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Thermal and Structural Analysis Using Fea on Pillar Vains Type Ventilated Dis...IJSRD
Safety aspect in automotive engineering has been considered as a number one priority in development of new vehicle. Each single system has been studied and developed in order to meet safety requirement. Instead of having good suspension systems, Air bags, good handling and safe cornering, there is one most critical system in the vehicle which is brake systems. Without brake system in the vehicle will put a passenger in unsafe position. Therefore, it is must for all vehicles to have proper brake system. For the purpose of safety and increased life cycle of the disc brakes this paper deals with the design modification of a disc break so as to produce better thermal and structural performance.
Static Structural Analysis of Vented and Non Vented Disc Brakeijtsrd
The current study essentially deals with the modeling and analyzing vented and non vented disc brake by CATIA and ANSYS. Finite element models of the brake disc are shaped with CATIA and simulated using ANSYS which is based on the finite element method. This study Structural analysis is done so as to get the strength of the disc brake. Here we discuss disc brake which is used in many vehicles. The stresses and variations developed in vented and non vented disc brakes are discussed using ANSYS software. Disc gets stressed when used in slowing down or stopping the vehicle. So that by using Ansys we can observe variations between stresses of vented and non vented disc brake. Disc brakes are mostly used on front wheels in two wheelers, hatchback cars and also widely used on both front and rear wheels of high end cars. The main aim of this paper is to minimize the Total deformation, Directional deformation, Equivalent stress and strain with best suited Material Analysis is done on both Vented and non vented disc brake. The Geometry of the models is carried out in the CATIA V5 R20 Software and is designed in Mechanical Design. The analysis part is done by using ANSYS R14.5 Software. Meesala Vanajakshi | Pothuraju. V. V. Satyanarayana | E. Lakshmi Devi "Static Structural Analysis of Vented and Non Vented Disc Brake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26450.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26450/static-structural-analysis-of-vented-and-non-vented-disc-brake/meesala-vanajakshi
Experimental Analysis and Investigation for Thermal Behaviour of Ventilated D...ijsrd.com
In the present review, we discuss works that have been published in the last 15 – 20 years that are based on the computational and experimental analysis of thermal properties of disc brake rotor of various types; new applications of the theory of heat conduction, convection and radiation. As the rapid development of computer engineering have led to a considerable increase in the number of solvable problems, and the refining of mathematical methods and approaches enables one to construct analytic solutions of these problems. In the paper, we outline the main directions of investigation of the processes of interaction of bodies with regard for heat release. We describe computational methods in more detail as compared with other approaches, because, to our mind, they are very promising for deriving simple engineering relations for braking processes on the basis of the equations of the thermal dynamics of friction; also the actual braking system is much transient and a lot of variable changes at a time which becomes very difficult to calculate experimentally.
Design and Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake for Minimizing TemperatureIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the design and thermal analysis of disc brakes to minimize temperature. Different shapes and slot designs were modeled for a disc brake rotor using CATIA software and thermal analysis was performed using ANSYS. The results from static structural and transient thermal analysis for the original design and 5 new designs under various loading conditions are presented and compared. The analysis shows that the new design 5 performs the best with maximum stresses and temperature below the original design, indicating improved thermal conductivity and heat dissipation. This optimized design can help improve brake performance and safety.
Design and Structural Analysis of Disc Brake by using CATIA and ANSYS-WORKBENCHIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and structural analysis of a disc brake using CATIA and ANSYS Workbench software. The disc brake is first modeled in CATIA and then meshed and analyzed in ANSYS to evaluate the performance of four materials - mild steel, aluminum, cast iron, and composite material (e-glass). The goal is to determine which material has the least deformation and lowest frequency in order to select the best material for disc brake design.
Modeling and Thermal Analysis of Disc BrakeIJERA Editor
The disc brake is a device used for slowing or stopping the rotation of the vehicle. Number of times using the brake for vehicle leads to heat generation during braking event, such that disc brake undergoes breakage due to high Temperature. Disc brake model is done by CATIA and analysis is done by using ANSYS workbench. The main purpose of this project is to study the Thermal analysis of the Materials for the Aluminum, Grey Cast Iron, HSS M42, and HSS M2. A comparison between the four materials for the Thermal values and material properties obtained from the Thermal analysis low thermal gradient material is preferred. Hence best suitable design, low thermal gradient material Grey cast iron is preferred for the Disc Brakes for better performance.
