IEEE 802.11
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IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands. The goal of 802.11 is to provide simple, robust, and affordable wireless connectivity along with time-bound and asynchronous services. It uses either spread spectrum or infrared signaling techniques. The standard defines the MAC sublayer and three physical layer types: infrared, frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). It supports infrastructure-based and ad-hoc network configurations.
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2) The process for a device to join a wireless network in infrastructure mode which involves discovering available networks, selecting a network, performing authentication, and associating with the access point.
3) The media access control (MAC) layer which coordinates access to the shared wireless medium using carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and
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This document provides an overview of wireless LAN and Bluetooth technologies. It describes IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless LAN including the basic service set, extended service set, infrastructure and ad-hoc modes. It covers the physical layers, MAC protocols and services of 802.11. It also summarizes ATM and its extension to wireless networks, issues in the transition, proposed W-ATM architectures, advantages and disadvantages. Finally it defines Bluetooth technology, the protocol stack and unlicensed frequency band used.
Bbgbnhm
WiMAX is a wireless technology that can provide broadband access over long distances. It uses wireless transmission in the 2-11 GHz range to connect users to a base station up to 50 km away. From the base station, users can access the internet and other public networks at speeds up to 70 Mbps shared among users. WiMAX allows both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight connections using adaptive burst profiles. It has the potential to provide high-speed wireless internet access to areas not reached by cables and DSL.
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This document discusses local area networks (LANs) and their applications, architectures, and technologies. It covers:
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2) Key aspects of LAN architecture including topology (e.g. bus, star, ring), transmission medium, IEEE 802 standards, and the functions of bridges and switches.
3) Protocol architectures with descriptions of the physical, logical link control, and media access control layers, as well as common frame formats.
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The document discusses wireless sensor network challenges and various wireless communication standards. It introduces Zigbee as a new low power protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSN). Zigbee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and targets applications that require low data rates, long battery life, and secure networking. It provides features like mesh networking, an extended 64-bit addressing scheme and encryption for reliable and secure communication in WSNs.
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Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that allows short-range connections between devices like mobile phones, headphones, and laptops using radio waves in the 2.4 GHz spectrum. It uses frequency hopping spread spectrum technology and establishes piconets between one master device and up to seven slave devices to enable communication between connected devices. Bluetooth supports both synchronous and asynchronous connections and can be used to transfer data, voice, and interface with other wireless protocols like TCP/IP.
Worldwide interoperability for microwave access wi max(ieee 802)
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It uses licensed spectrum to provide coverage over 50 km at speeds up to 70 Mbps shared among users. The specification has evolved through 802.16, 802.16a, 802.16-2004, and 802.16e-2005 to support both non-line of sight connections and limited mobility. The physical layer uses techniques like OFDM and OFDMA to provide high data rates and efficient use of spectrum. WiMAX has a point-to-multipoint architecture with a central base station and can support applications like video conferencing, media downloads, and web browsing. It offers advantages like low
San 2
Fibre Channel is a high-speed network technology primarily used for storage networking. It provides serial data transfer at speeds of 1-8Gbps. Fibre Channel includes the advantages of both channels (speed and reliability) and networks (scalability). It supports various topologies including point-to-point, arbitrated loop (FC-AL), and switched fabric. The switched fabric topology uses 24-bit addressing and can scale to connect over 16 million devices across multiple switches. Fibre Channel operates at seven layers, with the physical layer defining cable types and speeds, and upper layers defining protocols encapsulated for transport.
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Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet provide higher speeds over Ethernet networks. Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps using various physical layer encoding schemes like 100BASE-T4 over twisted pair cables. Gigabit Ethernet provides 1 Gbps speeds using different cabling options like fiber optics or twisted pair. It utilizes 8B/10B encoding and builds upon Fast Ethernet and Ethernet standards to achieve higher throughput while maintaining compatibility. Gigabit Ethernet was developed to meet increasing bandwidth demands and leverage existing Ethernet infrastructure.
