Dip strike outliers and inliers
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This document discusses structural geology concepts including strike and dip, types of dip, bedding, outcrops, and their dimensions. It defines strike and dip as the orientation of geologic features, with strike being the intersection with a horizontal plane and dip being the angle of inclination. There are different types of dip such as primary from deposition and secondary from tectonic forces. Bedding refers to the deposition of different strata. An outcrop is the exposure of rock at the surface, and its dimensions include width, thickness, and depth which can be measured based on strike and dip.
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DIFFERENT STUCTRURALGEOLOGY IKE OUT CROP, DIP AND STRIKE, DIFFERNT CONFIRMITY.
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Fold .pptx
Fold .pptxSatheesh Herbert Singh Folds are undulations or bends in rock layers caused by compressional forces. Key elements of folds include the wavelength, amplitude, hinge point, hinge line, and limbs. Folds can be classified based on their shape, orientation, and other geometric properties. Folds form as a result of tectonic and non-tectonic processes and can be recognized based on field observations like bedding repetition patterns and thickness variations.
Stuctural geology
Stuctural geologyRakesh goud 1. Structural geology is the study of secondary geological structures like folds, faults, joints that form in rocks after their initial formation.
2. Folds form as a result of stresses that cause bending or undulations of layered rocks. Folds can be classified based on their geometry and orientation.
3. Faults form when rocks fracture and move relative to each other along a fracture surface due to stresses. Faults are classified based on the type and direction of movement between rock blocks.
4. Joints form when rocks fracture but there is no relative movement between the fractured pieces. Joints often form extensive fracture systems.
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Fold and faultsqssimnawaz This document discusses various structural geology concepts including folds, faults, joints, strike and dip. It defines key terms like anticline, syncline, and provides classifications of different fold types such as symmetrical vs. asymmetrical. Faults are described as fractures with displacement, and classified by displacement type. Joints are fractures that do not involve displacement. The effects of joints on rock competence and permeability are also noted.
45038163-geological-map-interpretation-120708055037-phpapp02.pptx
45038163-geological-map-interpretation-120708055037-phpapp02.pptxDARRENLOUIEESTOMO This document discusses how to interpret geological maps by examining outcrop patterns. It explains that outcrops appear where rocks meet the surface and their shape depends on the topography and structure of the rocks. Contours represent lines of equal elevation. Horizontal bedding causes outcrops to follow contours, while dipping beds cut across contours. The direction of dip can be determined using the V-shaped pattern of outcrops crossing valleys. Younger rocks appear at the surface in the direction of dip. Structures like faults and folds are recognized by offsets and bends in outcrop patterns. A cross-section is constructed by projecting geological data from the map onto a profile of the same scale along a section line.
45038163 geological-map-interpretation
45038163 geological-map-interpretationShahnawaz Mustafa Geological map interpretation involves analyzing outcrop patterns to understand the underlying geology. Horizontal beds follow contours, while dipping beds cut across contours in curved patterns. The direction of dip can be determined using the V-in-valley rule. Younger rocks come to the surface in the direction of dip. Structures like faults and folds are identified by offsets and bends in outcrop patterns. Cross-sections are constructed by projecting geological boundaries and topography from the map onto a profile of the same scale.
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Special concreteshruthiv19 1. Special concrete refers to concrete made with special materials or techniques to achieve improved properties compared to normal concrete. Some examples are lightweight, high-strength, and fiber-reinforced concrete.
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Plate tectonicsshruthiv19 Tectonic plates describe the large-scale motion of Earth's lithospheric plates. The movement of these plates began between 3.3 to 3.5 billion years ago, driven by the viscous mantle. Where the plates meet, they form different types of boundaries based on their relative motion: convergent where plates collide and form mountains, divergent where they separate and form mid-ocean ridges, or transform where they slide past each other along transform faults.
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Dip strike outliers and inliers
- 1. Structural geography and stratigraphy Shruthi V Dept. of Civil Engg. SJCEM, Palghar.
- 2. STRIKE AND DIP ● Strike and dip is the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. ● The strike line of a bed, fault, or other planar feature, is a line representing the intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane. ● On a geologic map, this is represented with a short straight line segment. ● Strike (or strike angle) can be given as either a quadrant compass bearing of the strike line or in terms of east or west of true north or south oriented parallel to the strike line.
- 4. Dip ● Dip is inclination or slope of a bedding plane. ● Degree of inclination and direction of inclination is expressed as dip. ● Dip is the angle of inclination which a bedding plane makes with horizontal plane. ● Angle of dip varies from zero degree to 90 degrees.
- 5. True and apparent Dip ● True dip - when a dip is measured in a direction that is at right angles to the strike of the particular bed. ● Apparent dip - when the dip measured in any other direction, which is not at right angles to its strike direction.
- 6. Relationship b/w Apparent and true dip values, Tan 𝞪 = tan 𝛃* cos 𝞬 𝛃 - true dip angle 𝞪 - apparent dip angle
- 7. Types of dip 1. Primary dip ● In sedimentary deposits if the deposition is in the same direction of the original sloping basin that is called primary dip. ● Usually the deposition is in between 5 to 10 degrees, generally we can consider below 20 degrees also. 2. Secondary dip ● Due to the forces induced by tectonic plates if any strata has been inclined, then such dip is called as secondary dip.
- 8. Cont.., Types of dip 3. Local dip ● Inclination of Rock are exposed in a limited area of observation(may be primary or secondary or may not be any of them). 4. Regional dip ● General inclination of series of formations exposed over a wide area. ● Usually these rocks Mein show wearing local tips both in respect to degree and directions of inclination but when they considered in a totality the entire structure may appear to be inclined only in one particular direction at a uniform angle.
- 9. Bedding or stratification ● Stratum - bed ● Stratas - series of beds ● Stratification means deposition of different strata in series, from bottom to top. ● These strata are easily distinguishable based on colour, composition and grain size.
- 10. Outcrop ● Exposure of solid rock on the surface of earth surface is called as Outcrop. ● Usually rocks are not always visible on the surface, they are sometimes covered by cm to km to soil fragments and present underneath the soil. ● Outcrop is seen forming sides of valley or cap of mountain or hills and even at slopes and at cliffs.
- 11. Dimensions of Outcrop ● The attitudes of Outcrops can be determined based on the terms of dip, strike and width, thickness and depth of different sedimentary layers. ● To study the dimensions of Outcrop, ip and strikes are measured first by using Compass and Clinometer. ● Width of outcrop is measured as a distance between top and bottom edges on ground surface perpendicular to the strike. ● Thickness is the perpendicular distance between the top and bottom edges of the same layer. ● Depth is the perpendicular distance from surface of earth and top surface of that particular layer.
- 12. Cont.., Dimensions of Outcrop Depth d can be measured as XY ( d ) = AX * tan 𝞫
- 13. Cont.., Dimensions of Outcrop
- 14. Inliers
- 15. Outliers
- 16. Thank You