Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are altered by heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. This process is called metamorphism. There are two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions which alters rocks locally, and regional metamorphism over large areas from tectonic forces which produces foliated rocks. Metamorphic rocks show different textures based on their grade including slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, and quartzite, and are important construction materials.
This document discusses metamorphic rock textures, specifically foliation and compositional layering. Foliation results from the parallel alignment of sheet silicate minerals due to differential stress during metamorphism. Compositional layering in metamorphic rocks like gneiss develops through several processes, including preservation of original layering, transposition of bedding planes, and solution/reprecipitation of minerals along planes perpendicular to stress. Both foliation and layering provide information about the stress fields active during metamorphism.
This document discusses metamorphic rock textures, specifically foliation and compositional layering. Foliation results from the parallel alignment of sheet silicate minerals due to differential stress during metamorphism. Compositional layering in metamorphic rocks like gneiss develops through several processes, including preservation of original layering, transposition of bedding planes, and solution/reprecipitation of minerals along planes perpendicular to stress. Both foliation and layering provide information about the stress fields active during metamorphism.
Foliation refers to planar structures in metamorphic rocks that form as a result of shearing forces and pressure during metamorphism. Foliations include the parallel alignment of platy minerals defining layers in schist and slate, as well as the flattened grains in gneiss. Foliations form due to the realignment and recrystallization of minerals under heat and pressure, and can include preferred orientations of grains, lenses of different mineral compositions, and crystallographic alignment of minerals. Foliations influence the mechanical and thermal properties of rocks and must be considered for engineering projects in foliated bedrock.
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes either underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle illustrates how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are interrelated as they form and change over time through geological processes within the Earth.
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes either underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle illustrates how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are interrelated as they form and change over time through geological processes within the Earth.
IGNEOUS ROCKS AND THEIR PROPERTIES, USES AND DIFFERENT VARITIES OF VOLCANIC INTRUSIONS , MEGASCOPIC PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS IGNEOUS ROCKS
PROPERTIES AND USES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
CHARECTERSTICS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS WITH FIGURES
This document discusses metamorphic rocks, which form from the transformation of pre-existing rocks under high pressures and temperatures. Metamorphic rocks can form from igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. Heat and pressure are the main agents of metamorphism, causing recrystallization and changes in mineral content. There are two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions, and regional metamorphism over large areas. Metamorphic rocks exhibit foliated textures like slate, schist, and gneiss cleavages or they can be non-foliated granofels. Common metamorphic rock types include marble, quartz
Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe.pdfAmansupan
Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe the main difference
between Kaolinite and Montmorillonite clay minerals Differentiate between Sedimentary,
Igneous and metamorphic Rocks. Identify the main Transportation agents for the following
types of soil. Wind Sea (salt water) Lake (fresh water) River\" Ice
Solution
Minerals-Montmorillonite
Minerals-Kaolinite
The main difference between Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks, is the way that they
are formed, and their various textures.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (or molten rocks) cool down, and become solid. High
temperatures inside the crust of the Earth cause rocks to melt, and this substance is known as
magma. Magma is the molten material that erupts during a volcano. This substance cools down
slowly, and causes mineralization to take place. Gradually, the size of the minerals increase until
they are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. Igneous rocks are mostly formed beneath
the Earth’s surface.
The texture of Igneous rocks can be referred to as Phaneritic, Aphaneritic, Glassy (or vitreous),
Pyroclastic or Pegmatitic. Examples of Igneous Rocks include granite, basalt and diorite.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are usually formed by sedimentation of the Earth’s material, and this
normally occurs inside water bodies. The Earth’s material is constantly exposed to erosion and
weathering, and the resulting accumulated loose particles eventually settle, and form
Sedimentary rocks. Therefore, one can say, that these types of rocks are formed slowly from the
sediments, dust and dirt of other rocks. Erosion takes place due to wind and water. After
thousands of years, the eroded pieces of sand and rock settle, and become compacted to form a
rock of their own.
Sedimentary rocks range from small clay-size rocks to huge boulder-size rocks. The textures of
Sedimentary rocks are mainly dependent on the parameters of the clast, or the fragments of the
original rock. These parameters can be of various types, such as surface texture, round, spherical
or in the form of grain. The most common type of Sedimentary rock is the Conglomerate, which
is caused by the accumulation of small pebbles and cobbles. Other types include shale, sandstone
and limestone, which is formed from clastic rocks and the deposition of fossils and minerals.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are the result of the transformation of other rocks. Rocks that are subjected to
intense heat and pressure change their original shape and form, and become Metamorphic rocks.
