Vegetarians and vegans have lower mortality rates than the general population according to several prospective cohort studies from 1960-2014. A 1999 meta-analysis found vegetarians had a 24% lower risk of heart disease but no difference for other causes of death. A 2012 meta-analysis found lower cancer incidence and heart disease mortality for vegetarians, but no difference for other outcomes. More recent studies find vegetarian diets associated with lower risks of various diseases and all-cause mortality, with some evidence that pescatarian diets may have the lowest risks.
Learn more about "The Science of Memorable Presentations" by checking out the Ethos3 blog post on this topic: http://ethr.ee/1ULMrxy
Ethos3 is a presentation design agency with premier PowerPoint and presentation designers. We can create the perfect presentation for you: www.ethos3.com
If you need help creating professional presentations, email us at: info@ethos3.com
The document discusses various topics related to biomedical research and genomics including:
1) The goals of biomedical research from therapeutics to diagnostics to prognostics.
2) The genetic basis of facial features and modeling facial shape from DNA sequences.
3) Different strategies for analyzing genomic sequence data including using MapReduce.
4) Applications of MapR's data platform for clinical genomics and telecommunications billing systems.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The motor symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Levodopa is the most effective drug for treating motor symptoms but causes adverse effects like involuntary movements. Other drugs used include dopamine agonists, COMT inhibitors, anticholinergics, and MAO-B inhibitors. Surgical therapies like deep brain stimulation may provide relief for advanced cases. The pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation.
This document appears to be a list of photo credits from various photographers including Kool Cats Photography, alvazer, Alfredo Louro, optick, Daniel Voyager, qthomasbower, TheAlieness GiselaGiardino23, and Theen. It concludes by encouraging the reader to create their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare.
This document provides a psychographic profile of scientists based on research into their personality traits and career motivations. It finds that scientists are driven by curiosity, perseverance, and a passion for discovery. They value fulfilling work, opportunities for innovation, and supportive environments that allow autonomy. Organizations can attract and retain scientific talent by offering mentorship programs, flexible work structures, opportunities for growth, and investment in training to develop new skills. The profile examines differences between lab scientists and clinical scientists, as well as factors such as global opportunities that motivate scientists in their careers.
This document lists and summarizes apps for exploring outer space topics in grades K-5. It recommends using virtual field trips connected to learning objectives to provide background knowledge and extend student thinking. It then lists and tags 18 specific apps for exploring topics like the solar system, astronomy, NASA, moon phases, and more. It concludes by suggesting related classroom activities like writing prompts, independent reading, and video tutorials.
This is a continuation of the previously done work on Animals (which can be found here: http://www.slideshare.net/aoweiyang/animals-42759738).
This deck is created based on the Science Syllabus Primary 2014 (Singapore), which serves as a foundation for scientific studies at higher levels.
The illustrations provided can be used as a complementary material for teaching, as well as for reading by students who wish to expand their knowledge through additional self-effort.
And of course it is also meant for anyone who is interested in the topic itself and does it for leisure reading.
Feel free to drop me some comments or suggestions.
Subject: Science
Level: Lower Primary School, Singapore (Should be equivalent to Grade 3 - 4 for Western Countries)
Topic: Diversity of Living and Non-Living Things
Sub-topic: Animals
A public-private partnership (PPP) in healthcare involves collaboration between public sector agencies and private sector entities to achieve a commonly shared health goal. PPPs can take various forms, such as contracting private providers to manage clinical or non-clinical services, or establishing joint ventures between public and private partners to set up hospitals. PPPs aim to enhance capacity and efficiency in the healthcare system by leveraging private sector resources while continuing to ensure public health needs are met. However, PPPs in healthcare are still in early stages in many countries and require further development of oversight and regulatory frameworks.
the first carnival of the tattooed people in Russia.
this offer for the companies - you can become the sponsor and the partner of this event. we know as to speak with your consumer language of emotions and feelings.
This document outlines key concepts in transmission genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It defines important genetic terms like genes, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive. It reviews Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1860s, which disproved earlier hypotheses about inheritance and established the discrete units of inheritance that are passed from parents to offspring. The document also explains the concept of a monohybrid cross using a simple example and how it can be used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes based on Mendel's theory of segregation.
Tiesitkö, että pelkkää tyhjää energiaa sisältävää energiajuomaa voit valmistaa myös kotioloissa?
