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Section 4.4
                  Curve Sketching

                V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I

                        New York University


                        June 10, 2010



Announcements
   Homework 4 due Tuesday


                                              .   .   .   .   .   .
Announcements




           Homework 4 due Tuesday




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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       2 / 45
Objectives




           given a function, graph it
           completely, indicating
                   zeroes (if easy)
                   asymptotes if applicable
                   critical points
                   local/global max/min
                   inflection points




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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       3 / 45
Why?




  Graphing functions is like
  dissection




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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       4 / 45

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Lesson 23: Antiderivatives
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Why?




  Graphing functions is like
  dissection … or diagramming
  sentences




                                                                      .   .   .     .      .      .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       4 / 45
Why?




  Graphing functions is like
  dissection … or diagramming
  sentences
  You can really know a lot about
  a function when you know all of
  its anatomy.




                                                                      .   .   .     .      .      .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       4 / 45
The Increasing/Decreasing Test

 Theorem (The Increasing/Decreasing Test)
 If f′ > 0 on (a, b), then f is increasing on (a, b). If f′ < 0 on (a, b), then f
 is decreasing on (a, b).

 Example
 Here f(x) = x3 + x2 , and f′ (x) = 3x2 + 2x.

                                                                      f
                                                                      .(x)
                                                           .′ (x)
                                                           f



                                                .


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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010       5 / 45
Testing for Concavity
 Theorem (Concavity Test)
 If f′′ (x) > 0 for all x in (a, b), then the graph of f is concave upward on
 (a, b) If f′′ (x) < 0 for all x in (a, b), then the graph of f is concave
 downward on (a, b).

 Example
 Here f(x) = x3 + x2 , f′ (x) = 3x2 + 2x, and f′′ (x) = 6x + 2.
                                            .′′ (x)
                                            f                    f
                                                                 .(x)
                                                      .′ (x)
                                                      f




                                                .


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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                 June 10, 2010       6 / 45

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Graphing Checklist


To graph a function f, follow this plan:
  0. Find when f is positive, negative, zero,
     not defined.
  1. Find f′ and form its sign chart. Conclude
     information about increasing/decreasing
     and local max/min.
  2. Find f′′ and form its sign chart. Conclude
     concave up/concave down and inflection.
  3. Put together a big chart to assemble
     monotonicity and concavity data
  4. Graph!



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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       7 / 45
Outline



 Simple examples
    A cubic function
    A quartic function


 More Examples
   Points of nondifferentiability
   Horizontal asymptotes
   Vertical asymptotes
   Trigonometric and polynomial together
   Logarithmic



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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       8 / 45
Graphing a cubic


 Example
 Graph f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.




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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       9 / 45
Graphing a cubic


 Example
 Graph f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

 (Step 0) First, let’s find the zeros. We can at least factor out one power
 of x:
                             f(x) = x(2x2 − 3x − 12)
 so f(0) = 0. The other factor is a quadratic, so we the other two roots
 are                        √
                                                     √
                       3 ± 32 − 4(2)(−12)        3 ± 105
                  x=                          =
                                  4                  4
 It’s OK to skip this step for now since the roots are so complicated.


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V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010       9 / 45

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Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                                        .




                                                                          .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                                        .                     .               . −2
                                                                              x
                                                            2
                                                            .
                                  .                                           x
                                                                              . +1
                                −
                                . 1
                                                                              .′ (x)
                                                                              f
                                  .                           .
                                −
                                . 1                         2
                                                            .                 f
                                                                              .(x)


                                                                          .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                                  .                                       x
                                                                          . +1
                                −
                                . 1
                                                                          .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                  .                       .
                                −
                                . 1                     2
                                                        .                 f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                              −
                              . 1
                                                                          .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                  .                       .
                                −
                                . 1                     2
                                                        .                 f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45

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Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                              −
                              . 1
                            . .
                            +                                             .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                          .
                                −
                                . 1                     2
                                                        .                 f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                              −
                              . 1
                            . .
                            +            −
                                         .                                .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                          .
                                −
                                . 1                     2
                                                        .                 f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                              −
                              . 1
                            . .
                            +            −
                                         .                        .
                                                                  +       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                          .
                                −
                                . 1                     2
                                                        .                 f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                              −
                              . 1
                            . .
                            +            −
                                         .                        .
                                                                  +       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                          .
                            ↗−
                            . . 1                       2
                                                        .                 f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45

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Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                              −
                              . 1
                            . .
                            +            −
                                         .                        .
                                                                  +       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                          .
                            ↗−
                            . . 1        ↘
                                         .              2
                                                        .                 f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                              −
                              . 1
                            . .
                            +            −
                                         .                       .
                                                                 +        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                          .
                            ↗−
                            . . 1        ↘
                                         .              2
                                                        .        ↗
                                                                 .        f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                               −
                               . 1
                            . .
                            +            −
                                         .                       .
                                                                 +        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                          .
                            ↗−
                            . . 1        ↘
                                         .              2
                                                        .        ↗
                                                                 .        f
                                                                          .(x)
                              m
                              . ax

