The document provides notes on curve sketching from a Calculus I class at New York University. It includes announcements about an upcoming homework assignment and class, objectives of learning how to graph functions, and notes on techniques for curve sketching such as using the increasing/decreasing test and concavity test to determine properties of a function's graph. Examples are provided of graphing cubic and quartic functions as well as functions with absolute values.
The document provides an overview of polynomials, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. Some key points covered include:
- A polynomial is an expression with multiple terms and powers that can be simplified.
- Polynomials have coefficients, degrees, roots, and can be written in nested form using brackets.
- Methods for evaluating, dividing, and factorizing polynomials are discussed, including synthetic division and finding factors.
- Graphs can be used to determine the equation of a polynomial function based on intercepts.
- Approximate roots can be found between values where the polynomial changes signs.
The document provides examples of writing linear equations in standard form (Ax + By = C) and point-slope form (y - y1 = m(x - x1)) by converting between the two forms. It also gives examples of finding the slope and y-intercept of a line from two points to write the equation in point-slope and slope-intercept forms. Finally, it demonstrates finding the x- and y-intercepts of lines from their equations and using them to graph the lines.
This document discusses how to graph linear equations using slope-intercept form. It identifies the slope and y-intercept of several equations in slope-intercept form, such as y=3x+4 and 3x-3y=12. It then shows how to graph these equations by plotting the y-intercept and running the line with the given slope. As an example, it graphs the equation y=5x-3 on an xy-plane. It also demonstrates graphing parallel lines, such as y=3x+4 and y=3x+6, which have the same slope but different y-intercepts.
1. The document is from a Calculus I class at New York University and covers optimization problems.
2. It provides examples of optimization problems involving finding the maximum area of a rectangle with a fixed perimeter and the largest area that can be enclosed by a fixed length of fencing.
3. The document reviews strategies for solving optimization problems, such as understanding the problem, drawing diagrams, introducing variables, expressing the objective function, and finding extrema using calculus techniques like taking derivatives.
The document provides an assessment review with multiple choice questions about math concepts like algebra, geometry, and coordinate planes. It includes 15 questions testing skills like simplifying expressions, solving equations, factoring polynomials, and graphing lines. The questions are formatted with explanations of steps required to arrive at the answers.
This document provides an overview of integration and how it relates to calculating areas under curves and between functions. Some key points covered include:
- Integration uses the concept of reverse differentiation to calculate the area under a function.
- The area under a function between two x-values a and b is calculated as the definite integral from a to b.
- Integrals may be used to find the area between two curves by subtracting their integrals between the intersection points.
- Integrals can represent either positive or negative areas depending on whether the area is above or below the x-axis.
The document discusses techniques for clipping and rasterization in computer graphics. It covers line segment clipping algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky. It also discusses polygon clipping, including brute force, triangulation, and a black box pipeline approach. Finally, it covers rasterization techniques for points, lines, and polygons, including inside-outside testing methods, fill algorithms like flood fill and scanline fill.
This document consists of an 11 page mathematics exam with multiple choice and free response questions. The exam covers topics including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and financial mathematics. Students are asked to show working for credit and are provided graph paper, calculators, and other tools to aid in solving problems. The exam is designed to test skills and knowledge expected of secondary students in an International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) level mathematics course.
The document provides instructions on graphing parabolas using vertex form and translations. It defines the vertex form of a parabola as y = a(x - h)2 + k, where (h, k) are the coordinates of the vertex. Examples show how to find the image of a parabola under a translation Th,k and graph parabolas by hand by determining the vertex and symmetrical y-values. Steps are given to graph a parabola as finding the vertex, symmetrical values, and filling in the graph.
This document contains 6 math problems involving graphing functions. Each problem has parts that involve:
1) Completing a table of values for a function.
2) Graphing the function on graph paper using given scales.
3) Finding specific values from the graph.
4) Drawing and finding values from a linear function related to the original.
The problems provide practice graphing and extracting information from graphs of quadratic, cubic, rational, and other polynomial functions. The document demonstrates how to set up and solve multi-step math word problems involving graphing functions.
This document provides homework questions on solving equations and graphing equations. It includes:
1) Solving equations with one variable like 3x + 2 = 5x + 3 and determining the number of solutions.
2) Solving a two variable equation 2x + 3y = 12 and finding points that satisfy the equation.
3) Graphing equations like y = x^2 - 3x + 2 on a graphing calculator and determining features of the graph like where it crosses the x-axis.