This change in shape is referred to as metamorphism. These rocks are commonly formed by the
partial melting of minerals, and re-crystallization. Gneiss is a commonly found Metamorphic
rock, and it is formed by high pressure, and the partial melting of the minerals contained in the
original rock.
Metamorphic rocks have textures like slaty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic or hornfelsic.
Examples of these types .
Metamorphic rocks are formed from the alteration of pre-existing rocks, such as igneous or sedimentary rocks, under high pressures and temperatures within the Earth. There are three main types of metamorphism - contact, regional, and cataclastic - which result in different textures and mineral compositions in the metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can be classified based on their textures as either foliated, containing aligned platy minerals, or non-foliated, and by their mineral composition. Common metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite, and amphibolite.
Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on sedimentary rocks within the Earth's crust. There are two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism, which occurs near igneous intrusions, and regional metamorphism, which occurs deep within the crust over large areas. Metamorphic rocks exhibit either a foliated or nonfoliated texture based on the alignment of mineral grains. Foliated rocks like slate and schist contain aligned flat minerals, while nonfoliated rocks like marble and quartzite have randomly oriented grains. Metamorphic rocks can change into other types through additional heat and pressure altering their mineral composition and structure over time.
Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on sedimentary rocks within the Earth's crust. There are two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism, which occurs near igneous intrusions, and regional metamorphism, which occurs deep within the crust over large areas. Metamorphic rocks exhibit either a foliated or nonfoliated texture based on the alignment of mineral grains. Foliated rocks like slate and schist contain aligned flat minerals, while nonfoliated rocks like marble and quartzite lack aligned grains. Metamorphic rocks can change into other types through additional heat and pressure altering mineral composition and structure over time.
The document discusses the properties and classification of three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through accumulation and compaction of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to pre-existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically-active fluids. The document describes the formation processes, typical mineral compositions, and textural characteristics of each rock type. It also discusses classification schemes for igneous and metamorphic rocks based on silica content and foliation, respectively.
A fabric describes the spatial and geometric relationships that make up a rock at the microscopic to centimeter scale. It includes planar structures like bedding and cleavage, as well as the preferred orientation of minerals. Fabrics can be primary, forming during rock formation processes, or secondary and resulting from deformation. Foliation refers specifically to planar fabric and can develop through processes like cleavage, schistosity, and mylonitic foliation under increasing metamorphic conditions and deformation. Lineations describe linear fabric elements oriented in rocks, such as intersection lineations between planar features or mineral lineations showing preferred mineral alignments. Together, foliations and lineations define the tectonite class of a rock.
The document discusses metamorphic rocks, which are rocks that have been changed physically and chemically by heat, pressure, and fluid during geological processes like mountain building. It describes the two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism near intruding magma and regional metamorphism from heat and pressure deeper in the Earth's crust. Examples of common metamorphic rocks are provided like slate, schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marble. Photos show examples of textures and minerals in various metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic rocks form from the transformation of existing rock subjected to high temperatures and pressures. The original, unmetamorphosed rock is called the protolith. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on their protolith, chemical makeup, texture as either foliated or non-foliated. Foliated metamorphic rocks have a parallel alignment of minerals giving them a banded or layered appearance, while non-foliated rocks lack visible banding due to uniform pressure during metamorphism or blocky mineral composition. Common examples of each include slate and marble.
1. Metamorphic rocks form through recrystallization of existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks under high temperatures and pressures deep within the Earth's crust.
2. This process, called metamorphism, produces new minerals and textures as the rocks adapt to changing physical conditions without melting.
3. Studies of metamorphic rocks provide insights into the thermal and deformation history recorded in the crust over billions of years.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter about metamorphism from the textbook Essentials of Geology. Metamorphism occurs when rocks undergo changes to their texture, mineralogy, and chemistry due to changes in temperature, pressure, and reaction with fluids. There are several processes involved, and metamorphic rocks exhibit distinctive properties based on the conditions they form under. Different metamorphic environments and intensities can produce different rock types. Index minerals are used to determine metamorphic grade.
The document discusses different types of rocks and the rock cycle. It explains that there are three main types of rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous - and that rocks can change between these types through geological processes. The rock cycle model shows how rocks are formed from magma or other existing rocks and how they can be transformed over time by heat, pressure, and erosion.