Investigation of temperature and thermal stress in Disc BrakesVenkat Swaroop
1) The document investigates the temperature and thermal stress in a ventilated disc brake system during braking using a 3D thermo-mechanical coupling model.
2) It builds a multi-body model of the ventilated brake disc and pad assembly that considers heat generation at the contact interface as well as convection heat transfer.
3) The model simulates the braking process from an initial speed of 100 kph down to 0 kph over 4.72 seconds, calculating the temperature field, thermal stress, and thermal distortion at each time step for validation against experimental data.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Automotive Disc Brake Composite Rotorinventionjournals
The heat generated due to friction during braking operation causes several important negative effects on the brake system. It is then important to determine the temperature field of the brake disc. In the present work, a transient thermo-mechanical finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to determine the braking efficiency of a Carbon Ceramic disk brake and compared to a Glass Fiber (S-2) brakes. The aim of the work is to investigate the rise of the temperature of the disk brake under severe braking conditions and the stresses generated from it. The investigation will be done using ANSYS software. ANSYS is a powerful FE package used to determine stress, strain and heat transfer in complicated problems
Structural and Thermal Analysis of Metal - Ceramic Disk BrakeIJSRD
Disk brakes are using from so many years in automotive and still researches are going on in this field for decreasing the temperature effect so that by this we can operate easily. Many new materials are introduced for the disk brake rotor to withstand high temperature produced during braking action. Apart from the high temperature property, the disc rotor materials must also have high thermal conductivity property, as this property decides the amount of heat dissipation to the air stream from the disk rotor. A brake material with good temperature and high thermal conductivity property gives maximum efficiency by overcoming the problem of thermo-mechanical instability [TEI] in the rotor which is more common in low thermal conductivity brake rotor material. In the present work, a Grey cast iron material and metal-ceramic has been chosen for the disk brake rotor. Number of methods before already introduced to know the history of the different materials related to disk brakes, analysis will be done in 2d and 3d in analytical and numerical methods. With different types of assumptions these numerical methods ranges from finite differences to finite elements. To conclude the temperature history for the Grey cast iron material, and metal-ceramic, a numerical simulation technique called finite element method is used. Transient analysis is carried out in ANSYS to predict temperature distribution as a function of time in the disk brake rotor. The results from the transient analysis are compared. As the brake rotor can be treated as the coupled field problem, it is mandatory to do structural analysis after performing thermal analysis in ANSYS to study the stability and rigidity behavior of the rotor material. The results from the transient analysis are given as the input to the structural analysis in order to conclude the stress distribution and displacement in disk brake rotor under thermal loading. The stability behavior of different brake rotor material is compared to facilitate the conceptual design of the disk brake system.
DESIGN MODIFICATION OF DISC BRAKE AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IT BY VARYING T...ijsrd.com
Automobile braking system is one of the most important mechanical devices among the others. The disc brake is a device that slows or stops the rotation of a wheel by converting the friction to heat. But if the brakes get too hot, they will cease to work as they cannot dissipate enough heat. This condition of failure is known as brake fade. Disc brakes are exposed to large thermal stresses during routine braking and extraordinary thermal stresses during hard braking. Ventilation applications on disc brake can significantly improve the brake system performance by reducing the heating of the discs. In this study, the thermal behavior as well as the performance of ventilated brake discs using different pattern of holes will be investigated at continuous brake conditions with finite element analysis and the results will be compared with a solid disc.