4) Applying a transformation like (x,y) -> (x + 5, y) to the points on a graph.
5) Identifying points that do or do not
The document discusses graphing horizontal and vertical lines. It defines horizontal lines as having an equation of the form y=k, and vertical lines as having an equation of the form x=k. Examples of graphing specific horizontal and vertical lines are provided, as well as finding the equations of lines given points and finding intercepts of lines.
This document contains the mark scheme for a mathematics exam involving several multi-part questions.
In question 1, students could earn up to 3 marks for correctly factorizing a quadratic expression in one or two steps.
Question 2 was worth up to 2 marks for correctly writing the equation of a straight line in y=mx+c form.
Question 3 involved solving equations and inequalities across three parts, with a total of 6 available marks through setting up and solving the relevant expressions.
The remaining questions addressed topics including arithmetic and geometric sequences, calculus, coordinate geometry, and quadratic functions. Students could earn marks for setting up correct expressions and equations and obtaining the right numerical or algebraic solutions at each stage.
The document is a practice exam for Math 220 that contains 10 problems:
1) Find limits or state if they do not exist.
2) Find limits based on a graph of a function.
3) Find the intervals of continuity for several functions.
4) Solve limit problems related to epsilon-delta definitions of limits.
5) Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show an equation has a solution.
6) Evaluate a limit involving a constant.
7) Find function values to make a piecewise function continuous.
8) Find a limit as a variable approaches 2π.
9) Find derivatives of several functions by definition.
10) Find a value to make a piecewise function
This document provides instructions and examples for solving various equations for the variable x. It demonstrates solving linear and fractional equations by collecting like terms, clearing denominators, and isolating the variable. For example, it shows the steps to solve the equation 3(x - 2)/4 - 2(x +1)/5 = 1/10 for x, which results in x = 5/7. It then solves the equation 4x + 1/3x - 4 = 2x + 1 for x, obtaining x = 1.
The document provides an overview of polynomials, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. Some key points covered include:
- A polynomial is an expression with multiple terms and powers that can be simplified.
- Polynomials have coefficients, degrees, roots, and can be written in nested form using brackets.
- Methods for evaluating, dividing, and factorizing polynomials are discussed, including synthetic division and finding factors.
- Graphs can be used to determine the equation of a polynomial function based on intercepts.
- Approximate roots can be found between values where the polynomial changes signs.
The document provides examples of writing linear equations in standard form (Ax + By = C) and point-slope form (y - y1 = m(x - x1)) by converting between the two forms. It also gives examples of finding the slope and y-intercept of a line from two points to write the equation in point-slope and slope-intercept forms. Finally, it demonstrates finding the x- and y-intercepts of lines from their equations and using them to graph the lines.
This document discusses how to graph linear equations using slope-intercept form. It identifies the slope and y-intercept of several equations in slope-intercept form, such as y=3x+4 and 3x-3y=12. It then shows how to graph these equations by plotting the y-intercept and running the line with the given slope. As an example, it graphs the equation y=5x-3 on an xy-plane. It also demonstrates graphing parallel lines, such as y=3x+4 and y=3x+6, which have the same slope but different y-intercepts.
1. The document is from a Calculus I class at New York University and covers optimization problems.
2. It provides examples of optimization problems involving finding the maximum area of a rectangle with a fixed perimeter and the largest area that can be enclosed by a fixed length of fencing.
3. The document reviews strategies for solving optimization problems, such as understanding the problem, drawing diagrams, introducing variables, expressing the objective function, and finding extrema using calculus techniques like taking derivatives.
The document provides an assessment review with multiple choice questions about math concepts like algebra, geometry, and coordinate planes. It includes 15 questions testing skills like simplifying expressions, solving equations, factoring polynomials, and graphing lines. The questions are formatted with explanations of steps required to arrive at the answers.
This document provides an overview of integration and how it relates to calculating areas under curves and between functions. Some key points covered include:
- Integration uses the concept of reverse differentiation to calculate the area under a function.
- The area under a function between two x-values a and b is calculated as the definite integral from a to b.
- Integrals may be used to find the area between two curves by subtracting their integrals between the intersection points.
- Integrals can represent either positive or negative areas depending on whether the area is above or below the x-axis.
The document discusses techniques for clipping and rasterization in computer graphics. It covers line segment clipping algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky. It also discusses polygon clipping, including brute force, triangulation, and a black box pipeline approach. Finally, it covers rasterization techniques for points, lines, and polygons, including inside-outside testing methods, fill algorithms like flood fill and scanline fill.