Earth and Life Science_Differences of Types of Rocks.docxAnnaMariePones1
Differences of Types of Rocks
Rocks are found everywhere in the Earth surface or beneath land surface. There are three types of rocks the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. These rocks undergo rock cycle. During weathering and erosion these rocks on the earth surface are constantly being broken down and by wind and water.
Sedimentary rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans these sediments are the minerals, small pieces of plant and other organic matter, pre-existing rocks or pieces of remains of living organism that accumulate in Earth Surface. These sediments are compressed over a long period of time before they combine into solid layers of rocks. Sedimentary rocks cover most of the rocky Earth surface and less amount of the Earth’s crust. When these rocks are exposed to extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates which lead to changes in their mineralogy and texture of the rock the Metamorphic rock is formed. Those rocks that are found beneath the Earth surface melts and become magma when a volcano erupts, magma flows out of it. (When magma is on the earth’s surface, it is called lava.) As the lava cools it hardens and becomes igneous rock. As soon as new igneous rock is formed, the processes of weathering and erosion begin, starting the whole cycle over again! Sedimentary structures include features like bedding, ripple marks, fossil tracks and trails, and mud cracks. Sandstone, rock salt and limestone are sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic textures are salty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic and Horn felsic. Anthracite and Marble are metamorphic rocks.
Igneous rocks usually hence no layering made up of two or more minerals and they are either glassy or coarse in appearance. Basalt, granite, pumice, obsidian are examples of igneous rocks.
Differences of Types of Rocks
Rocks are found everywhere in the Earth surface or beneath land surface. There are three types of rocks the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. These rocks undergo rock cycle. During weathering and erosion these rocks on the earth surface are constantly being broken down and by wind and water.
Sedimentary rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans these sediments are the minerals, small pieces of plant and other organic matter, pre-existing rocks or pieces of remains of living organism that accumulate in Earth Surface. These sediments are compressed over a long period of time before they combine into solid layers of rocks. Sedimentary rocks cover most of the rocky Earth surface and less amount of the Earth’s crust. When these rocks are exposed to extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates which lead to changes in their mineralogy and texture of the rock the Metamorphic rock is formed. Those rocks that are found beneath the Earth surface
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either underground or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, usually deposited by water. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but were changed by extreme heat and pressure within the Earth's crust, altering their structure. Rocks can be transformed between these types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried deep within the Earth, and sometimes melted.
The document discusses sedimentary rocks, describing their formation from weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks. Sediment is transported via water or wind and sorted by size into gravel, sand, silt, or clay. Sediment is then deposited and may undergo lithification into sedimentary rock through compaction and cementation. The main types of sedimentary rocks are clastic (formed from fragments), chemical (formed from precipitation), and biochemical (containing organic material). Sedimentary structures provide clues about the environment of deposition, and the interpretation of these rocks can reveal information about past plate tectonic settings and conditions. Sedimentary rocks are an important source of non-metallic and energy resources.
Mineralogy is the study of minerals and their properties. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and atomic structures. They commonly form rocks, which make up the Earth's crust. A civil engineer must understand minerals and how their composition affects rock properties and strength. Key physical properties studied in mineralogy include form, color, streak, luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and specific gravity. These properties aid in mineral identification. Minerals are also classified as rock-forming or ore-forming based on their chemical groups.
This document discusses dimensional analysis and its applications in fluid mechanics. Dimensional analysis uses dimensions and units to develop dimensionless parameters called Pi terms that relate variables in a system. The Buckingham Pi theorem states that any equation with k variables can be written in terms of k-r independent Pi terms, where r is the minimum number of fundamental dimensions needed to describe the variables. Examples show how to identify the relevant Pi terms for problems and how these terms allow experimental data with different scales to be correlated through a single relationship. Dimensional analysis and similitude are useful for modeling prototypes from scaled down models when the key dimensionless groups match between the two.
This document discusses igneous rocks and the processes involved in their formation. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma. Magma forms from the partial melting of rocks in the crust and upper mantle. The nature of magma and factors like cooling rate, silica content, and dissolved gases determine the texture and composition of the resulting igneous rock. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, gabbro, rhyolite and obsidian.
1) The document discusses the design of laterally supported flexural steel members. It covers topics like conditions for beams to qualify as laterally supported, modes of failure for beams, and design procedures.