Transient Thermal Analysis of AlSiCp Composite Disc Brakeijceronline
Disc brakes are devices which will slow down or stop the heading vehicle. During the process of braking the brakes get heated up. Repeated braking will cause the excessive heating of the disc and braking action becomes less effective when the disc is over heated. So it is very much necessary that the heat generated is dissipated faster or the disc material gets less heated. In this paper we have considered a metal Matrix Composite AlSiCp which will satisfy these criteria. An analysis of composite and CI disc brakes over a repeated braking is done and the results are analyzed. The current paper deals with transient thermal analysis of composite disc brake. Transient analysis is generally made on systems where the forces acting are varied with respect to time. Model of the disc brake is done in Creo. Here temperature distribution in composite disc brake and CI disc brake under dynamic conditions are compared and analyzed using Ansys workbench 15.0. The composite material selected is AlSiCp, as it has good mechanical properties, wear resistance and high thermal conductivity. The project aims at reducing the heat generated during repeated braking with the use of an AlSiCp composite disc brake
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A simulation study of the influence of the relative heat release during combu...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents the results of a simulation study examining the influence of relative heat release during combustion on the indicator diagram of a diesel engine. The study used a MATLAB Simulink model to simulate the engine cycle under three different relative heat release laws. Optimal values for the beginning of heat release were determined for each law by using average pressure as the optimization criterion. Numerical experiments were then conducted under varying compression ratios and filling pressures to determine combinations that limit maximum pressure to permissible values. The study found that relative heat release, its start, compression ratio, and filling pressure all influence maximum pressure and thus the indicator diagram.
Design & Analysis of a Disc Brake using Feaijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the effects of different fuel injection timings on various engine parameters in a multicylinder diesel engine. Five mode tests were conducted at injection timings of 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 degrees before top dead center. Parameters like fuel consumption, NOx emissions, exhaust temperature, air flow, and torque were measured across different engine loads. Graphs of these parameters were plotted against load for each injection timing. The results showed the influence of injection timing on air-fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption, fueling rate, and other indicators.
1. The document discusses numerical combustion analysis and ignition timing optimization of a 4-stroke SI engine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization.
2. The researchers modeled the 2D combustion chamber geometry of a single cylinder 4-stroke SI engine in ANSYS. They conducted CFD analysis at different ignition timings and identified the optimal timing using GA.
3. The results showed that maximum brake torque, or timing (MBT), occurred at a spark advance angle of 39° before top dead center (TDC), which corresponds to 681° crank angle. This optimal timing was identified as producing the greatest gas pressure and torque.
A mathematical model for cement kilns c i-rcle - university of british ( p...mkpq pasha
The document presents a mathematical model for cement kilns developed by Pirooz Darabi. The model consists of two parts: (1) a 1-D model for material and temperature evolution within the kiln bed, and (2) a tire combustion model that assumes tire burning occurs in two steps of devolatilization and char combustion. Numerical simulations were conducted to simulate industrial cement kilns under steady-state conditions and kilns co-firing tires. The model provides a better understanding of important kiln processes and can be used to address operational problems and optimize designs. It was concluded that successful firing of tires can lead to a more economical and environmentally friendly kiln.
Thermal Analysis of the Wheel for Urban Rail Vehicle Considering Emergency Br...IJRES Journal
1. A thermal analysis of an urban rail vehicle wheel model was conducted considering emergency braking conditions. The thermal loads on the wheel were calculated using a heat flux density approach.
2. Temperature field and thermal stress field simulations found that the maximum temperature and thermal stress occurred in the wheel tread during braking. The maximum thermal stress in the wheel plate occurred at the end of braking.
3. Comparisons between a new wheel and a wheel worn to the limit found that the maximum temperature and thermal stress in the worn wheel was higher, due to its thinner rim profile allowing for faster heat transfer.
Thermal analysis of water cooled charge air cooler in turbo charged diesel en...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the thermal performance of a water-cooled charge air cooler used in a turbocharged diesel engine. It describes the components and working of air-cooled and water-cooled charge air coolers. It then analyzes the performance of a plate fin heat exchanger model of the water-cooled charge air cooler by calculating various parameters using correlations. The results obtained by varying the hot air flow rate show that the Colburn-j factor and friction factor decrease while heat transfer coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient increase with Reynolds number, and effectiveness decreases with increasing air mass flow rate.
Temperature Rise of Double-Row Tapered Roller Bearings Analyzed with a Therma...Siyuan Ai
This document presents a thermal network model to analyze temperature rise in double-row tapered roller bearings lubricated with grease. The model is based on generalized Ohm's law and considers friction losses and drag viscous losses. A quasi-static model is used to determine load distribution and kinematic parameters. The model then analyzes how temperature rises at different speeds, grease filling ratios, and roller geometries. Results show high temperatures occur at high speeds and grease ratios, especially at roller end/flange contacts. An optimal roller geometry is also identified.