Huom! Jos innostut kokeilemaan kotona, kannattaa kuplaveden kanssa olla varovainen, sillä juoma voi kuohahtaa melkoisen helposti tehosekoittimesta pöydälle (ja ehkä seinille).
This document summarizes a presentation given to Harvard Medical Students on plant-based nutrition. It discusses the speaker's goals of exploring myths and engaging the science on this topic. It then reviews human anatomy and physiology to argue humans are anatomically herbivorous. It discusses concerns about protein, vitamins/minerals, and presents evidence that a well-planned plant-based diet can support health and reduce risks of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Overall, the presentation makes the case that a plant-based diet can be nutritionally adequate and have health benefits.
Clinical Question: Does meat consumption affect mortality?
Evidence: All-cause mortality is higher for increased daily consumption of red meat, especially processed meat. However, the compiled evidence does not link other meat products to all-cause mortality.
Recommendation: Physicians should encourage patients to limit animal products when possible, and substitute red meat and processed red meat with plant-based foods. Patients may supplement a plant-based diet with moderate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy if desired.
Recomendaciones para luchar contra el cambio climático mediante la alimentación
1. Comer poca carne
2. Reducir el sobre consumo de energía (disminuir las tasas de obesidad)
Plant-based Eating: Enhancing Health Benefits, Minimizing Nutritional RisksRobin Allen
Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Know there is no single definition of a plant-based diet.
2. Discuss health aspects of vegetarian and vegan diets and quality of evidence supporting health claims.
3. Assess nutritional adequacy/status of vegetarians and/or vegans throughout the life cycle and provide strategies for meeting dietary recommendations for vitamin B12, DHA calcium, and zinc.
- The document discusses an integrated approach to cancer prevention and treatment through lifestyle changes.
- It presents a model showing how lifestyle factors like nutrition, exercise, stress, and social support can affect cancer development over many years and influence whether cancer progresses or not.
- Evidence from studies on nutrition, exercise, stress management, and social support suggest that adopting a healthy lifestyle may reduce cancer risk and slow cancer progression. The Prostate Cancer Lifestyle Trial found significant benefits of lifestyle changes for men with early-stage prostate cancer.
Ashkan Afshin, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
Expert consultation on trade and nutrition
15-16 November 2016, FAO Headquarters, Rome
Ashkan Afshin, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-events-new/tradenutrition/en/
Jose María Ordovás-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la nutrición, la medi...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
This document discusses metabolic syndrome, including its history, criteria for diagnosis, epidemiology, risk factors, complications, etiology, and prevention. Metabolic syndrome is defined as a cluster of conditions that occur together, including increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high worldwide and increasing, with risk factors including older age, female gender, obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic factors. Complications of metabolic syndrome include increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Prevention focuses on lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, and weight management.
All too often we hear nutrition myths. They confuse many people and result in personal choices that compromise health and increase the risk of disease. In this powerpoint, Dr Esser reviews some foundational and a few specific myths and presents compelling science to set the record straight. Enjoy and remember to keep on asking questions and learning how you can achieve your best health in 2018.
Dietary guidelines are accused to be the key reason for obesity and diabetes epidemic. This slide deck shows why they are not. Junk food diet is the key reason.
What constitutes "Women's Health" issues? All too often this category is hijacked with conversations related exclusively to sex and breast care. In this revealing conversation we review other topics related to women's health and the relationship to "plant based nutrition" and general preventive strategies
One Disease – One Solution: How to add years to your life and life to your yearsJohn Mauremootoo
In this presentation, I introduce a framework for improving lifespans and healthspans. I outline why most people in the developed world are living longer but spending more of these additional years in chronic ill health. I then focus on the power of nutrition to prevent, arrest and reverse most chronic diseases as part of an integrated approach that addresses the Seven Pillars of a Healthy Lifestyle: Eating Naturally; Hydrating Properly; Sleeping Soundly; Breathing Effectively; Managing Psycho-Social Health; Moving Frequently; and Creating a Healthy Environment.