2) An example problem is presented showing the design of a simply supported laterally supported beam carrying a factored point load at midspan. The design is carried out selecting an appropriate I-section, checking shear and bending capacity, and verifying against web buckling and crippling.
3) Key steps in the design of laterally supported beams are outlined, including determining loads, selecting section, classification, checking shear and bending strength, and verifying local failures like web buckling and crippling are
This document provides an overview of the design of steel structures. It begins with an introduction discussing common steel structures like industrial buildings, warehouses, stadiums and bridges. It explains that pre-engineered steel buildings are popular due to quick construction. The document then discusses the role of civil engineers in designing steel structures to ensure safety, economy and durability. It provides details on the Indian code for steel design, IS 800:2007, and the limit state design approach. The document further discusses types of steel sections, structural members, design loads, design philosophies like working stress method and limit state method. It concludes with explaining partial safety factors for loads and material resistance in limit state design.
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Contours are imaginary lines on a map connecting points of equal elevation. Contour lines represent contours, with the vertical distance between lines being the contour interval. Contour intervals typically range from 0.2-25m depending on the scale and purpose of the map. Contours are characterized by being equally spaced in flat areas and closer together in steep areas. They are interpolated between known elevation points either by estimation or calculation of slope ratios.
This document contains a question bank with multiple choice and short answer questions related to transportation engineering across 6 units of study. The questions cover topics such as road development plans in India, highway and traffic engineering concepts, geometric design of highways, pavement materials and design, railway engineering, and bridge engineering. This question bank appears to be a study guide for a 4th year transportation engineering class, organized by topic unit for exam preparation.
This document provides an overview of railway engineering basics. It discusses the role of transportation in national development and describes the various modes of transportation systems used in India, including roadways, railways, airways, and waterways. It then focuses on railway engineering, explaining components of the permanent way including rails, sleepers, ballast, and fixtures. It also covers rail gauges and zones used by Indian railways, as well as factors related to rail design and construction such as rail joints, creep, and factors affecting gauge selection.
This document provides an overview of railway engineering basics. It discusses the role of transportation in national development and describes the main modes of transportation in India including roadways, railways, airways, and waterways. It then focuses on railway engineering, explaining the components of the permanent way including rails, sleepers, ballast, and fastenings. It also covers common rail gauges used in India such as broad, meter, and narrow gauges, and discusses factors that affect gauge selection.
railway and bridge engineering ppt.pptxRESHMAFEGADE
This document provides information about railway engineering and permanent way components. It discusses:
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3. The key components that make up the permanent way of a railway track, such as rails, sleepers, ballast, and fixtures.
4. Different types of rail joints used in railway tracks, including supported, suspended, welded, and staggered joints.
Bitumen is a black or dark colored solid or viscous substance obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil. It is used in highway construction due to its binding and waterproofing qualities. There are different types of bitumen including cutbacks, emulsions, and modified binders. Cutbacks are made by blending bitumen with solvents to reduce viscosity, while emulsions involve suspending bitumen droplets in water using emulsifiers. Modified binders involve adding polymers to bitumen to improve properties like temperature resistance. Pavements can be flexible, using bituminous materials in layers, or rigid, using a solid concrete slab.
How to Manage Internal Notes in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to leverage internal notes within Odoo 17 POS to enhance communication and streamline operations. Internal notes provide a platform for staff to exchange crucial information regarding orders, customers, or specific tasks, all while remaining invisible to the customer. This fosters improved collaboration and ensures everyone on the team is on the same page.
Literature Reivew of Student Center DesignPriyankaKarn3
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Unblocking The Main Thread - Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
In the realm of Android development, the main thread is our stage, but too often, it becomes a battleground where performance issues arise, leading to ANRS, frozen frames, and sluggish Uls. As we strive for excellence in user experience, understanding and optimizing the main thread becomes essential to prevent these common perforrmance bottlenecks. We have strategies and best practices for keeping the main thread uncluttered. We'll examine the root causes of performance issues and techniques for monitoring and improving main thread health as wel as app performance. In this talk, participants will walk away with practical knowledge on enhancing app performance by mastering the main thread. We'll share proven approaches to eliminate real-life ANRS and frozen frames to build apps that deliver butter smooth experience.