IRJET- Effect of Contaminated Oil on Temperature Variation of Tilting Pad...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of contaminated oil on the temperature variation of tilting pad thrust bearings with bronze pads having a catenoidal surface profile. The study involved performing experiments on a test rig with 8 bronze pads under varying speeds, loads, and cooling flow rates. Temperature sensors were placed in a grid pattern over one of the pads to measure temperature changes at different locations. Results showed that adding contaminated powder to the lubricant caused fluid temperatures to increase more with higher thrust loads compared to using non-contaminated oil. The maximum temperature also shifted towards the trailing edge of the pad.
This document presents a numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of ventilated disc brake rotors using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two types of rotor configurations are considered: circular pillared (CP) and diamond pillared radial vane (DP). A 20° sector of each rotor is modeled and meshed. Governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy are solved using ANSYS CFX. Boundary conditions include 900K and 1500K isothermal rotor walls for different speeds. Results show the DP rotor has 70% higher mass flow and 24% higher heat dissipation than the CP rotor. Velocity and pressure distributions are more uniform for the DP rotor at higher speeds, ensuring more uniform cooling. The
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Automotive Disc Brake using FEM.IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designs and analyzes an automotive disc brake using finite element analysis (FEA). 3D models of a disc brake for a Bajaj Pulsar 220F motorcycle were created with different hole shapes and patterns. An FEA thermal analysis was conducted using ANSYS to investigate the temperature distribution on the discs during braking. The analysis considered factors like heat flux, heat transfer coefficients, and boundary conditions. Results for maximum temperature and stresses in the different disc designs were compared to determine which optimized heat dissipation and thermal performance. The goal was to understand how variations in disc geometry like holes and vents affect temperature rise and durability.
IRJET- Single Stop Transient Thermal Coupled with Structural Analysis and Rep...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the thermal and structural behavior of a ventilated brake rotor during braking. Numerical analysis was conducted to determine the convection coefficient and airflow through the rotor's vanes. A ventilated rotor model was created in Solidworks and Ansys to conduct a single stop transient thermal analysis coupled with a static structural analysis accounting for convective cooling. Repeated braking analyses were also performed to determine temperature distributions. Grey cast iron was selected as the best material based on a quantitative comparison of material properties. Calculations were shown to determine specifications, airflow velocities, mass flow rates, and the convection coefficient of the ventilated rotor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Finite Element Thermo-Mechanical Stress Analysis of IC Engine PistonIRJET Journal
This document discusses a finite element analysis of thermal and mechanical stresses on an internal combustion engine piston. It begins with an introduction to pistons and the stresses they experience from high temperatures and pressures within the engine cylinder. It then describes a thermal analysis conducted using ANSYS software to model the piston's temperature distribution and calculate thermal stresses. The analysis applies thermal boundary conditions at different surfaces of the piston based on convection heat transfer calculations. The goal is to identify locations of maximum and minimum stress on the piston.
IRJET- Thermal Behavior of Disc Brake Rotor using Finite Element AnalysisIRJET Journal
The document describes a finite element analysis of the thermal behavior of a disc brake rotor. A 3D model of the rotor was created in SolidWorks and meshed. Thermal and structural analyses were then performed in SolidWorks Simulation. The analysis found that applying a braking torque of 6084.79W led to a maximum temperature of 165°C and maximum thermal stress of 3.098e+007 N/m^2 in the rotor. Ventilation holes in the rotor design help reduce temperatures compared to a solid design. The study provides insights into the thermal distribution and stresses experienced by disc brake rotors during braking.
Methods for assessing the technical condition of gas turbine engine (gte) bas...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a method of diagnostics and focuses on the estimation of the depletion or exhaustion of service life of components of gas turbine engine. During operation of the gas turbine engine the critical components of the engine; blades, discs, shafts, wheels, gears, gearboxes and drive assemblies experience the action of centrifugal and gas forces that bring about tension, bending and turning moments. They also experience thermal loads of high intensity that has negative effect on the strength of the materials of the components. The strength of these components defines the reliability of the engine. The forces and thermal loads acting on the critical elements lead to the depletion of the service life of these elements. Hence the estimation of the remaining service life of gas turbine engine components. Keywords: Blades, critical components, damage, depletion, gas turbine engine, failure, service life, typical flight
This document describes a finite element analysis simulation of thermal and mechanical stresses on a piston from a marine diesel engine. The piston model was developed in SolidWorks and imported into ANSYS for simulation. Boundary conditions including combustion pressure, temperature-dependent material properties, and heat transfer coefficients were applied. The results found that the highest stress was the coupled thermal-mechanical stress, which was below the material yield stress even at elevated temperatures, indicating the piston design would withstand operating stresses. The analysis provides useful information for piston design optimization.
A Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Cylinder Head Water Jack...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the cylinder head water jacket of a diesel engine. The study aims to analyze heat transfer and fluid flow within the existing cooling jacket design. The cylinder head geometry is modeled in CATIA and CFD analysis is performed in ANSYS Fluent to investigate factors affecting cooling performance. Parameters will be optimized and validated against previous research to improve cooling performance through modifications to the jacket design and coolant mixture proportions.
Thermal Study of Fins In Light Weighted Automobile VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the thermal study and design of fins on an automobile engine cylinder to maximize cooling. It begins by explaining that internal combustion engines are typically only around 50% efficient, with the remaining energy lost as heat. Fins are extended surfaces attached to the engine that increase surface area and facilitate convection to transfer this waste heat to the environment. The document then analyzes different fin designs and materials, provides empirical specifications for a Honda motorcycle engine studied through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, derives the governing fin heat transfer equation, and discusses mechanisms of convective heat transfer. It concludes that optimizing fin design can maximize engine cooling and efficiency based on parameters like heat transfer coefficients and material properties.
This document analyzes the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of flue gases over a valve spindle with rotor wings in 2-stroke marine diesel engines. It aims to increase the time between overhauling (TBO) of the engines by modifying the rotor wing design parameters. The study models the spindle-rotor assembly and analyzes temperature, pressure and rotational effects of exhaust gases on the spindle using ANSYS. Modifying the rotor wing inclination angle is found to give more uniform corrosion and increase spindle rotation angle, potentially extending its lifeline. Validation shows the CFD results match published engine data, demonstrating the methodology can help optimize spindle design for reduced maintenance costs.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
IRJET- Analysis of Cooling Techniques of a Gas Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
This document analyzes different cooling techniques for gas turbine blades. It begins with an introduction to gas turbines and the need for blade cooling as inlet gas temperatures exceed blade melting points. It then discusses various cooling techniques used for blades, including internal cooling channels. The document presents a case study analyzing three blade models - solid, vertical cooling channels, and a lattice structure model. Thermal and structural analysis using ANSYS software shows the lattice structure blade has lower temperatures, stresses, strains, and deformation compared to the other models. The analysis demonstrates that a lattice cooling channel structure is an effective technique for improving gas turbine blade performance and lifetime.
CFD Analysis of Exhaust Manifold of SI Engine and Comparison of Back Pressure...IOSRJMCE
Exhaust manifold is one of the most critical components of an IC Engine. The functioning of exhaust manifold is complex and is dependent on many parameters viz. back pressure, exhaust velocity, scavenging etc. In the present work, the performance of a four-stroke four cylinder gasoline engine exhaust manifold have been analysed using three different fuels - gasoline, alcohol, and LPG for the estimation of flow characteristics, thermal characteristics, and minimum back pressure. The manifold modelling is done in Creo2.0 followed by meshing and analysis in ANSYS. The LPG fuel gives minimum back pressure, temperature and velocity being approximately in the same range for all three fuels viz. gasoline, alcohol and LPG. Thus, LPG can be considered as a suitable alternative for gasoline in terms of minimum back flow in manifold.
Investigation of Heat Dissipation in Petrol Engine Cylinder during Explosion ...IJARTES
The current work determines the rate of heat flow
from an engine cylinder. The heat addition during the heat
addition stage or during explosion is determined by using the
classical equations. The heat dissipation from the cylinder is
enhanced by the fins provided around the cylinder. The results
which are obtained are validated with the finite element
analysis software ANSYS APDL. A study is conducted by
considering various materials to obtain optimum material
selection to enhance the better flow of heat from the system.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology. It describes the development of a mathematical and simulation model to analyze the effects of engine design parameters on the performance and emissions of spark ignition engines. The model can be used to simulate engine operation and assist with engine design. It examines three engine designs (under square, square, and over square) running on gasoline, LPG, and CNG. The model calculates output power, efficiency, fuel consumption, ignition delay, exhaust temperature, heat loss, and exhaust emissions for each design/fuel combination. It found square engines (stroke/diameter ratio of 1) to be the most efficient and suitable design overall.