1 yini salas-salvado - yogurt and diabetes - 2015 - san diegoCharlotte Baecke
This document summarizes recent research on the relationship between yogurt consumption and risk of diabetes. A study in the PREDIMED cohort found that higher total and low-fat dairy consumption was associated with a lower risk of diabetes, while milk consumption showed no significant association. Both low-fat and whole-fat yogurt consumption were independently associated with lower diabetes risk, with each additional daily serving of yogurt associated with a 33% lower risk. Replacing one serving of other foods with yogurt or low-fat milk was also associated with reduced diabetes risk.
GNLD offers a range of nutritional supplements to support overall health and wellness. Their products are designed to (1) combat chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes, which are on the rise globally due to poor diets and lifestyles, (2) promote heart health through supplements that support healthy cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and (3) aid weight loss and management through their GR2 Control program, which is based on glycemic control and lifestyle changes. GNLD uses whole food ingredients backed by scientific research to formulate their supplements.
This document discusses assessing a patient's diet and using low-calorie diets (LCD) and very low-calorie diets (VLCD) for weight loss and management. It provides information on factors that influence food choices, differences between plant-based and Western diets, strategies for changing diet and lifestyle, and using meal replacements and customizing protein intake as part of a weight loss plan.
Cereal fibre and hypertension: could it be the new salt?MichelleBroom
The results from my systematic review indicate emerging evidence that a 10g/d increased intake of soluble cereal fibre can reduce blood pressure in older (>50yrs) and hypertensive adults by between 5 and 7mmHg. This reduction is clinically comparable to the expected effects of a salt reduced diet.
Cnw170 heyland nutrition risk assessment.v3 feb 19 17 revisedbejo10
This document summarizes a presentation on nutrition risk assessment in critically ill patients. It discusses various tools and factors that can help identify patients who may benefit most from nutrition therapy, including the NUTRIC score. The NUTRIC score was developed using several variables to predict outcomes like mortality and ventilator days. Studies have since validated the NUTRIC score in different populations and databases. However, not all low NUTRIC score patients may be the same, and certain subgroups like those with low BMI or longer ICU stays may still benefit from optimal nutrition intake.
The document summarizes a study that assessed adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) recommendations among 75,131 participants in the Adventist Health Study-2. It found that:
- The average composite adherence score was 9.09 out of 16, with vegan dietary patterns having the highest scores.
- Scores increased with more plant-based diets and were higher in females, non-blacks, older and more educated participants, those who never smoked, and had higher incomes.
- Adherence was best in non-black female vegans and worst in black male non-vegetarians.
- The WCRF/
This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir. A total of 120 Kashmiri Type 2 diabetic patients and 30 normal controls were randomly selected. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by raised triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein and raised low density lipoprotein. Determination of serum lipid levels in people with diabetes is considered a standard of care because detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The lipid profiles and lipoprotein levels of 120 known diabetic patients were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol’s (TG) Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined using the national cholesterol education programme – adult treatment panel III (NCEP-AT III) criteria. BMI and waist and hip circumferences were measured.
Do fructose-containing sugars lead to adverse health consequences? Results of...Corn Refiners Association
At Experimental Biology 2014, the Sponsored Satellite Program “Sugars and Health Controversies: What Does the Science Say?” held in conjunction with the American Society for Nutrition’s Scientific Sessions took place on Saturday, April 26, 2014.
Panelist John L Sievenpiper, MD, PhD, presented science about sugars and their associated health outcomes.
Similar to Death and Disease Rates of Vegetarians and Vegans – Summary of Prospective Cohorts, 1960–2014 (20)
PART 1 The New Natural Principles of Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Fie...Thane Heins
Document Summary and the History of Perpetual Motion
Every single Faraday Generator coil since 1834 has been and is currently performing Negative Work at infinite efficiency with created Electromagnetic Field Energy during electricity generation and its physical Kinetic Energy reduction or Electromagnetic Resistance of the changing magnetic field which is initially inducing Electric Current in the generator coil according to Faraday's Law of Induction.
The Work-Energy Principle confirms mathematically that the magnitude of the changing magnetic field's Kinetic Energy reduction is equal to the magnitude of Negative Work performed at infinite efficiency, which is equal to the magnitude of Energy (Electromagnetic Field Energy which is created according to Oersted's Law of Creation of Energy of 1820). Created Electromagnetic Field Energy is required in order to perform the Negative Work – because Work cannot be performed in the absence of Energy.
In 2007 Thane Heins of Almonte Ontario, Canada discovered that unlimited amounts of Positive Electromechanical Work could be performed at infinite efficiency with created and TIME DELAYED Electromagnetic Field Energy.