This document consists of an 11 page mathematics exam with multiple choice and free response questions. The exam covers topics including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and financial mathematics. Students are asked to show working for credit and are provided graph paper, calculators, and other tools to aid in solving problems. The exam is designed to test skills and knowledge expected of secondary students in an International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) level mathematics course.
The document provides instructions on graphing parabolas using vertex form and translations. It defines the vertex form of a parabola as y = a(x - h)2 + k, where (h, k) are the coordinates of the vertex. Examples show how to find the image of a parabola under a translation Th,k and graph parabolas by hand by determining the vertex and symmetrical y-values. Steps are given to graph a parabola as finding the vertex, symmetrical values, and filling in the graph.
This document contains 6 math problems involving graphing functions. Each problem has parts that involve:
1) Completing a table of values for a function.
2) Graphing the function on graph paper using given scales.
3) Finding specific values from the graph.
4) Drawing and finding values from a linear function related to the original.
The problems provide practice graphing and extracting information from graphs of quadratic, cubic, rational, and other polynomial functions. The document demonstrates how to set up and solve multi-step math word problems involving graphing functions.
This document provides homework questions on solving equations and graphing equations. It includes:
1) Solving equations with one variable like 3x + 2 = 5x + 3 and determining the number of solutions.
2) Solving a two variable equation 2x + 3y = 12 and finding points that satisfy the equation.
3) Graphing equations like y = x^2 - 3x + 2 on a graphing calculator and determining features of the graph like where it crosses the x-axis.
4) Applying a transformation like (x,y) -> (x + 5, y) to the points on a graph.
5) Identifying points that do or do not
The document discusses graphing horizontal and vertical lines. It defines horizontal lines as having an equation of the form y=k, and vertical lines as having an equation of the form x=k. Examples of graphing specific horizontal and vertical lines are provided, as well as finding the equations of lines given points and finding intercepts of lines.
This document is a past year exam paper for Additional Mathematics. It consists of 3 sections - Section A with 6 multiple choice questions worth a total of 40 marks, Section B with 4 structured questions worth a total of 40 marks, and Section C with 2 essay questions worth a total of 20 marks. The document provides relevant formulae, instructions for candidates, diagrams, questions, and spaces for working. It tests students' knowledge and skills in algebra, calculus, geometry, trigonometry and statistics.
This document discusses solving problems involving quadratic functions. It provides examples of finding the maximum or minimum value of quadratic functions, including finding the dimensions of a rectangle that will maximize its area given a fixed perimeter. It also discusses key concepts related to quadratic functions like parabolas, vertices, axes of symmetry, and finding the zeros of a function. Examples are provided to illustrate solving problems requiring the application of these quadratic function concepts.
This document provides teaching materials on linear functions for a high school in the Philippines. It begins with an introduction to the least mastered skill of writing linear equations in slope-intercept form. It then provides definitions and examples of linear functions. Examples include determining if equations represent linear functions and rewriting equations between the standard and slope-intercept forms. Practice problems are provided for students to identify linear functions, write equations in slope-intercept form, and rewrite between the standard and slope-intercept forms. References for additional math resources are listed at the end.
This document contains notes from a calculus workshop covering several topics:
1) Arc length and applications of integrals.
2) Probability density functions and using integrals to find probabilities and means.
3) Parametric equations and eliminating parameters to sketch curves.
4) Vectors, dot products, cross products, and using them to find angles between vectors.
5) Coordinate systems including Cartesian, polar, cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
6) Double and triple integrals including finding areas, volumes, and changing coordinates.
This document provides an example of graphing a cubic function step-by-step. It begins by finding the derivative to determine where the function is increasing and decreasing. The derivative is factored to yield a sign chart showing the function is decreasing on (-∞,-1) and (2,∞) and increasing on (-1,2). This information will be used to sketch the graph of the cubic function.
The document provides information about an upcoming calculus exam, quiz, and lecture on curve sketching. It outlines the procedure for sketching curves, including using the increasing/decreasing test and concavity test. It then provides an example of sketching a cubic function, showing the steps of finding critical points, inflection points, and putting together a sign chart to determine the function's monotonicity and concavity over intervals.
Uncountably many problems in life and nature can be expressed in terms of an optimization principle. We look at the process and find a few more good examples.