                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                 f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                        =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2)

 We can form a sign chart from this:

                            −
                            .             −
                                        . .               .       .
                                                                  +
                                                                          . −2
                                                                          x
                                                        2
                                                        .
                            −
                            . .          .
                                         +                        .
                                                                  +
                                                                          x
                                                                          . +1
                               −
                               . 1
                            . .
                            +            −
                                         .                       .
                                                                 +        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                         .
                            ↗−
                            . . 1        ↘
                                         .             2
                                                       .         ↗
                                                                 .        f
                                                                          .(x)
                              m
                              . ax                    m
                                                      . in

                                                                      .   .        .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   10 / 45

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Step 2: Concavity




                                        f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
                                 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)

 Another sign chart:                     .




                                                                           .   .   .      .      .     .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   11 / 45
Step 2: Concavity




                                        f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
                                 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)

 Another sign chart:                     .
                                                                               .′′ (x)
                                                                               f
                                                .
                                              ./2
                                              1                                f
                                                                               .(x)




                                                                           .   .      .      .      .     .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   11 / 45
Step 2: Concavity




                                        f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
                                 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)

 Another sign chart:                     .

                                −
                                . −                                            .′′ (x)
                                                                               f
                                                .
                                              ./2
                                              1                                f
                                                                               .(x)




                                                                           .   .      .      .      .     .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   11 / 45
Step 2: Concavity




                                        f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
                                 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)

 Another sign chart:                     .

                                −
                                . −                    . +
                                                       +                       .′′ (x)
                                                                               f
                                                .
                                              ./2
                                              1                                f
                                                                               .(x)




                                                                           .   .      .      .      .     .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   11 / 45

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Step 2: Concavity




                                        f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
                                 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)

 Another sign chart:                     .

                                −
                                . −                    . +
                                                       +                       .′′ (x)
                                                                               f
                                                .
                                 .
                                 ⌢            ./2
                                              1                                f
                                                                               .(x)




                                                                           .   .      .      .      .     .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   11 / 45
Step 2: Concavity




                                        f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
                                 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)

 Another sign chart:                     .

                                −
                                . −                    . +
                                                       +                       .′′ (x)
                                                                               f
                                                .
                                 .
                                 ⌢            ./2
                                              1         .
                                                        ⌣                      f
                                                                               .(x)




                                                                           .   .      .      .      .     .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   11 / 45
Step 2: Concavity




                                        f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12
                                 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1)

 Another sign chart:                     .

                                −
                                . −                    . +
                                                       +                       .′′ (x)
                                                                               f
                                                .
                                 .
                                 ⌢            ./2
                                              1         .
                                                        ⌣                      f
                                                                               .(x)
                                              I
                                              .P




                                                                           .   .      .      .      .     .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   11 / 45
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                                        .




                                                                          .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   12 / 45

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Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                            −
                      . . . .
                      +                   −
                                          .                .
                                                           +              .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                                    .
                      ↗− ↘
                      . . 1 .             ↘
                                          .       2
                                                  .        ↗
                                                           .              m
                                                                          . onotonicity




                                                                      .            .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                        June 10, 2010   12 / 45
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                     . .
                     +            −
                                  . .       −
                                            .                .
                                                             +              .′ (x)
                                                                            f
                                                .
                     ↗−
                     . . 1        ↘
                                  .         ↘ .
                                            .  2             ↗
                                                             .              m
                                                                            .′′ onotonicity
                    −
                    . −          −
                                 . − .     . +
                                           +                . +
                                                            +               f
                                                                            . (x)
                     .
                     ⌢            .
                                  ⌢ 1/2
                                      .     .
                                            ⌣                .
                                                             ⌣              c
                                                                            . oncavity




                                                                        .            .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)     Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                        June 10, 2010   12 / 45
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                     . .
                     +         −
                               . .       −
                                         .        .
                                                  +                       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                               .
                     ↗−
                     . . 1     ↘
                               .         ↘ .
                                         .   2    ↗
                                                  .                       m
                                                                          .′′ onotonicity
                    −
                    . −       −
                              . − . . + +        . +
                                                 +                        f
                                                                          . (x)
                     .
                     ⌢         ⌢ ./2 .
                               .   1     ⌣        .
                                                  ⌣                       c
                                                                          . oncavity
                           7
                           ..    −
                                 . 6 1/2   −.
                                           . 20                           f
                                                                          .(x)
                                     .
                          −
                          . 1      .
                                   1/2       2
                                             .                            s
                                                                          . hape of f
                         m
                         . ax      I
                                   .P       m
                                            . in




                                                                      .            .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                        June 10, 2010   12 / 45
Combinations of monotonicity and concavity




                                        I
                                        .I                              I
                                                                        .


                                                       .



                                        I
                                        .II                        I
                                                                   .V




                                                                            .   .   .      .       .    .

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                                                                                .
                                                                                decreasing,
                                                                                concave
                                                                                down

                                        I
                                        .I                              I
                                                                        .


                                                       .