Every single ReGenX Generator coil since 2007 has been and is currently performing Positive Work at infinite efficiency with created Electromagnetic Field Energy during electricity generation and during its physical Kinetic Energy increase or Electromagnetic Assistance of the changing magnetic field which is initially inducing Electric Current in the generator coil according to Heins' Law of Induction.
Faraday Electric Generators all harness internally Created Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Negative Work (system Kinetic Energy reduction) at infinite efficiency and ReGenX Electric Generators harness internally created and Time Delayed Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Positive Work (system Kinetic Energy increase) at infinite efficiency.
Both Faraday Generators and ReGenX Generators operate as Perpetual Motion Machines of the First Kind because they both have the ability to perform both Negative or Positive Work indefinitely and at infinite efficiency without requiring any External Energy input. The unlimited Energy required to perform either the Negative or Positive Work is created at the Sub-Atomic Quantum Electron level inside the generators' Current Bearing Wires according to the Law of Creation of Energy.
Hans Christian Oersted discovered the Law of Creation of Energy in 1820 when he demonstrated the world's first Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind at the University of Copenhagen when he also simultaneously violated Newton's 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws of Motion.
Michael Faraday built and demonstrated the world's second Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind in 1822 when he demonstrated his Electric Motor invention which harnessed created Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Positive Electromechanical Work at infinite efficienc
Towards Wearable Continuous Point-of-Care Monitoring for Deep Vein Thrombosis...ThrombUS+ Project
Kaldoudi E, Marozas M, Jurkonis R, Pousset N, Legros M, Kircher M, Novikov D, Sakalauskas A, Moustakidis P, Ayinde B, Moltani LA, Balling S, Vehkaoja A, Oksala N, Macas A, Balciuniene N, Bigaki M, Potoupnis M, Papadopoulou S-L, Grandone E, Gautier M, Bouda S, Schloetelburg C, Prinz T, Dionisio P, Anagnostopoulos S, Drougka I, Folkvord F, Drosatos G, Didaskalou S and the ThrombUS+ Consortium, Towards Wearable Continuous Point-of-Care Monitoring for Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limb. In: Jarm, T., Šmerc, R., Mahnič-Kalamiza, S. (eds) 9th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference. EMBEC 2024. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 113. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61628-0_36
Presented by Dr. Stelios Didaskalou, ThrombUS+ Project Manager
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Ethical considerations play a crucial role in research, ensuring the protection of participants and the integrity of the study. Here are some subject-specific ethical issues that researchers need
Hydrogen sulfide and metal-enriched atmosphere for a Jupiter-mass exoplanetSérgio Sacani
We observed two transits of HD 189733b in JWST program 1633 using JWST
NIRCam grism F444W and F322W2 filters on August 25 and 29th 2022. The first
visit with F444W used SUBGRISM64 subarray lasting 7877 integrations with 4
BRIGHT1 groups per integration. Each effective integration is 2.4s for a total effective exposure time of 18780.9s and a total exposure duration of 21504.2s (∼6 hrs)
including overhead. The second visit with F322W2 used SUBGRISM64 subarray
lasting 10437 integrations with 3 BRIGHT1 groups per integration. Each effective
integration is 1.7s for a total effective exposure time of 17774.7s and a total exposure
duration of 21383.1s (∼6 hrs) including overhead. The transit duration of HD189733
b is ∼1.8 hrs and both observations had additional pre-ingress baseline relative to
post-egress baseline in anticipating the potential ramp systematics at the beginning
of the exposure from NIRCam infrared detectors.
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS – THE IMPORTANCE OF FAIR TESTING.pptxJoanaBanasen1
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Keys of Identification for Indian Wood: A Seminar ReportGurjant Singh
Identifying Indian wood involves recognizing key characteristics such as grain patterns, color, texture, hardness, and specific anatomical features. These identification keys include observing the wood's pores, growth rings, and resin canals, as well as its scent and weight. Understanding these features is essential for accurate wood identification, which is crucial for various applications in carpentry, furniture making, and conservation.
Additionally, the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in wood identification has revolutionized this field. CNNs can analyze images of wood samples to identify species with high accuracy by learning and recognizing intricate patterns and features. This technological advancement not only enhances the precision of wood identification but also accelerates the process, making it more efficient for industry professionals and researchers alike.