IRJET - Thermo- Structural Analysis of Runner of Exhaust ManifoldIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a thermo-structural analysis of an exhaust manifold runner conducted using finite element analysis software. The analysis compared the behavior of grey cast iron and stainless steel materials. Boundary conditions like exhaust gas temperature and pressure were applied. Stresses and temperatures were highest at joints and edges. Stainless steel had lower maximum stresses than cast iron, but higher minimum temperatures. Stainless steel stresses were below its yield strength. This analysis can help evaluate materials for withstanding the complex thermal and mechanical loads on exhaust manifolds.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 9 (September 2013), PP. 62-67
62
Study Effect of Pads shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc
Brake Contact Surface
Saeed Abu Alyazeed Albatlan
Higher Technological Institute, 10th of Ramadan City, 6th October Branch. Cairo, Egypt
ABSTRACT
This study describes an inertial dynamometer system (test rig) which has been applied to the testing of disc
brake pads at different operating conditions. The test rig is equipped with several measuring instruments, and
data acquisition systems [DAQ], which are necessary for performing the tests. Two sets of brake pads are tested.
This study explains the temperature distribution obtained by experiments on two different shapes of brake discs
pads affected by the types of shapes of brake discs pads, disc geometry and operating conditions. The test results
also showed that the friction with hatched pad better fade resistance than the others.
Keywords: - disc brake; thermal stress; hatched pads; temperature distribution.
I. INTRODUCTION
During the operation of the brake system, kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy through
friction between the brake pad and rotor faces. Excessive thermal loading can result in surface cracking, judder
and high wear of the rubbing surfaces. High temperatures can also lead to overheating of the brake fluid, seals
and other components. Initially the generated thermal energy is transferred by conduction to the components in
contact and next by convection and radiation to environment (Fig.1) as explained in [1, 2, 3]. Brakes absorb the
kinetic energy of moving masses by help of friction forces. The dynamic of braking process depends on friction
pair materials, loading and temperature, as well as impact of environment [4]. Limpert [5] compared the solid
and ventilated rotor thermal performance and concluded that the total convective heat transfer coefficient
consisted of approximately one-third cooling from the vanes, and two-thirds from the friction surfaces exposed
to the ambient air. Temperature distribution and comparison of simulation results and experimental results in the
disc by 2D thermal analysis using axisymmetricmodel is presented in[6]. In [7] showed through experiment that
the brake torque variation depends on several factors such as the temperature, the number of revolutions and the
disc depends on several factors such as the temperature, thickness variation. The analytical modeling and
dynamic characteristics of disc brake systems under equal contact loads on both sides of the disc can be found in
[8]. New mathematical equations for heat generation between disc brake and pads include on parameters such
as the duration of braking, vehicle velocity, geometries and the dimensions of the brake components, materials
of the disk brake rotor and the pad and contact pressure distribution are shown in [9]. The factors affecting the
interface temperature, including the number of braking applications, sliding speed, braking load and type of
friction material are presented in [10]. Thermal analysis of a brake system requires frictional energy dissipation
as a heat input. Frictional heat dissipation can be easily determined under the dynamometer laboratory
conditions where the brake torque and the rotational speed of the brake disk are know. For vehicle braking the
frictional heat dissipation should be determined from the given vehicle and brake system parameters [11]. In [12]
determined the transient temperature distributions in a disc brake during a single brake application using Finite
difference numerical technique. Hyperbolic heat conduction which includes the effect of the finite heat
propagation is gaining importance.
This paper aims to study and compare the temperature distributions caused by mutual sliding of two
members of the disc brake pads, and describes an inertial dynamometer system which has been applied to the
testing of disc brake assembly at different operating conditions.
2. Study Effect of Pads shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc Brake Contact Surface
63
Fig. 1: Heat dissipation inside and outside the discs due to conduction, convection and radiation [3]
II. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Determination of Kinetic Friction Coefficient
It is essential to determine coefficient of friction that is generated between the disc and the pad contact
interface. It has been known that coefficient of friction would be changed under different braking operating
conditions such as brake-line pressure, disc speed, temperature and other factors.