The document provides an overview of curve sketching in calculus including objectives, rationale, theorems for determining monotonicity and concavity, and a checklist for graphing functions. It then gives examples of graphing cubic and quartic functions step-by-step, demonstrating how to analyze critical points, inflection points, and asymptotic behavior to create the curve. The examples illustrate applying differentiation rules to determine monotonicity from the derivative sign chart and concavity from the second derivative test.
The document provides an overview of curve sketching in calculus. It discusses objectives like sketching a function graph completely by identifying zeros, asymptotes, critical points, maxima/minima and inflection points. Examples are provided to demonstrate the increasing/decreasing test using derivatives and the concavity test to determine concave up/down regions. A step-by-step process is outlined to graph functions which involves analyzing monotonicity using the sign chart of the derivative and concavity using the second derivative sign chart. This is demonstrated on sketching the graph of a cubic function f(x)=2x^3-3x^2-12x.
- The document is a lecture on calculus from an NYU course. It discusses using derivatives to determine the monotonicity and concavity of functions.
- There will be a quiz this week covering sections 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, and 3.7. Homework is due November 24.
- The lecture covers using the first derivative to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing over an interval, and using the second derivative to determine if a graph is concave up or down.
This document is a class supplement for Calculus I at New York University that covers optimization techniques. It provides objectives, outlines the topics to be covered which include recalling previous concepts and working through examples. Examples covered include finding two positive numbers with a product constraint that minimize their sum, finding the closest point on a parabola to a given point, and using derivatives to solve optimization problems with constraints. The document reviews methods like the closed interval method, first derivative test, and second derivative test to find maxima and minima.
Lesson 20: Derivatives and the Shape of Curves (Section 041 handout)Matthew Leingang
1) The document discusses using derivatives to determine the shapes of curves, including intervals of increasing/decreasing behavior, local extrema, and concavity.
2) Key tests covered are the increasing/decreasing test, first derivative test, concavity test, and second derivative test. These allow determining monotonicity, local extrema, and concavity from the signs of the first and second derivatives.
3) Examples demonstrate applying these tests to find the intervals of monotonicity, points of local extrema, and intervals of concavity for various functions.
At times it is useful to consider a function whose derivative is a given function. We look at the general idea of reversing the differentiation process and its applications to rectilinear motion.
This document contains notes on inverse trigonometric functions including:
- Definitions and graphs of arcsin, arccos, arctan, and arcsec functions
- Derivations of the derivatives of arcsin, arccos, and arctan using the Inverse Function Theorem
- Examples of composing inverse trig functions and finding their derivatives
This document contains notes on inverse trigonometric functions including:
- Definitions and graphs of arcsin, arccos, arctan, and arcsec functions
- Derivations of the derivatives of arcsin, arccos, and arctan using the Inverse Function Theorem
- Examples of composing inverse trig functions and finding their derivatives
Uncountably many problems in life and nature can be expressed in terms of an optimization principle. We look at the process and find a few good examples.
This learner's module discusses or talks about the topic of Quadratic Functions. It also discusses what is Quadratic Functions. It also shows how to transform or rewrite the equation f(x)=ax2 + bx + c to f(x)= a(x-h)2 + k. It will also show the different characteristics of Quadratic Functions.
Lesson 19: The Mean Value Theorem (Section 021 slides)Matthew Leingang
(a) E-ZPass cannot prove that the driver was speeding. E-ZPass records entry and exit times and locations, but does not continuously track speed. It cannot determine the driver's exact speed at any point during the trip, so it cannot prove a specific speeding violation occurred. The best it could show is an average speed that may or may not indicate speeding depending on the specific speed limit(s) along the route.
Lesson 14: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Section 041 ...Matthew Leingang
This document is a lecture on derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions from a Calculus I class at New York University. It covers the objectives and outline, which include finding derivatives of exponential functions with any base, logarithmic functions with any base, and using logarithmic differentiation. It provides proofs and examples of finding derivatives, such as the derivative of the natural exponential function being itself and the derivative of the natural logarithm function.
Uncountably many problems in life and nature can be expressed in terms of an optimization principle. We look at the process and find a few good examples.
This document contains the instructions for a Calculus I final exam consisting of two parts. Part I has 10 multiple choice questions worth 5 points each involving derivatives, anti-derivatives, limits, and finding absolute maxima and minima. Part II has 6 longer form problems worth between 1-10 points each involving implicit differentiation, linearization, graphing functions, finding absolute extrema, and a word problem about the speed of a shadow. Students are instructed to show their work and simplify answers where possible to earn full credit.