ScieNCE grade 08 Lesson 1 and 2 NLC.pptxJoanaBanasen1
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Science-9-Lesson-1 ang lesson 2-NLC-pptx.pptxJoanaBanasen1
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Death and Disease Rates of Vegetarians and Vegans – Summary of Prospective Cohorts, 1960–2014
1. DEATH AND DISEASE
RATES OF VEGETARIANS
AND VEGANS
Summary of Prospective Cohort Studies, 1960–2014
1Notes by Jussi Riekki
2. Death Rates (Standardized
Mortality Ratios, SMRs)
Vegetarians and vegans die
at about half the rates of the
overall populations in their
region—reasons for this
may include lower smoking
rates, healthier diet and
lifestyle in general, healthy
volunteer effect (i.e. healthy
people are more likely to
volunteer for studies than
unhealthy people).
• EPIC-Oxford – 52%
• Adventist Mortality Study – 49%
• Health Food Shoppers –56%
• Oxford Vegetarian Study – 46%
• Heidelberg Study – 48%
2
3. Why Vegetarians Might
Live Longer?
Lets take a look at the research done on mortality and
disease rates of vegetarians. But first...
3
4. Hierarchy of Evidence
(Micha & Mozaffarian, 2010)
Randomized Trials of Risk Factors!
!
!
Retrospective Case-Control Studies of Disease Outcomes!
!
!
Animal Studies, Ecologic Studies, Prevalence Reports!
!
!
Case series / reports
Randomized Trials!
and Prospective Cohorts!
of Disease Outcomes
Our Focus is on!
Prospective Cohorts of!
Disease Outcomes
4
5. Different Diets, Similar Lifestyles.
Prospective Cohort Studies, 1960–2014
Study Country Years Key et al. 1999 Huang et al. 2012
Adventist Mortality USA 1960–65 Included Included
Adventist Health USA 1974–97 Included Included
Health Food
Shoppers
UK 1976–88 Included Included
Oxford Vegetarian UK 1981–2000 Included Included
Heidelberg Germany 1978–99 Included Included
EPIC-Oxford UK 1993– Not included Included
Adventist Health
Study 2
USA 2002– Not included Not included
Meta-Analyses
5
6. Keep in Mind: Most of the Cohorts
had Low Mortality Rates Overall
”Note that for the comparison of the mortality between vegetarians
and non vegetarians reported here, standardized mortality ratios
(SMRs) for all causes of death were considerably <100% in the 4
studies that reported SMRs [i.e. Adventist Mortality Study, Health
Food Shoppers, Heidelberg Study, Oxford Vegetarian Study]. …
Therefore, certain lifestyle aspects shared by the vegetarians and
non vegetarians in these studies appear to confer a substantially
lower mortality rate than national rates. This lower mortality was
due largely to the relatively low prevalence of smoking in these
cohorts, but some of it may have been due to differences in diet
between the subjects and the general population in each
country.”
(Key et al. 1999)
6
7. Key et al. 1999
Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a
collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):516S-524S.
7
8. 1999 Meta-Analysis
Highlights
Vegetarians had a 24% lower risk of ischemic heart disease,
but there was no difference for stroke, cancer or all causes.
Cancer
Stomach Colorectal Lung Breast Prostate IHD Stroke
Other
causes
All causes
Vege-
tarians
1.02 (0.64,
1.62)
0.99 (0.77,
1.27)
0.84 (0.59,
1.18)
0.95 (0.55,
1.63)
0.91 (0.60,
1.39)
0.76 (0.62,
0.94)
0.93 (0.74,
1.17)
1.06 (0.90,
1.24)
0.95 (0.82,
1.11)
Statistically significant findings are in red.
8
(Key et al. 1999)
9. Additional Findings,
Key et al. 1999
• Occasional meat eaters (meat less than once per wk)
had a 20% reduced rate of dying of IHD and a 16%
reduced rate of overall mortality.
• Those who ate no meat other than fish had a 34%
reduced rate of dying from IHD and an 18% reduced
rate of overall mortality.
• Lacto-ovo vegetarians had a 38% (0.62 [0.38, 1.00])
reduced rate of dying from lung cancer, a 34% reduced
rate of dying from heart disease, and a 15% reduced
rate of mortality—see next slide for details.