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Worldwide interoperability for microwave access wi max(ieee 802)
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IEEE 802.11
- 1. IEEE 802.11 Presented By: Abhishek Pachisia B.Tech – IT
- 2. Foreword - 1 • Belong to 802.x LAN standards. • Primary goal – Simple and Robust WLAN – Time bound and Asynchronous services • MAC Layer – Should be able to operate with multiple physical layers (different medium sense & transmission characteristic. • Physical layer. – Infra red & Spread spectrum radio transmission techniques.
- 3. Foreword - 2 • Additional features of WLAN – Support of power management – Handling of hidden nodes – Ability to operate world wide. • 2.4 GHz ISM band – original standard. – 1 Mbits/s – Mandatory – 2 Mbits/s – Optional.
- 4. System Architecture - 1 • Basic System Architecture – Infrastructure based – Ad-hoc. • Components – Station (STA) – Access Points (AP) – Basic Service Set (BSS) – Extended Service Set (ESS) – Portal
- 5. Architecture of an Infrastructure based IEEE 802.11
- 6. System Architecture - 2 • Stations – Access mechanism to wireless medium – Radio contact to the AP. • BSS – BSSi are connected via Distributed System. • ESS – Form Single network, extends wireless coverage area. – ESSID : Name of network; Separate different network • Portal – Internetworking unit to other LANs.
- 7. System Architecture - 3 • AP’s support roaming. • Distributed system – Transfer between AP’s. • Infrastructure based network allow ad-hoc network between stations -> IBSS. • IEEE 802.11 does not specify – Routing – Forwarding of data – Exchange of topology Information
- 8. Architecture of IEEE 802.11 ad-hoc wireless LANs
- 9. Protocol Architecture - 1 • 802.11 fits seamlessly into 802.x wired networks. • Most common scenario – 802.11 & 802.3 via bridge. • Difference in bandwidth is noticed. • Upper part of logical link layer and data link control layer covers MAC differences.
- 10. IEEE 802.11 – Protocol architecture and belonging
- 11. Protocol Architecture - 2 • Physical Layer(PHY) – Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) – Physical Medium Dependent sublayer (PMD) • Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) – To access medium. – To fragment user data. – To encrypt. • PLCP – Carrier sense signal (CSS) – Common Service Access Point(SAP) • PMD – Encoding/Decoding Signals.
- 12. Station Management DLC LLC MAC MAC Management PLCP PHY PMD PHY Management Detailed IEEE 802.11 protocol architecture and management
- 13. Physical Layer • Three Layers – Infra red (1) – Radio transmission (2) • Clear Channel Assessment signal (CCA). – MAC mechanism controlling medium access. – Indicates state of medium. • Service Access Point (SAP) • Versions of PHY layer – FHSS – DSSS – Infra red
- 14. FHSS • Allows coexistence of multiple networks. • Original Standard – 79 hopping channel North America. – 23 hopping channel Japan • Pseudo random hoping pattern. • Standard – GFSK as modulation for FHSS PHY. • 1Mbits/s is mandatory & 2Mbit/s is optional. • MAC data is scrambled using s(z)=z7+z4+1
- 15. Bits 80 16 12 4 16 Variable Synchronization SFD PLW PSF HEC Payload PLCP Preamble PLCP Header Format of an IEEE 802.11 PHY frames using FHSS
- 16. DSSS - 1 • Separated by code. • Achieved using 11-chip Barker sequence. • Key characteristics – Robustness against interference – Insensitivity to multipath propagation. • Implementation - Complex than FHSS. • Uses – Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) – Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK)
- 17. DSSS - 2 • Maximum transmit power – US => 1W – Europe => 100mW EIRP – Japan => 10mW/MHz • Bits are scrambled by s(z)=z7+z4+1 • Two basic parts – PLCP part (Preamble and header) – Payload part.
- 18. Bits 128 16 8 8 16 16 Variable Synchronization SFD Signal Service Length HEC Payload PLCP Preamble PLCP Header Format of an IEEE 802.11 PHY frame using DSSS
- 19. Infra red • Uses visible light => 850-950nm. • No line of sight required. • Maximum range =>10m (no interference). • Today no product offer communication based on infra red. • Proprietary products offer up to 4Mbits/s using diffuse infra red light. • Directed infra red communication based on IrDA can be used (IrDA,2002).
Editor's Notes
- Data link contro