Similar to Lesson 21: Curve Sketching (Section 021 handout) (20)
This document provides guidance on developing effective lesson plans for calculus instructors. It recommends starting by defining specific learning objectives and assessments. Examples should be chosen carefully to illustrate concepts and engage students at a variety of levels. The lesson plan should include an introductory problem, definitions, theorems, examples, and group work. Timing for each section should be estimated. After teaching, the lesson can be improved by analyzing what was effective and what needs adjustment for the next time. Advanced preparation is key to looking prepared and ensuring students learn.
Streamlining assessment, feedback, and archival with auto-multiple-choiceMatthew Leingang
Auto-multiple-choice (AMC) is an open-source optical mark recognition software package built with Perl, LaTeX, XML, and sqlite. I use it for all my in-class quizzes and exams. Unique papers are created for each student, fixed-response items are scored automatically, and free-response problems, after manual scoring, have marks recorded in the same process. In the first part of the talk I will discuss AMC’s many features and why I feel it’s ideal for a mathematics course. My contributions to the AMC workflow include some scripts designed to automate the process of returning scored papers
back to students electronically. AMC provides an email gateway, but I have written programs to return graded papers via the DAV protocol to student’s dropboxes on our (Sakai) learning management systems. I will also show how graded papers can be archived, with appropriate metadata tags, into an Evernote notebook.
This document discusses electronic grading of paper assessments using PDF forms. Key points include:
- Various tools for creating fillable PDF forms using LaTeX packages or desktop software.
- Methods for stamping completed forms onto scanned documents including using pdftk or overlaying in TikZ.
- Options for grading on tablets or desktops including GoodReader, PDFExpert, Adobe Acrobat.
- Extracting data from completed forms can be done in Adobe Acrobat or via command line with pdftk.
Integration by substitution is the chain rule in reverse.
NOTE: the final location is section specific. Section 1 (morning) is in SILV 703, Section 11 (afternoon) is in CANT 200
Lesson 26: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (slides)Matthew Leingang
g(x) represents the area under the curve of f(t) between 0 and x.
.
x
What can you say about g? 2 4 6 8 10f
The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Theorem (First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus)
Let f be a con nuous func on on [a, b]. Define the func on F on [a, b] by
∫ x
F(x) = f(t) dt
a
Then F is con nuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and for all x in (a, b),
F′(x
Lesson 26: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (slides)Matthew Leingang
The document discusses the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which has two parts. The first part states that if a function f is continuous on an interval, then the derivative of the integral of f is equal to f. This is proven using Riemann sums. The second part relates the integral of a function f to the integral of its derivative F'. Examples are provided to illustrate how the area under a curve relates to these concepts.
Lesson 27: Integration by Substitution (handout)Matthew Leingang
This document contains lecture notes on integration by substitution from a Calculus I class. It introduces the technique of substitution for both indefinite and definite integrals. For indefinite integrals, the substitution rule is presented, along with examples of using substitutions to evaluate integrals involving polynomials, trigonometric, exponential, and other functions. For definite integrals, the substitution rule is extended and examples are worked through both with and without first finding the indefinite integral. The document emphasizes that substitution often simplifies integrals and makes them easier to evaluate.
Lesson 26: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (handout)Matthew Leingang
1) The document discusses lecture notes on Section 5.4: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus from a Calculus I course. 2) It covers stating and explaining the Fundamental Theorems of Calculus and using the first fundamental theorem to find derivatives of functions defined by integrals. 3) The lecture outlines the first fundamental theorem, which relates differentiation and integration, and gives examples of applying it.
This document contains notes from a calculus class lecture on evaluating definite integrals. It discusses using the evaluation theorem to evaluate definite integrals, writing derivatives as indefinite integrals, and interpreting definite integrals as the net change of a function over an interval. The document also contains examples of evaluating definite integrals, properties of integrals, and an outline of the key topics covered.
This document contains lecture notes from a Calculus I class covering Section 5.3 on evaluating definite integrals. The notes discuss using the Evaluation Theorem to calculate definite integrals, writing derivatives as indefinite integrals, and interpreting definite integrals as the net change of a function over an interval. Examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating definite integrals using the midpoint rule approximation. Properties of integrals such as additivity and the relationship between definite and indefinite integrals are also outlined.
Lesson 24: Areas and Distances, The Definite Integral (handout)Matthew Leingang
We can define the area of a curved region by a process similar to that by which we determined the slope of a curve: approximation by what we know and a limit.