9
(Key et al. 1999)
10. Death Rates by Diet, Key et al. 1999
”…exclusion of data from the Health Food Shoppers Study in this analysis
tended to lower the death rate ratio in the vegetarian groups compared with
the nonvegetarian groups.” (Key et al. 1999)
10
Cancer
Stomach Colorectal Lung Breast Prostate IHD Stroke All-Causes
Occasional
meat eaters
0.36 (0.11,
1.18)
1.14 (0.72,
1.82)
0.69 (0.39,
1.22)
0.97 (0.56,
1.71)
1.06 (0.60,
1.89)
0.80 (0.69,
0.93)
0.97 (0.75,
1.25)
0.84 (0.77,
0.90)
Pesco
0.86 (0.20,
3.74)
1.00 (0.42,
2.38)
1.04 (0.41,
2.64)
1.50 (0.74,
3.04)
1.25 (0.30,
5.22)
0.66 (0.48,
0.90)
1.04 (0.65,
1.64)
0.82 (0.77,
0.96)
Lacto-ovo
0.71 (0.42,
1.21)
1.10 (0.79,
1.54)
0.62 (0.38,
1.00)
0.75 (0.49,
1.14)
0.75 (0.47,
1.21)
0.66 (0.52,
0.83)
0.87 (0.66,
1.13)
0.84 (0.74,
0.96)
Vegan
2.18 (0.43,
11.2)
0.83 (0.11,
6.17)
2.79 (0.39,
20.0)
– –
0.74 (0.46,
1.21)
0.70 (0.25,
1.98)
1.00 (0.70,
1.44)
11. Disease Rates
of Vegans,
Key et al. 1999
subanalysis
No statistically significant
difference were found
between vegans and regular
meat-eaters for any causes of
death. Vegans (n=753) had a
heart disease rate of 0.74
(0.46, 1.21) and a mortality
rate of 1.00 (0.70, 1.44).
Disease Number of deaths
IHD 17
Stroke 4
Lung cancer 2
Colorectal cancer 1
Breast cancer 0
Prostate cancer 0
Other causes 42
Total 68
11
12. Huang et al. 2012
Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-
analysis and systematic review. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2012;60(4):
233-40.
12
13. 2012 Meta-Analysis
Highlights
The overall cancer
incidence and mortality
from IHD were
significantly lower, but
there were no
associations of a
vegetarian diet with all-
cause mortality and
mortality from circulatory
and cerebrovascular
diseases.
Disease Hazard Ratio
All-cause mortality 0.91 (0.66, 1.16)
Ischemic heart disease 0.71 (0.56, 0.87)
Cerebrovascular disease 0.88 (0.70, 1.06)
Circulatory diseases 0.84 (0.54, 1.14)
Cancer incidence 0.82 (0.67, 0.97)
13(Huang et al. 2012)
17. Something to Consider…
Comment by Jack Norris, RD: ”Although the 2012 meta-
analysis by Huang et al. is more recent, it may not be as reliable
as the 1999 meta-analysis because it includes a 1984 study on
Zen priests who were mostly semi-vegetarian and which used a
standardized mortality ratio (comparing all the Zen priests to the
greater population rather than comparing the ’vegetarians’ to
non-vegetarians within the same group). The Heidelberg Study
results were also included and its control group was semi-
vegetarians, which means there were semi-vegetarians in both
the ’vegetarian’ and ’non-vegetarian’ group in the 2012 meta-
analysis; while this is not ideal, it should have biased the results
against finding a beneficial effect of a vegetarian diet.”
17
18. A Closer Look on EPIC-
Oxford and Adventist
Health Study 2
Ischemic Heart Disease, Diverticular Disease, Cataracts,
Bone Fractures, Hypothyroidism and Diabetes Incidence.
18
19. EPIC-Oxford: IHD, Diverticular
Disease, Cataracts, Bone Fractures
Consuming a vegetarian diet was associated with a 32% lower
IHD risk—”a finding that is probably mediated by differences
in non-HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure”.!
Authors comment: ”Compared with nonvegetarians, vegetarians
had a lower mean BMI [in kg/m(2); -1.2 (95% CI: -1.3, -1.1)], non-
HDL-cholesterol concentration [-0.45 (95% CI: -0.60, -0.30) mmol/
L], and systolic blood pressure [-3.3 (95% CI: -5.9, -0.7) mm Hg].
