Geological structures folds faults joints types of folds joints

Geological structures form in the Earth's crust due to geological causes. There are many types of structures including folds, faults, and joints. Folds form when rock layers bend under stress rather than breaking. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines, domes, and basins. Faults form when rock layers fracture and move relative to each other, and include normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. Joints are fractures where the rock splits but there is no relative movement, and can form due to processes like cooling, tectonics, and unloading.

This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria. Classification of folds based on: Direction of closing Attitude of axial surface Size of interlimb angle Profile Ramsay Classification of folds

The document provides information on various topics in engineering geology including: 1. Definitions of engineering geology, geology, and their importance in civil engineering projects like understanding construction materials, groundwater, and foundations. 2. Branches of geology like physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and their focus on natural earth processes, rock origins and structures. 3. Key geological concepts like weathering, rock excavation methods, faults, folds, strike and dip, and seismic waves from earthquakes. 4. The importance of understanding local geology for planning major engineering works.

Structural geology is the study of the architecture and geometry of the Earth's crust and the processes that have shaped it. It involves analyzing how rock bodies deform in response to tectonic stresses. Structural analysis generally involves descriptive, kinematic, and dynamic analysis. Descriptive analysis describes rock structures like folds and faults. Kinematic analysis evaluates strain and changes in shape and orientation of rocks. Dynamic analysis reconstructs the stresses that caused rock deformation and failure. Stresses in rocks can be tensile, compressive, or shear stresses. Stress is analyzed using concepts like the stress tensor, Mohr's circle diagrams, and the orientation of maximum shear stresses. The main sources of stress that drive deformation are the motions of tectonic

This presentation is based on structural geology.. and it is for the people who are related to civil engineering..

This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are macroscopic features formed during sediment deposition. It classifies sedimentary structures based on their morphology and formation processes. The key types discussed are physical structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks formed directly by sedimentation. Chemical structures like nodules and concretions are formed by precipitation. Biogenic structures such as stromatolites and trace fossils provide evidence of ancient life. Studying sedimentary structures can provide insight into depositional environments, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships.

Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.

This document discusses the physical properties of rocks. It defines a rock as an aggregate of mineral particles that can be sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous. Physical properties describe the performance of rocks under different conditions and help classify rocks. These properties include specific gravity, density, porosity, permeability, and electrical/thermal conductivity. Mineralogical composition, structure, and texture also influence the physical properties of a rock. The document provides examples of common rock-forming minerals and explains how properties like density and specific gravity are measured and used to characterize rocks.

This document provides an overview of fold classification and its elements. It begins with an introduction to folds and their historical development. It then describes the key elements of folds such as hinge points, limbs, and axial planes. The majority of the document focuses on various systems for classifying folds based on criteria like fold closure, symmetry, plunge of the axial plane, and interlimb angle. It discusses classifications proposed by Ramsay and Fluety. In conclusion, it provides a geometrical classification of folds based on dip isogons, axial plane thickness, and orthogonal thickness as defined by Ramsay.

Rock mass is a matrix consisting of rock material and discontinuities such as joints and fractures. It is a heterogeneous, discontinuous material that is challenging to characterize and model for engineering purposes. Various rock mass classification systems have been developed to relate site investigation data to parameters relevant for design, such as excavation stability and support requirements. These include systems based on the Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Q-value, Geological Strength Index (GSI), and others. The classifications involve assessing properties of the intact rock and discontinuities to categorize the rock mass into classes that correlate to expected engineering behavior.

This document discusses slope stability and failure in open pit mines. It notes that as mining depths increase, slope design becomes more important for economic reasons. Slope stability problems can be either gross or local failures. Factors that affect stability include slope geometry, geology, groundwater, lithology, dynamic forces, and mining methods. Common failure types are planar, wedge, circular, and toppling. Slope stability is assessed using limit equilibrium methods or numerical modeling techniques. Numerical models divide the rock mass into zones to simulate complex slope behavior.

This document discusses geological hazards caused by landslides. It defines landslides as the downward sliding of land mass along steep slopes due to gravity. Heavy rains, earthquakes, floods, terrain cutting and droughts are among the main causes. Different types of landslides are described such as rock falls, lahars, earthflows, slope failures, slumps and debris slides. Areas with steep slopes, volcanoes, coasts and river valleys are prone to landslides. Landslides can damage infrastructure and block traffic. Classification, prevention measures and examples of landslide disasters are also summarized.

The document provides information about folds and faults. It defines folds as bent or curved rock layers, and describes common fold types like anticlines and synclines. It also defines various fault types including normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique faults. Specific structures are described like the San Andreas Fault, which is a major strike-slip fault in California. Dip, strike, heave and throw are also defined in relation to describing the orientation and movement of geological structures.

Geology is the study of the Earth, including its origin, structure, composition and processes that have shaped it over time. It involves studying the Earth through observation, analysis and synthesis at locations like libraries, laboratories, museums and field sites. Geology is related to other sciences and has many branches of study. It is important to study geology because geological processes and resources influence human civilization, environments and hazards, and geology underpins engineering and understanding of landforms and Earth's history.