Lesson 24: Areas and Distances, The Definite Integral (slides)Matthew Leingang
We can define the area of a curved region by a process similar to that by which we determined the slope of a curve: approximation by what we know and a limit.
At times it is useful to consider a function whose derivative is a given function. We look at the general idea of reversing the differentiation process and its applications to rectilinear motion.
At times it is useful to consider a function whose derivative is a given function. We look at the general idea of reversing the differentiation process and its applications to rectilinear motion.
This document contains lecture notes from a Calculus I class discussing optimization problems. It begins with announcements about upcoming exams and courses the professor is teaching. It then presents an example problem about finding the rectangle of a fixed perimeter with the maximum area. The solution uses calculus techniques like taking the derivative to find the critical points and determine that the optimal rectangle is a square. The notes discuss strategies for solving optimization problems and summarize the key steps to take.
Uncountably many problems in life and nature can be expressed in terms of an optimization principle. We look at the process and find a few good examples.
The document discusses curve sketching of functions by analyzing their derivatives. It provides:
1) A checklist for graphing a function which involves finding where the function is positive/negative/zero, its monotonicity from the first derivative, and concavity from the second derivative.
2) An example of graphing the cubic function f(x) = 2x^3 - 3x^2 - 12x through analyzing its derivatives.
3) Explanations of the increasing/decreasing test and concavity test to determine monotonicity and concavity from a function's derivatives.
The document contains lecture notes on curve sketching from a Calculus I class. It discusses using the first and second derivative tests to determine properties of a function like monotonicity, concavity, maxima, minima, and points of inflection in order to sketch the graph of the function. It then provides an example of using these tests to sketch the graph of the cubic function f(x) = 2x^3 - 3x^2 - 12x.
Lesson 20: Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves (slides)Matthew Leingang
This document contains lecture notes on derivatives and the shapes of curves from a Calculus I class taught by Professor Matthew Leingang at New York University. The notes cover using derivatives to determine the intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing, classifying critical points as maxima or minima, using the second derivative to determine concavity, and applying the first and second derivative tests. Examples are provided to illustrate finding intervals of monotonicity for various functions.
Lesson 20: Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves (handout)Matthew Leingang
This document contains lecture notes on calculus from a Calculus I course. It covers determining the monotonicity of functions using the first derivative test. Key points include using the sign of the derivative to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing over an interval, and using the first derivative test to classify critical points as local maxima, minima, or neither. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding intervals of monotonicity for various functions and applying the first derivative test.
Lesson 20: Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves (handout)
Lesson 21: Curve Sketching (Section 021 handout)
1. Section 4.4
Curve Sketching
V63.0121.021, Calculus I
New York University
November 18, 2010
Announcements
There is class on November 23. The homework is due on
November 24. Turn in homework to my mailbox or bring to class on
November 23.
Announcements
There is class on
November 23. The
homework is due on
November 24. Turn in
homework to my mailbox or
bring to class on
November 23.
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 2 / 55
Objectives
given a function, graph it
completely, indicating
zeroes (if easy)
asymptotes if applicable
critical points
local/global max/min
inflection points
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 3 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
1
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
2. Why?
Graphing functions is like
dissection . . . or diagramming
sentences
You can really know a lot about
a function when you know all of
its anatomy.
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 4 / 55
The Increasing/Decreasing Test
Theorem (The Increasing/Decreasing Test)
If f > 0 on (a, b), then f is increasing on (a, b). If f < 0 on (a, b), then
f is decreasing on (a, b).
Example
Here f (x) = x3
+ x2
, and f (x) = 3x2
+ 2x.
f (x)
f (x)
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 5 / 55
Testing for Concavity
Theorem (Concavity Test)
If f (x) > 0 for all x in (a, b), then the graph of f is concave upward on
(a, b) If f (x) < 0 for all x in (a, b), then the graph of f is concave
downward on (a, b).
Example
Here f (x) = x3
+ x2
, f (x) = 3x2
+ 2x, and f (x) = 6x + 2.
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 6 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
2
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
3. Graphing Checklist
To graph a function f , follow this plan:
0. Find when f is positive, negative, zero, not
defined.
1. Find f and form its sign chart. Conclude
information about increasing/decreasing
and local max/min.
2. Find f and form its sign chart. Conclude
concave up/concave down and inflection.
3. Put together a big chart to assemble
monotonicity and concavity data
4. Graph!
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 7 / 55
Outline
Simple examples
A cubic function
A quartic function
More Examples
Points of nondifferentiability
Horizontal asymptotes
Vertical asymptotes
Trigonometric and polynomial together
Logarithmic
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 8 / 55
Graphing a cubic
Example
Graph f (x) = 2x3
− 3x2
− 12x.