Vegetarians had a 32% lower risk (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.81) of
IHD than did nonvegetarians, which was only slightly attenuated
after adjustment for BMI and did not differ materially by sex, age,
BMI, smoking, or the presence of IHD risk factors.”
(Crowe et al. 2013) 19
20. EPIC-Oxford: IHD, Diverticular
Disease, Cataracts, Bone Fractures
Both a vegetarian diet and a higher intake of fibre were
significantly associated with a lower risk of diverticular disease.!
Authors comment: ”After adjustment for confounding variables,
vegetarians had a 31% lower risk (relative risk 0.69, 95% confidence
interval 0.55 to 0.86) of diverticular disease compared with meat
eaters. The cumulative probability of admission to hospital or death
from diverticular disease between the ages of 50 and 70 for meat
eaters was 4.4% compared with 3.0% for vegetarians. There was
also an inverse association with dietary fibre intake; participants in
the highest fifth (≥25.5 g/day for women and ≥26.1 g/day for men)
had a 41% lower risk (0.59, 0.46 to 0.78; P<0.001 trend) compared
with those in the lowest fifth (<14 g/day for both women and men).”
(Crowe et al. 2011) 20
21. EPIC-Oxford: IHD, Diverticular
Disease, Cataracts, Bone Fractures
Among participants ≥ 40 y old, a statistically significant, lower
risk of cataracts was found in vegetarians than meat-eaters.
Vegans had a 40% lower risk of cataracts than those eating more
than 100 g/day of meat.
(Appleby et al. 2011)
Group Number Risk
High meat eaters, ≥ 100 g/day 329 1.00
Moderate meat eaters, 50–99 g/day 489 0.96 (0.84, 1.11)
Low meat eaters, < 50 g/day 301 0.85 (0.72, 0.99)
Fish eaters 148 0.79 (0.65, 0.97)
Lacto-ovo vegetarians 198 0.70 (0.58, 0.84)
Vegans 19 0.60 (0.38, 0.96)
21
22. EPIC-Oxford: IHD, Diverticular
Disease, Cataracts, Bone Fractures
Vegans had a 30% increased risk of bone fractures. Compared
with meat eaters, fracture incidence rate ratios in men and
women combined were 1.01 (0.88–1.17) for fish eaters, 1.00
(0.89–1.13) for vegetarians and 1.30 (1.02–1.66) for vegans.!
Authors comment: ”The higher fracture risk in the vegans appeared
to be a consequence of their considerably lower mean calcium
intake. An adequate calcium intake is essential for bone health,
irrespective of dietary preferences.” … ”After further adjustment for
dietary energy and calcium intake the incidence rate ratio among
vegans compared with meat eaters was 1.15 (0.89-1.49). Among
subjects consuming at least 525 mg/day calcium the corresponding
incidence rate ratios were 1.05 (0.90-1.21) for fish eaters, 1.02
(0.90-1.15) for vegetarians and 1.00 (0.69-1.44) for vegans.”
(Appleby et al. 2007) 22
23. Adventist Health Study 2
(AHS-2) Highlights
Vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, pesco-vegetarians, and semi-
vegetarians combined in one group had a 12% lower risk of
mortality. After adjusting for BMI, the finding dropped to 10%.!
Authors conclude: ”In conclusion, in a large American cohort, we
found that vegetarian dietary patterns were associated with lower
mortality. The evidence that vegetarian diets, or similar diets with
reduced meat consumption, may be associated with a lower risk
of death should be considered carefully by individuals as they
make dietary choices and by those offering dietary guidance.”
(Orlich et al. 2013) 23
24. Death Rates of Vegetarian Men and
Women, AHS-2
Associations in men were larger and more often
significant than were those in women (Orlich et al. 2013).
All-Cause IHD CVD Cancer Other
Vegetarian
0.88 (0.80–
0.97)
0.81 (0.64–
1.02)
0.87 (0.75–
1.01)
0.92 (0.78–
1.08)
0.85 (0.73–
0.99)
Vegetarian
Men
0.82 (0.72–
0.94)
0.71 (0.51–
1.00)
0.71 (0.57–
0.90)
1.02 (0.78–
1.32)
0.83 (0.66–
1.04)
Vegetarian
Women
0.93 (0.82–
1.05)
0.88 (0.65–
1.20)
0.99 (0.83–
1.18)
0.87 (0.71–
1.07)
0.88 (0.72–
1.08)
24
25. Death Rates by Dietary Pattern, AHS-2
Pesco-vegetarians had a lowest risk of all-cause mortality, ischemic
heart disease and other causes of death (Orlich et al. 2013).
