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Dip strike outliers and inliers

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shruthiv19

This document discusses structural geology concepts including strike and dip, types of dip, bedding, outcrops, and their dimensions. It defines strike and dip as the orientation of geologic features, with strike being the intersection with a horizontal plane and dip being the angle of inclination. There are different types of dip such as primary from deposition and secondary from tectonic forces. Bedding refers to the deposition of different strata. An outcrop is the exposure of rock at the surface, and its dimensions include width, thickness, and depth which can be measured based on strike and dip.

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Structural geography and stratigraphy Shruthi V Dept. of Civil Engg. SJCEM, Palghar.
STRIKE AND DIP ● Strike and dip is the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. ● The strike line of a bed, fault, or other planar feature, is a line representing the intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane. ● On a geologic map, this is represented with a short straight line segment. ● Strike (or strike angle) can be given as either a quadrant compass bearing of the strike line or in terms of east or west of true north or south oriented parallel to the strike line.
Strike and Dip
Dip ● Dip is inclination or slope of a bedding plane. ● Degree of inclination and direction of inclination is expressed as dip. ● Dip is the angle of inclination which a bedding plane makes with horizontal plane. ● Angle of dip varies from zero degree to 90 degrees.
True and apparent Dip ● True dip - when a dip is measured in a direction that is at right angles to the strike of the particular bed. ● Apparent dip - when the dip measured in any other direction, which is not at right angles to its strike direction.
Relationship b/w Apparent and true dip values, Tan 𝞪 = tan 𝛃* cos 𝞬 𝛃 - true dip angle 𝞪 - apparent dip angle
Types of dip 1. Primary dip ● In sedimentary deposits if the deposition is in the same direction of the original sloping basin that is called primary dip. ● Usually the deposition is in between 5 to 10 degrees, generally we can consider below 20 degrees also. 2. Secondary dip ● Due to the forces induced by tectonic plates if any strata has been inclined, then such dip is called as secondary dip.
Cont.., Types of dip 3. Local dip ● Inclination of Rock are exposed in a limited area of observation(may be primary or secondary or may not be any of them). 4. Regional dip ● General inclination of series of formations exposed over a wide area. ● Usually these rocks Mein show wearing local tips both in respect to degree and directions of inclination but when they considered in a totality the entire structure may appear to be inclined only in one particular direction at a uniform angle.
Bedding or stratification ● Stratum - bed ● Stratas - series of beds ● Stratification means deposition of different strata in series, from bottom to top. ● These strata are easily distinguishable based on colour, composition and grain size.
Outcrop ● Exposure of solid rock on the surface of earth surface is called as Outcrop. ● Usually rocks are not always visible on the surface, they are sometimes covered by cm to km to soil fragments and present underneath the soil. ● Outcrop is seen forming sides of valley or cap of mountain or hills and even at slopes and at cliffs.
Dimensions of Outcrop ● The attitudes of Outcrops can be determined based on the terms of dip, strike and width, thickness and depth of different sedimentary layers. ● To study the dimensions of Outcrop, ip and strikes are measured first by using Compass and Clinometer. ● Width of outcrop is measured as a distance between top and bottom edges on ground surface perpendicular to the strike. ● Thickness is the perpendicular distance between the top and bottom edges of the same layer. ● Depth is the perpendicular distance from surface of earth and top surface of that particular layer.
Cont.., Dimensions of Outcrop Depth d can be measured as XY ( d ) = AX * tan 𝞫
Cont.., Dimensions of Outcrop
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Dip strike outliers and inliers

  • 1. Structural geography and stratigraphy Shruthi V Dept. of Civil Engg. SJCEM, Palghar.
  • 2. STRIKE AND DIP ● Strike and dip is the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. ● The strike line of a bed, fault, or other planar feature, is a line representing the intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane. ● On a geologic map, this is represented with a short straight line segment. ● Strike (or strike angle) can be given as either a quadrant compass bearing of the strike line or in terms of east or west of true north or south oriented parallel to the strike line.
  • 4. Dip ● Dip is inclination or slope of a bedding plane. ● Degree of inclination and direction of inclination is expressed as dip. ● Dip is the angle of inclination which a bedding plane makes with horizontal plane. ● Angle of dip varies from zero degree to 90 degrees.
  • 5. True and apparent Dip ● True dip - when a dip is measured in a direction that is at right angles to the strike of the particular bed. ● Apparent dip - when the dip measured in any other direction, which is not at right angles to its strike direction.
  • 6. Relationship b/w Apparent and true dip values, Tan 𝞪 = tan 𝛃* cos 𝞬 𝛃 - true dip angle 𝞪 - apparent dip angle
  • 7. Types of dip 1. Primary dip ● In sedimentary deposits if the deposition is in the same direction of the original sloping basin that is called primary dip. ● Usually the deposition is in between 5 to 10 degrees, generally we can consider below 20 degrees also. 2. Secondary dip ● Due to the forces induced by tectonic plates if any strata has been inclined, then such dip is called as secondary dip.
  • 8. Cont.., Types of dip 3. Local dip ● Inclination of Rock are exposed in a limited area of observation(may be primary or secondary or may not be any of them). 4. Regional dip ● General inclination of series of formations exposed over a wide area. ● Usually these rocks Mein show wearing local tips both in respect to degree and directions of inclination but when they considered in a totality the entire structure may appear to be inclined only in one particular direction at a uniform angle.
  • 9. Bedding or stratification ● Stratum - bed ● Stratas - series of beds ● Stratification means deposition of different strata in series, from bottom to top. ● These strata are easily distinguishable based on colour, composition and grain size.
  • 10. Outcrop ● Exposure of solid rock on the surface of earth surface is called as Outcrop. ● Usually rocks are not always visible on the surface, they are sometimes covered by cm to km to soil fragments and present underneath the soil. ● Outcrop is seen forming sides of valley or cap of mountain or hills and even at slopes and at cliffs.
  • 11. Dimensions of Outcrop ● The attitudes of Outcrops can be determined based on the terms of dip, strike and width, thickness and depth of different sedimentary layers. ● To study the dimensions of Outcrop, ip and strikes are measured first by using Compass and Clinometer. ● Width of outcrop is measured as a distance between top and bottom edges on ground surface perpendicular to the strike. ● Thickness is the perpendicular distance between the top and bottom edges of the same layer. ● Depth is the perpendicular distance from surface of earth and top surface of that particular layer.
  • 12. Cont.., Dimensions of Outcrop Depth d can be measured as XY ( d ) = AX * tan 𝞫