(Step 0) First, let’s find the zeros. We can at least factor out one power of
x:
f (x) = x(2x2
− 3x − 12)
so f (0) = 0. The other factor is a quadratic, so we the other two roots are
x =
3 ± 32 − 4(2)(−12)
4
=
3 ±
√
105
4
It’s OK to skip this step for now since the roots are so complicated.
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 9 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
3
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
4. Step 1: Monotonicity
f (x) = 2x3
− 3x2
− 12x
=⇒ f (x) = 6x2
− 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)
We can form a sign chart from this:
x − 2
2
− − +
x + 1
−1
++−
f (x)
f (x)2−1
+ − +
max min
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 10 / 55
Step 2: Concavity
f (x) = 6x2
− 6x − 12
=⇒ f (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)
Another sign chart:
f (x)
f (x)1/2
−− ++
IP
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 11 / 55
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all
Remember, f (x) = 2x3
− 3x2
− 12x.
f (x)
monotonicity−1 2
+− −+
f (x)
concavity1/2
−− −− ++ ++
f (x)
shape of f−1
7
max
2
−20
min
1/2
−61/2
IP
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 12 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
4
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
5. Combinations of monotonicity and concavity
III
III IV
decreasing,
concave
down
increasing,
concave
down
decreasing,
concave up
increasing,
concave up
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 13 / 55
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all
Remember, f (x) = 2x3
− 3x2
− 12x.
f (x)
monotonicity−1 2
+− −+
f (x)
concavity1/2
−− −− ++ ++
f (x)
shape of f−1
7
max
2
−20
min
1/2
−61/2
IP
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 14 / 55
Step 4: Graph
f (x) = 2x3
− 3x2
− 12x
x
f (x)
f (x)
shape of f−1
7
max
2
−20
min
1/2
−61/2
IP
3−
√
105
4 , 0
(−1, 7)
(0, 0)
(1/2, −61/2)
(2, −20)
3+
√
105
4 , 0
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 15 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
5
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
6. Graphing a quartic
Example
Graph f (x) = x4
− 4x3
+ 10
(Step 0) We know f (0) = 10 and lim
x→±∞
f (x) = +∞. Not too many other
points on the graph are evident.
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 16 / 55
Step 1: Monotonicity
f (x) = x4
− 4x3
+ 10
=⇒ f (x) = 4x3
− 12x2
= 4x2
(x − 3)
We make its sign chart.
4x2
0
0+ + +
(x − 3)
3
0− − +
f (x)
f (x)3
0
0
0− − +
min
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 17 / 55
Step 2: Concavity
f (x) = 4x3
− 12x2
=⇒ f (x) = 12x2
− 24x = 12x(x − 2)
Here is its sign chart:
12x
0
0− + +
x − 2
2
0− − +
f (x)
f (x)0
0
2
0++ −− ++
IP IP
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 18 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
6
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
7. Step 3: Grand Unified Sign Chart
Remember, f (x) = x4
− 4x3
+ 10.
f (x)
monotonicity3
0
0
0− − − +
f (x)
concavity0
0
2
0++ −− ++ ++
f (x)
shape0
10
IP
2
−6
IP
3
−17
min
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 19 / 55
Step 4: Graph
f (x) = x4
− 4x3
+ 10
x
y
f (x)
shape0
10
IP
2
−6
IP
3
−17
min
(0, 10)
(2, −6)
(3, −17)
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 20 / 55
Outline
Simple examples
A cubic function
A quartic function
More Examples
Points of nondifferentiability
Horizontal asymptotes
Vertical asymptotes
Trigonometric and polynomial together
Logarithmic
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 21 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
7
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
8. Graphing a function with a cusp
Example
Graph f (x) = x + |x|
This function looks strange because of the absolute value. But whenever
we become nervous, we can just take cases.
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 22 / 55
Step 0: Finding Zeroes
f (x) = x + |x|
First, look at f by itself. We can tell that f (0) = 0 and that f (x) > 0
if x is positive.
Are there negative numbers which are zeroes for f ?
x +
√
−x = 0
√
−x = −x
−x = x2
x2
+ x = 0
The only solutions are x = 0 and x = −1.