Braking torque can be calculated as follows:
efffriction rFT
(1)
Where Ffriction is the friction force generated at the contact interface and reff is the effective pad radius.
However friction force is dependent upon normal force (Fnormal) and friction coefficient (μ), which is derived as
below:
normalfriction FF
(2)
Normal force (Fnormal) can be determined based on brake-line pressure (p) applied onto top of the piston,
which is given in the following equation:
pistonnormal pAF
(3)
Now by substituting equation (3) into equations (2) and then (1), braking torque can be calculated as follows:
effpiston rpAT
(4)
For a disc brake system there is a pair of brake pads, thus the total brake torque is:
effpiston rpAT 2
(5)
Since the braking torque output (T) can be obtained experimentally, and the cross sectional area of the
piston in contact with the braking fluid (Apiston), brake-line pressure (p) and pad effective radius (reff) are all
known parameters, then coefficient of friction can be calculated. Thus equation (5) now becomes:
effpiston rpA
T
2
(6)
2.2 Brake disc thermal stresses
The brake disc and the pads are exposed to high thermal stresses due to high quantity of energy
transformed from mechanical to thermal. Thermal stress is defined by the thermal strain generated by
temperature variation inside an object and due to exterior condition of having no possibility to contract or
expand [3]. Those stresses can be written as [3]:
)(
1
v
E
(7)
Where - brake disc thermal expansion coefficient, a
, T- local disc temperature (real),
Ta – environment temperature, E – Young's modulus, v- Poisson coefficient. The values of depends on
temperature, but in most cases is considered constant. From relation (7), it the dependence of thermal stress with
temperature and coefficient can be observed.
3. Study Effect of Pads shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc Brake Contact Surface
64
III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The experimental work will be presented in three main sections. The first section contains the
description of the test rig. The second section the measurement instruments followed used in different tests and
data acquisition components [DAQ]. The third section comprises the different tests conducted on brake pads.
The details of each section is given below.
3.1 Test Rig
The test rig was designed and constructed to allows testing different types of pads and rotors at
different operation conditions. Fig. 2 shows a general layout of the test rig. The test rig consists of engine; spark
ignition, four stroke, and 4-cylinders in line 1. The engine equipped with clutch, manual gear box 2, flexible
joint 3, and drive shaft supported with four bearing on frame to drive flywheel and disc brake as shown in Fig. 3.
The rig uses actual brake system units and components to simulate the vehicle brake system. Brake pedal
equipped with electric motor and control unit to control pedal travel.
3.2 Measuring Instruments
The test rig is equipped with several measuring instruments, which are necessary for performing the
tests. The measuring instruments are shown in Fig. 4 include, pressure transducer, displacement sensor (position
sensor), speed sensors and non-contact infrared thermometer. All the transducer and sensors are interfaced with
a connector block through shielded cables. The connector block is connected to a DAQ board, (connect with
computer by USB cable) that collects the data during experimental test runs.
3.3 Experiments
The experimental research was carried out in the laboratory on disc brake dynamometer Fig. 3, in
a short time repeating braking regime. Two different shapes of pads were tested on disc brake dynamometer. Fig
5 shows two types of pads.
During the experiment the disc brake surface temperature, brake pressure, rotor velocity and braking time were
measured.
1- Engine 2- Manual gearbox 3- Flexible joint 4-Bearing 5-Flywheel
6-Coupling 7-Vented disc 8- Caliper 9-Spring 10- Brake master
11-Brake servo 12- Brake pedal 13- Brake pedal motor
14- Brake pedal motor control 15- RPM sensor 16-Displacement sensor
17-Pressure sensor 18-DCsupply 19- DAQ board
20- CPU
Fig. 2: Layout of test rig
4. Study Effect of Pads shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc Brake Contact Surface
65
1- Engine 2- Manual gearbox 3- Flexible joint 4-Bearing 5-Flywheel
6-Coupling 7-Vented disc 8- Caliper 9-Spring 10- Brake master
11-Brake servo 12- Brake pedal
Fig. 3: Test rig components
13- Brake pedal motor 14- Brake pedal motor control 15- RPM sensor
16-Displacement sensor 17-Pressure sensor 19- DAQ board 20- CPU
Fig. 4: Test rig measuring facilities
(a) Flat pad used in test (b) hatched pad used in test
Fig. 5: Shape of pads tested
fig. 6: Location of disc brake surface temperature measured
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The evolutions of the temperature distribution on a disc brake contact surface during braking for
experimental as shown in Figs7 to 11 for both cases under different operating condition.