All-Cause IHD CVD Cancer Other
Vegan
0.85 (0.73–
1.01)
0.90 (0.60–
1.33)
0.91 (0.71–
1.16)
0.92 (0.68–
1.24)
0.74 (0.56–
0.99)
Lacto-ovo
0.91 (0.82–
1.00)
0.82 (0.62–
1.06)
0.90 (0.76–
1.06)
0.90 (0.75–
1.09)
0.91 (0.77–
1.07)
Pesco
0.81 (0.69–
0.94)
0.65 (0.43–
0.97)
0.80 (0.62–
1.03)
0.94 (0.72–
1.22)
0.71 (0.54–
0.94)
Semi
0.92 (0.75–
1.13)
0.92 (0.57–
1.51)
0.85 (0.63–
1.16)
0.94 (0.66–
1.35)
0.99 (0.72–
1.36)
25
26. Vegan Diets and Hypothyroidism,
AHS-2 analysis
Following a vegan diet tended to be associated with
protection against hypothyroidism, though statistical
significance was not attained (see table in the next
slide).!
Authors conclude: ”With the exception of the lacto-ovo
vegetarian diet findings in the prevalence study,
vegetarian diets were not associated with increased risk of
hypothyroidism. Vegan diets which may be expected to
lack iodine due to complete exclusion of animal products
tended to be protective.”
(Tonstad et al. 2013) 26
27. Hypothyroidism Rates by Dietary Pattern,
AHS-2
Hypothyroidism rates were reported both cross-sectionally at baseline
and prospectively after about 4–6 years of follow-up (Tonstad et al. 2013).
Diet Cross-Sectional Prospective
Regular meat-eaters 1.00 1.00
Semi-vegetarian 1.04 (0.91–1.19) 0.87 (0.65–1.17)
Pesco-vegetarian 1.02 (0.90–1.15) 0.87 (0.65–1.17)
Lacto-ovo vegetarian 1.09 (1.01–1.18) 1.07 (0.91–1.24)
Vegan 0.89 (0.78–1.01) 0.78 (0.59–1.03)
27
28. Incidence of Diabetes in
AHS-2
Vegetarian diets (vegan,
lacto ovo, semi-) were
associated with a
substantial and
independent reduction in
diabetes incidence.
Vegan diet was
associated with a ~60%
lower diabetes
incidence.
28
Diet Diabetes
Vegan 0.38 (0.24–0.61)
Lacto-ovo 0.62 (0.50–0.76)
Pesco 0.79 (0.58–1.09)
Semi 0.49 (0.31–0.76)
(Tonstad et al. 2013)
29. Noncancer, Noncardiovascular (”Other”)
Mortality, AHS-2
The most common causes of death: septicemia (infectious); Alzheimer and Parkinson
disease (neurologic); influenza and pneumonia, emphysema and COPD, interstitial lung
disease (respiratory); renal failure (renal); diabetes mellitus (endocrine) (Orlich et al. 2013).
29
Infectious Neurologic Respiratory Renal Endocrine
Vegetarian
0.93 (0.53–
1.62)
0.93 (0.67–
1.29)
0.95 (0.68–
1.32)
0.48 (0.28–
0.82)
0.61 (0.40–
0.92)
Vegetarian
Men
0.85 (0.39–
1.86)
0.86 (0.53–
1.40)
1.13 (0.67–
1.92)
0.42 (0.19–
0.91)
0.48 (0.25–
0.92)
Vegetarian
Women
0.97 (0.44–
2.11)
0.97 (0.63–
1.49)
0.88 (0.57–
1.36)
0.57 (0.28–
1.19)
0.76 (0.44–
1.30)
30. My Conclusions
✓ Vegetarians die at about half the rates of the
overall populations.!
✓ Vegetarian dietary pattern is associated with a
lower rate of ischemic heart disease, but no
associations with other major causes of death
have been found.!
✓ Vegans do not have unusually high rates of
mortality or disease, except for the slightly
higher fracture risk (low calcium intake).
30