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 23 / 55
Step 0: Asymptotic behavior
f (x) = x + |x|
lim
x→∞
f (x) = ∞, because both terms tend to ∞.
lim
x→−∞
f (x) is indeterminate of the form −∞ + ∞. It’s the same as
lim
y→+∞
(−y +
√
y)
lim
y→+∞
(−y +
√
y) = lim
y→∞
(
√
y − y) ·
√
y + y
√
y + y
= lim
y→∞
y − y2
√
y + y
= −∞
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 24 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
8
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
9. Step 1: The derivative
Remember, f (x) = x + |x|.
To find f , first assume x > 0. Then
f (x) =
d
dx
x +
√
x = 1 +
1
2
√
x
Notice
f (x) > 0 when x > 0 (so no critical points here)
lim
x→0+
f (x) = ∞ (so 0 is a critical point)
lim
x→∞
f (x) = 1 (so the graph is asymptotic to a line of slope 1)
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 25 / 55
Step 1: The derivative
Remember, f (x) = x + |x|.
If x is negative, we have
f (x) =
d
dx
x +
√
−x = 1 −
1
2
√
−x
Notice
lim
x→0−
f (x) = −∞ (other side of the critical point)
lim
x→−∞
f (x) = 1 (asymptotic to a line of slope 1)
f (x) = 0 when
1 −
1
2
√
−x
= 0 =⇒
√
−x =
1
2
=⇒ −x =
1
4
=⇒ x = −
1
4
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 26 / 55
Step 1: Monotonicity
f (x) =
1 +
1
2
√
x
if x > 0
1 −
1
2
√
−x
if x < 0
We can’t make a multi-factor sign chart because of the absolute value,
but we can test points in between critical points.
f (x)
f (x)−1
4
0
0
∞+ − +
max min
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 27 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
9
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
10. Step 2: Concavity
If x > 0, then
f (x) =
d
dx
1 +
1
2
x−1/2
= −
1
4
x−3/2
This is negative whenever x > 0.
If x < 0, then
f (x) =
d
dx
1 −
1
2
(−x)−1/2
= −
1
4
(−x)−3/2
which is also always negative for negative x.
In other words, f (x) = −
1
4
|x|−3/2
.
Here is the sign chart:
f (x)
f (x)0
−∞−− −−
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 28 / 55
Step 3: Synthesis
Now we can put these things together.
f (x) = x + |x|
f (x)
monotonicity−1
4
0
0
∞+1 + − + +1
f (x)
concavity0
−∞−− −− −−−∞ −∞
f (x)
shape−1
0
zero
−1
4
1
4
max
0
0
min
−∞ +∞
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 29 / 55
Graph
f (x) = x + |x|
f (x)
shape−1
0
zero
−∞ +∞
−1
4
1
4
max
−∞ +∞
0
0
min
−∞ +∞
x
f (x)
(−1, 0)
(−1
4, 1
4)
(0, 0)
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 30 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
10
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
11. Example with Horizontal Asymptotes
Example
Graph f (x) = xe−x2
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 31 / 55
Step 1: Monotonicity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 32 / 55
Step 2: Concavity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 33 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
11
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
12. Step 3: Synthesis
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 34 / 55
Step 4: Graph
x
f (x)
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 35 / 55
Example with Vertical Asymptotes
Example
Graph f (x) =
1
x
+
1
x2
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 36 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
12
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
13. Step 0
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 37 / 55
Step 1: Monotonicity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 39 / 55
Step 2: Concavity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 40 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
13
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
14. Step 3: Synthesis
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 41 / 55
Step 4: Graph
x
y
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 42 / 55
Trigonometric and polynomial together
Problem
Graph f (x) = cos x − x
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 43 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
14
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
15. Step 0: intercepts and asymptotes
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 44 / 55
Step 1: Monotonicity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 45 / 55
Step 2: Concavity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 46 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
15
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
16. Step 3: Synthesis
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 47 / 55
Step 4: Graph
f (x) = cos x − x
x
y
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 48 / 55
Logarithmic
Problem
Graph f (x) = x ln x2
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 49 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
16
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
17. Step 0: Intercepts and Asymptotes
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 50 / 55
Step 1: Monotonicity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 51 / 55
Step 2: Concavity
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 52 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
17
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010
18. Step 3: Synthesis
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 53 / 55
Step 4: Graph
x
y
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 54 / 55
Summary
Graphing is a procedure that gets easier with practice.
Remember to follow the checklist.
V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching November 18, 2010 55 / 55
Notes
Notes
Notes
18
Section 4.4 : Curve SketchingV63.0121.021, Calculus I November 18, 2010