systems

The sensor reads external inputs, the converters make that input readable to
the processor, and the processor turns that information into useful output
for the embedded system.
Types of Embedded Systems
There are a few basic embedded system types, which differ in their
functional requirements. They are:
Mobile embedded systems are small-sized systems that are designed
to be portable. Digital cameras are an example of this.
 Network embedded systems are connected to a network to provide
output to other systems. Examples include home security systems and
point of sale(POS) systems.
Standalone embedded systems perform specialized task, but do not
necessarily belong to a host system, unlike other embedded systems. A
calculator or MP3 player is an example of this.
Real-time embedded systems give the required output in a definite
time interval. They are often used in medical, industrial and military
sectors because they are responsible for time-critical tasks.
Embedded Systems can also be categorized by their
performance requirements as follows:
Small-scale embedded systems often use not more than
an 8-bit microcontroller.

Medium-scale embedded systems use a large


microcontroller (16-32 bit) and often link microcontrollers
together.

Sophisticated embedded systems often use several


algorithms that result in software and hardware
complexities and may require more complex software, a
configurable processor and a programmable logic array.
Debugging Embedded Systems
One area where embedded systems part ways with the operating systems
and development environments of other large-scale computers is in the
area of “debugging.” Some programming languages run on
microcontrollers with enough efficiency that rudimentary interactive
debugging is available directly on the chip. Additionally, processors
often have CPU debuggers that can be controlled--and thus, control
program execution -- via a JTAG or similar debugging port.
History of Embedded Systems
Some important milestones from the history of embedded system:
In 1960, Charles Stark Draper developed an integrated circuit to
reduce the size and weight of Apollo Guidance Machine. Being the first
computer to use ICs, it helped astronauts collect real-time flight data.
In 1965, Autonetics, developed the D-17B, the computer used in
Minuteman missile guidance system. This is widely recognized as the
first mass-produced embedded system.
In 1968, the first embedded system for a vehicle was released.
In 1987, the first embedded OS, was released by Wind River.
In 1996, Microsoft’s Windows embedded CE
By the late 1990s, the first embedded Linux products began to appear.
Today, Linux is used in almost all embedded devices.
Embedded System Trends
While some embedded systems can be relatively simple, they are
becoming more complex, and more and more of them are now able to
either supplant human decision-making or offer capabilities beyond
what a human could provide. For instance, some aviation systems,
including those used in drones, are able to integrate sensor data and act
upon that information faster than a human could, permitting new kinds
of operating features.
The embedded system is expected to continue growing rapidly, driven in
large part by the internet of things. Analysts are projecting an Embedded
market larger than $40 billion by 2030.
The future of embedded systems lies in the advancement of technologies
that enable faster communications, heavy data storage capacities and
highly interwoven connections among the devices.
THANK YOU

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