The document discusses considerations for selecting dam and reservoir sites from a geological perspective. It defines different dam types including gravity, buttress, arch, and earth dams. Key factors for dam site selection include the underlying rock and soil composition and structure, with impermeable and stable foundations being important. Dams should avoid faults, fractures, and areas prone to erosion or earthquakes. The reservoir site selection process also aims to minimize land usage and sediment intake while ensuring adequate storage capacity.

The document discusses different types of unconformities: - Angular unconformity occurs when rock layers above and below are not parallel due to erosion and deposition over a long period of time with changes in bedding orientation. - Nonconformity separates older crystalline rocks from overlying younger sedimentary or volcanic rocks, representing a long period of erosion. - Disconformity has parallel bedding above and below, separated by erosion over some time. - Local unconformity is similar to a disconformity but represents only a short period of non-deposition over a small area.

The document discusses key concepts in structural geology including primary and secondary rock structures, outcrops, dip, strike, true and apparent dip, folds, and faults. It defines structural geology as dealing with rock structures, their classification, development mechanisms and causes. Folds are described as undulations in rock layers caused by forces. The main parts of folds are defined as the limbs, hinge, axis, plunge, crest and trough. Common fold types including anticlines and synclines are also outlined. Finally, the document categorizes faults based on the relative movement of the disrupted rock blocks.

This document discusses different types of faults, their classification, and characteristics. It begins by defining a fault and explaining their importance in geology. The main types of faults discussed are normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique faults. Criteria for identifying faults and the role of fluids in faulting are also summarized. Brittle faults occur in the upper crust and are characterized by fractures, while ductile faults at depth can form mylonite rocks. The document provides an overview of fault geometry and mechanics.

This document provides an overview of structural geology, including different types of geological structures such as folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms used in structural geology like strike, dip, limbs, and plunge. It describes different types of folds like anticlines and synclines. It also explains faults, describing components like the hanging wall and footwall, and types of faults including normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and oblique slip faults. Finally, it briefly discusses joints and types like columnar and sheet joints. The study of structural geology is important for understanding rock deformation and identifying structures that can form traps for resources like oil and gas.

A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rock on one side has moved relative to the other. There are several types of faults classified by the direction of movement: normal faults occur during extension and cause the hanging wall to drop down; thrust faults occur during compression and involve the hanging wall moving up and over the footwall; strike-slip faults involve sideways movement where the blocks slide past each other. The angle of the fault and direction of movement determine its classification as normal, reverse, or a strike-slip fault.

This document discusses earthquakes, their causes, and how they are measured. It begins by explaining that most earthquakes occur along faults in the earth's crust where tectonic forces cause deformation. It then describes how rocks deform under stress, the different types of stresses that can occur, and how materials respond as either brittle or ductile. Evidence of past deformation is discussed, including how the orientation of inclined rock layers is defined and measured. The document concludes by describing the different types of faults like normal, reverse, strike-slip and transform faults, and explains that earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of elastic strain energy built up along fault zones.

Faults are fractures along which the rock masses on either side have moved relative to each other. A fault occurs when movement happens along a discontinuity due to brittle deformation from stress. Faults can be classified in different ways, including based on the apparent movement, dip angle, pattern of faults, and more. Common fault types include normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. Normal faults occur when the hanging wall block moves downward relative to the footwall, while reverse faults occur when the hanging wall moves upward.

1) A fault is a fracture along which blocks of rock have been displaced relative to each other due to tectonic forces. The displacement can range from less than a meter to kilometers. 2) Faults have key geometric features including a fault plane, a hanging wall above the plane, and a foot wall below. The dip and strike define the orientation of the fault plane. Throw is the vertical displacement and heave is the horizontal displacement. 3) Faults can be classified based on the apparent movement, dip angle, relationship between slip direction and fault pattern. Common types include normal, reverse, strike-slip, dip-slip and oblique-slip faults.

This lecture includes the brief description of types of fractures especially shear. contractional and tension fractures. Classification of faults

This document discusses various geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines folds as bent rock layers, and describes key parts of folds such as the crest, trough, limbs, and axial plane. It also categorizes different types of folds based on their symmetry, plunge, and other characteristics. The document then defines faults as fractures with displacement, and explains fault terminology including the fault plane, footwall, hanging wall, and types of movement. Finally, it briefly introduces joints as fractures found in rocks.

1) A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side are displaced relative to each other due to compressional or tensional forces. 2) Key terms related to faults include the fault plane, fault trace, hanging wall, footwall, strike, dip, slip, separation, heave, and throw. 3) Faults can be classified based on their apparent movement (normal, reverse, strike-slip), their orientation relative to bedding (strike, dip, oblique), and their pattern of occurrence (parallel, en echelon, peripheral, radial).

This document provides an overview of fault classification. It begins with definitions of fault geometry, including fault plane, dip, strike, hanging wall, footwall, throw, and rake. Faults can be classified geometrically based on attributes like rake, attitude relative to adjacent rocks, pattern, dip angle, and apparent movement. Major geometric types include strike-slip, dip-slip, and diagonal-slip faults. Genetic classification considers the relative movement, and identifies normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and other fault types. Major faults in India are described along with the distribution of faults globally. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the geological and economic importance of studying faults, as well as their relevance to engineering and