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- 1. CONTEMPORARY SPAIN: THE 20th CENTURY UNIT 4
- 3. 1. SPAIN IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY After Alfonso XII died, Spain was ruled by his wife, Mª Cristina until 1902 when Alfonso XIII was 16. During Alfonso XIII`s reign experienced social and political conflict: - The Liberals and Conservatives continued to take turns in government. - Workers demanded better working conditions. There were many strikes. - Spain was involved in military conflict in its colonies in Morocco.
- 4. Because of these problems, there was a military coup in 1923. With Alfonso XIII`s support, General Miguel Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship: - The constitution was suspended and the king lost his power. - Political parties were illegal. - Freedom of press was limited by censorship. At first, many people supported Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship. Later on there was opposition from the army and from Alfonso XIII. Primo de Rivera resigned in 1930.
- 5. THE SECOND REPUBLIC The Second Republic began in 1931 when the Republicans and Socialists won the municipal elections. The monarchy was abolished and Manuel Azaña became president. There was a new constitution and Spain became a democracy: all men and women could vote. - The Church lost control of education. Public schools were established. - There was more regional autonomy. (Statute of autonomy for Cataluña). - The government took land from big landowners. They planned to give it to poor farmers. These reforms divided Spanish society and caused political conflict. Left-wing people supported the changes and right-wing people opposed these changes.
- 6. 2. THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR In July 1936 a military rebellion against the Second Republic began in Spanish Morocco, led by General Francisco Franco. The rebels took control of parts of Spain. The country became divided into two areas: The Nationalist area controlled by the rebels and the Republican areas controlled by the Second Republic. The Nationalists Were supported by Germany and Italy. The Republicans were supported by the Soviet Union (Russia)
- 7. The war ended in April 1939. As a result of the Nationalist victory, the Second Republic ended. Franco established a right-wing dictatorship. Some of the consequences were: - Around 365 000 people died. - People were imprisoned or killed because of their opinions. - Roads, bridges, railways and buildings were destroyed. - People became ill because there wasn’t enough food. - Many children were sent to other countries and they never saw their families again.
- 8. 3. SPAIN DURING FRANCO´S DICTATORSHIP After the Nationalists won the Spanish Civil War, Franco established a dictatorship. He made himself the head of state and of the government, and Caudillo (leader) of Spain. He took complete control of the country’s politics, economy, religion and laws. The dictatorship was based on three pillars: The military The Church The Falange
- 9. The constitution was abolished and there were no more democratic elections. - Political parties were illegal - Trade unions were illegal. Workers lost their rights. - Censorship. No freedom of press. - No regional autonomy. Power was concentrated in central government. Many people went to live in the United Kimgdom, France and other countries. Republicans who stayed in Spain were imprisoned or killed.
- 10. 1940s and 1950s - Living conditions were very hard. - There wasn`t much food. - Most people were poor. - Spain didn`t participate in the Second World War but Franco supported Hitler. - Spain wasn´t allowed to be a member of the United Nations (created after the Second World War) because it was a dictatorship. 1960s - There were economic reforms. - Economy started to improve. - Living conditions improved. - Tourism became important. - Franco named Juan Carlos de Borbón his successor. 1970s - Franco was old and ill. - Carrero Blanco was prime minister. He wanted to continue the dictatorship. - Carrero Blanco was killed by ETA in 1973. - Franco died in 1975, - Juan Carlos became king of Spain.
- 11. 4. SPAIN SINCE 1975 After Juan Carlos became king in 1975, the transition to democracy began. The transition was completed in 1978 with a new constitution. During the transition, important reforms were introduced by the prime minister, Adolfo Suárez: -Political parties were legal. -There was a democratic election in 1977. -A new constitution was written. In 1978 people voted in favour of the constitution in a referendum.
- 13. Since the transition to democracy, two parties have governed Spain: PSOE and PP. In recent years new parties have been formed. (Podemos, Ciudadanos, VOX) Today, Spain is a democracy and every four years there are elections to choose the government. People over 18 years old can vote. Spanish citizen´s rights are guaranteed by the constitution.
- 14. IMPORTANT EVENTS 1981 There was a military coup led by Antonio Tejero. It failed. Spain continued to be a democracy. 1986 Spain became a member of the European Economic Community. (European Union) 2002 Spain adopted the euro. The peseta was replaced by the euro.
- 15. 5. ART AND CULTURE IN 20TH CENTURY SPAIN Cubism and Surrealism were artistic movements in the 20th century. Abstrac art developed in the second half of the 20th century.Cubism used geometric shapes to represent people and things. Pablo Picasso was one of the inventors of Cubism. Surrealism represented imaginary scenes and fantasies. Salvador Dalí and Joan Miró were important surrealist artists. Abstract art representded ideas rather than reality. Eduardo Chillida was an important abstract sculptor.
- 16. The Generation of ´27 was a group of poets that formed in the 1920s to experiment with new styles of poetry. (Miguel Hernández, Federico García Lorca) During the Civil War García Lorca was killed by the Nationalists and Miguel Hernández died in prison.