Profiling of Cafe Business in Talavera, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Development ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed to profile the coffee shops in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, to develop a standardized checklist for aspiring entrepreneurs. The researchers surveyed 10 coffee shop owners in the municipality of Talavera. Through surveys, the researchers delved into the Owner's Demographic, Business details, Financial Requirements, and other requirements needed to consider starting up a coffee shop. Furthermore, through accurate analysis, the data obtained from the coffee shop owners are arranged to derive key insights. By analyzing this data, the study identifies best practices associated with start-up coffee shops’ profitability in Talavera. These findings were translated into a standardized checklist outlining essential procedures including the lists of equipment needed, financial requirements, and the Traditional and Social Media Marketing techniques. This standardized checklist served as a valuable tool for aspiring and existing coffee shop owners in Talavera, streamlining operations, ensuring consistency, and contributing to business success.
A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
Here is a detailed description of its parts and how to use it.
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A brief introduction to quadcopter (drone) working. It provides an overview of flight stability, dynamics, general control system block diagram, and the electronic hardware.
Social media management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project "Social Media Platform in Object-Oriented Modeling" aims to design
and model a robust and scalable social media platform using object-oriented
modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
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user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
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among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
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In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
2. Metamorphic rocks
When rocks are baked by heat of molten magma or
squeezed by the movements of huge tectonic plates or
by the pressure of overlying thick succession of rocks
They are altered or changed beyond their recognition
i.e. change in Chemical composition, texture and
structure
Metamorphic rocks
3. Metamorphism
Is the process that occur in rocks
due to the effects of
High temperature
High pressure
Chemically active fluids
4. The source of temperature is either from magma or due to
the depth factor
Metamorphism usually result into change in min. comp. and
texture of rocks (Ig. and Sed.) which are subjected to temp.
> 1000 C and pressure > 1000’s Mpa.
Low-grade metamorphism:
Occurs at about 1000 C to 5000 C.
High-grade metamorphism:
Occurs at > 5000 C
Temperature
6. UNIFORM PRESSURE
Pressure
- increases with depth due to
increase in overburden.
- acts vertically downwards and
affects the volume of both liquid
& solids.
- increases with depth upto some
extent, effective in the upper part
of the crust.
DIRECT or Differential PRESSURE
- acts in all direction and affects only
on solids resulting into deformation
of shape and change in mineral
composition
- high temperature is also
associated with (due to depth
factor)
- high temperature is not always
associated. to depth factor)
- Lithostatic pressure- due to
overburden
- Stress- due to tectonic forces
9. STRUCTURES IN METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Foliation: when platy, lamellar or flaky minerals (eg.
sheet silicate minerals the micas: biotite and muscovite,
chlorite, talc, and serpentine), occurring in rock orient
themselves parallel to one another (i.e. perpendicular to the
direction of maximum pressure or stress).
Random
orientation
Of minerals
Preferred
orientation
Of minerals
10. Lineation: when prismatic or rod-like
minerals (eg. Hornblende, tourmaline etc.)
occurring in a rock orient themselves parallel to
one another (perpendicular to direction of maxi.
Pressure or stress)
11. SLATY CLEAVAGE
- usually formed during the early stage of
Low-grade Metamorphism due to lithostatic
stress.
- New sheet-structure minerals tends to be
parallel to the bedding planes during
metamorphism.
- however, further deep burial along
the continental margin;
compressional forces will cause
deformation (folding).
- hence, the sheet minerals as well as
foliation will no longer be parallel to
the bedding planes, such type of
foliation in fine grained rocks is
called slaty cleavage.
13. PHYLLITES
- usually associated with intermediate grade of metamorphism; where the
mineral grains grows large in size as compare to that seen in slates
-This develops a pronounced foliation where the preferred oriented
minerals are seen.
14. SCHISTOSE STRUCTURE
- usually formed during intermediate and high grade metamorphism
- Grain size increases and can be seen by naked eye; grains tends to enlarge
with increasing grade of metamorphism; the coarse grained sheet-structure
minerals show preferred orientation
- grain size is the main difference between the slaty structure and schistos
structure.
15. GNEISSIC STRUCTURE
- usually associated with high-grade regional metamorphism (where
differential stress prevails I.e. tectonic forces)
- where the sheet silicates and other minerals like
quartz/feldspars/hornblende/pyroxene are segregated in distinct bands in
the rocks- known as gneissic banding.