4.1 Effect of brake pedal travel
Figures from 7 to 8 show the experimental results of the relation between the disc speeds against the
measured temperature distribution on a disc brake contact surface in two cases.
Case I: Flat pads used in test
Case II: hatched pads used in test
5. Study Effect of Pads shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc Brake Contact Surface
66
Fig. 7 represents the temperature distribution on a disc brake contact surface in two cases of pads at
slow rate of pedal travel. Fig. 8 shows the effect of fast rate (sudden) of pedal travel.
The detailed analysis of the results revealed that the temperature distribution on a disc brake is greatly affected
by the type of brake pad shape, especially when using hatched pad. The temperature increases with the
beginning of the process of braking when Flat pad used in test.
The brake disc and the pads are exposed to high thermal stresses due to high quantity of energy transformed
from mechanical to thermal.
Thermal stress is defined by the thermal strain generated by temperature variation inside an
object and due to exterior condition of having no possibility to contract or expand [3].
Braking performance of a vehicle can be significantly affected by the temperature rise in the brake components.
High temperatures during braking may cause brake fade, premature wear, and brake fluid vaporization, bearing
failure, thermal cracks and thermally-excited vibration. Therefore, it is important to predict the temperature rise
of a given brake system and assess its thermal performance in the early design stage.
The coefficient of friction would be changed under different braking operating conditions such as brake-line
pressure, disc speed, temperature and other factors
The coefficient of friction of the brake friction material will drop after prolonged use of the brakes. This is
commonly known as brake fade [13].
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
50
100
150
200
250
Speed (km/h)
Temperature(Celcius)
Temperature at t1 case(I)
Temperature at t2 case(I)
Temperature at t3 case(I)
Temperature at t1 case(II)
Temperature at t2 case(II)
Temperature at t3 case(II)
Fig. 7: Temperature Distribution at Slow Rate of Brake Pedal Travel on Disc Brake [Case I & Case II)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Speed (km/h)
Temperature(Celcius)
Temperature at t1 case(I)
Temperature at t2 case(1)
Temperature at t3 case(I)
Temperature at t1 case(II)
Temperature at te case(II)
Temperature at t3 case(II)
Fig. 8: Temperature distributions at slow rate of brake pedal travel on disc brake [case (I) & case (II)]
4.2 Effects of brake-line pressure and disc speed (operating conditions)
Figure 9 compares directly between the temperatures distributions on a disc brake contact surface at
brake line pressure 15, 30 bar and speed 10, 20, 30, 40 km/h, when hatched pad used in test. As indicated in this
figure changed according operating conditions such as brake-line pressure, disc speed.
6. Study Effect of Pads shapes on Temperature Distribution for Disc Brake Contact Surface
67
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Speed (km/h)
Temperature(Celcius)
Temperature at t1, pressure=15 bar
Temperature at t2, pressure=15 bar
data3
Temperature at t1, pressure=30 bar
Temperature at t2, pressure=30 bar
Temperature at t3, pressure=30 bar
Fig. 9: Temperature distributions at brake pressure 15, 30 bar on disc brake [case (II)]
Figures 7 to 9 show disc temperature surface variations along radial direction obtained with
experimental results. The change of temperature depends on disc geometry [14].
V. CONCULATION
1-The analysis of the laboratory results indicated that the temperature distribution on a disc brake is greatly
affected by the type of brake pads shapes.
2- The temperature generated depending on the operating conditions, rate of pedal brake travel and disc
geometry.
3- The test results also showed that the friction with hatched pad better fade resistance than the others
REFERENCES
[1]. Z. Chi, G. F. Naterer and Y. He, Thermal Performance Analysis of Vented Automotive Brake Discs,
CSME Forum 2008, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, 2008.
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30.05.2008.
[5]. Limpert, R., "Cooling Analysis of Disc Brake Rotors," SAE Technical Paper 751014, 1975. 668 842,
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[6]. Kumar, R., "Transient Thermoelastic Analysis of Disk Brake Using Ansys Software", M. Sc. Thesis,
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