16. Classification of Metamorphic rocks based on
texture/structures
PHYLLITE
-similar to slate, but slightly coarser phyllosilicate grains
-grains can be seen in hand specimen, giving silk appearance to cleavage
surfaces
-often cleavage planes less perfectly planar than slates
SLATE
-strongly cleaved rock
-cleavage planes are developed due to orientation of fine phyllosilcate grains
eg. Muscovite, biotite, chlorite etc.
-individual grains too fine to be visible with naked eye
-overall dull appearance
17. SCHIST
-parallel alignment of moderately coarse grains (fabric=schistocity)
-grains are visible by eye
-mainly phyllosilicates and other minerals such as hornblende, kyanite etc.
GNEISS
-coarse grained rock (grain size several millimetres) and
-foliated (planar fabric: either schistosity or compositional layering)
-tendency for different minerals to segregate into layers parallel to foliation
(gneissic layering): typically quartz and feldspar rich layers tend to separate
from micaceous layers.
Varieties:
--Orthogneiss: rocks formed from Igneous rocks
-- paragneiss: rocks formed from Sedimentary rocks -metasedimentary
gneisses
19. Type of Metamorphism
Cataclastic Metamorphism
This type of metamorphism occurs mainly due to direct
pressure
eg. when two bodies of rock slide past one another along a fault
zone. Heat is generated by the friction of sliding along the
zone, and the rocks tend to crushed and pulverized due to the
sliding.
Cataclastic metamorphism is mere mechanical breakdown of
rocks without any new mineral formation, however, sometime
due to intense shearing few new minerals are formed.
20. Contact Metamorphism-
This type of metamorphism occurs locally adjacent to the igneous intrusion;
with high temp. and low stress
There is little change in bulk composition of the rock
Area surrounding the intrusion (Batholith) is heated by the magma;
metamorphism is restricted to a zone surrounding the intrusion, this zone is
know as METAMORPHIC AUREOLE.
The rocks formed are non-foliated fine-grained rocks called as
HORNFELS.
21. Regional Metamorphism-
metamorphism occurs covering larger area, which is subjected to intense
deformation under direct or differential stress.
Rocks formed under such environment are usually strongly foliated, such
as slates, schists, and gniesses.
The differential stresses result from tectonic forces,
eg. when two continental masses collide with one another resulting into
mountain building activity. Compressive stresses result in folding of the
rock
22. Types of Metamorphic Rocks
FOLIATED
The common foliated rocks in the order of increasing grain size are
SLATE – PHYLLITE – SCHIST – GNEISS
NON-FOLIATED
Quartzites and hornfels
23. Importance of Metamorphic rocks-
SLATES
Fine grained impermeable, cleavable and soft
Incompetent; cannot withstand great loads
But since they are impermeable and split easily; thin large sized slabs of
uniform thickness can be extracted for roofing purpose.
Economic importance: Since they are bad conductor of electricity– used in
electrical industries for switch board base
GNEISS
Gneissic rocks are rich in SILICA i.e. predominantly Quartz and Feldspars
along with garnet, pyroxene, Hornblende etc.
Non-porous and impermeable nature increases the strength of the rock
Foliated character to some extend improves workability
Load perpendicular to foliated planes gives more stronger foundation
24. If mineral assemblage is more or less similar to
Granite (with less % mafic minerals) then:
It is used as building stone
As aggregate for making concrete
As road metals etc.
SCHIST
Mainly composed of prismatic or platy minerals, which contributes in
development of Schistose Structure. Eg. Hornblende, tourmaline, sillimanite etc
(prismatic); chlorite, muscovite, biotite, talc, kyanite etc. (platy)
Cleavable nature of Schists is the main reason for their weakness; they are
incompetent
25. QUARTZITE
SANDSTONE (composed of quartz/feldspars/feldspathoid minerals) when
under go metamorphism result into Quartzite.
Granulose texture/structure (Granoblastic) makes them most competent rock
amongst all other metamorphic rocks.
Because metamorphism of Sst. Result disappearance of cementing material,
bedding planes, fossil content etc.
Quartzites are compact, hard and strong; very less porous and less permeable
than the parent Sst.
Predominance of Quartz makes the rock very hard and suitable for road
metal; can be used as concrete aggregate etc.
Acts as strong foundation for any CE structure.
26. MARBLE
Latin word “Marmor”– Shining stone.
Calcareous metamorphic rock
Though it shows granulose structure it is not as hard as Quartzite because of
its Calcareous composition; but can withstand reasonable load.
Due to its pleasant colour and brilliant appearance when polished it is
extensively used as building stone.
Calcite