                                        I
                                        .II                        I
                                                                   .V




                                                                            .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)     Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                      June 10, 2010   13 / 45
Combinations of monotonicity and concavity
                     .                                                          .
                     increasing,                                                decreasing,
                     concave                                                    concave
                     down                                                       down

                                        I
                                        .I                              I
                                                                        .


                                                       .



                                        I
                                        .II                        I
                                                                   .V




                                                                            .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)     Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                      June 10, 2010   13 / 45
Combinations of monotonicity and concavity
                     .                                                          .
                     increasing,                                                decreasing,
                     concave                                                    concave
                     down                                                       down

                                        I
                                        .I                              I
                                                                        .


                                                       .



                                        I
                                        .II                        I
                                                                   .V

                     .
                     decreasing,
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                                                                            .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)     Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                      June 10, 2010   13 / 45
Combinations of monotonicity and concavity
                     .                                                          .
                     increasing,                                                decreasing,
                     concave                                                    concave
                     down                                                       down

                                        I
                                        .I                              I
                                                                        .


                                                       .



                                        I
                                        .II                        I
                                                                   .V

                     .                                                          .
                     decreasing,                                                increasing,
                     concave up                                                 concave up
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Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                     . .
                     +        −
                              . .       −
                                        .        .
                                                 +                        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                              .
                     ↗−
                     . . 1    ↘
                              .         ↘ .
                                        .   2    ↗
                                                 .                        m
                                                                          .′′ onotonicity
                    −
                    . −      −
                             . − . . + +        . +
                                                +                         f
                                                                          . (x)
                     .
                     ⌢        ⌢ ./2 .
                              .   1     ⌣        .
                                                 ⌣                        c
                                                                          . oncavity
                          7
                          ..    −
                                . 6 1/2   −.
                                          . 20                            f
                                                                          .(x)
                                    .
                      . . 1
                         −        .
                                  1/2       2
                                            .                             s
                                                                          . hape of f
                        m
                        . ax      I
                                  .P       m
                                           . in




                                                                      .            .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                        June 10, 2010   14 / 45
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                     . .
                     +        −
                              . .       −
                                        .        .
                                                 +                        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                              .
                     ↗−
                     . . 1    ↘
                              .         ↘ .
                                        .   2    ↗
                                                 .                        m
                                                                          .′′ onotonicity
                    −
                    . −      −
                             . − . . + +        . +
                                                +                         f
                                                                          . (x)
                     .
                     ⌢        ⌢ ./2 .
                              .   1     ⌣        .
                                                 ⌣                        c
                                                                          . oncavity
                          7
                          ..    −
                                . 6 1/2   −.
                                          . 20                            f
                                                                          .(x)
                                    .
                      . . 1 . ./2
                         −        1         2
                                            .                             s
                                                                          . hape of f
                        m
                        . ax      I
                                  .P       m
                                           . in




                                                                      .            .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                        June 10, 2010   14 / 45
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                     . .
                     +        −
                              . .       −
                                        .        .
                                                 +                        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                              .
                     ↗−
                     . . 1    ↘
                              .         ↘ .
                                        .   2    ↗
                                                 .                        m
                                                                          .′′ onotonicity
                    −
                    . −      −
                             . − . . + +        . +
                                                +                         f
                                                                          . (x)
                     .
                     ⌢        ⌢ ./2 .
                              .   1     ⌣        .
                                                 ⌣                        c
                                                                          . oncavity
                          7
                          ..    −
                                . 6 1/2   −.
                                          . 20                            f
                                                                          .(x)
                                    .
                      . . 1 . ./2 .
                         −        1         2
                                            .                             s
                                                                          . hape of f
                        m
                        . ax      I
                                  .P       m
                                           . in




                                                                      .            .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                        June 10, 2010   14 / 45
Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all



 Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x.

                     . .
                     +        −
                              . .       −
                                        .        .
                                                 +                        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                              .
                     ↗−
                     . . 1    ↘
                              .         ↘ .
                                        .   2    ↗
                                                 .                        m
                                                                          .′′ onotonicity
                    −
                    . −      −
                             . − . . + +        . +
                                                +                         f
                                                                          . (x)
                     .
                     ⌢        ⌢ ./2 .
                              .   1     ⌣        .
                                                 ⌣                        c
                                                                          . oncavity
                          7
                          ..    −
                                . 6 1/2   −.
                                          . 20                            f
                                                                          .(x)
                                    .
                      . . 1 . ./2 .
                         −        1         2
                                            .     .                       s
                                                                          . hape of f
                        m
                        . ax      I
                                  .P       m
                                           . in




                                                                      .            .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                        June 10, 2010   14 / 45

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Step 4: Graph
                                                   f
                                                   .(x)




                      .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                      f

                     ( √          )         . −1, 7)
                                            (
                                                .
                     . 3− 4105 , 0                            . 0, 0)
                                                              (
                                        .                 .                                 .
                                                                    . 1/2, −61/2)
                                                                    (                           ( . x
                                                                                                    √        )
                                                                .                               . 3+ 4105 , 0

                                                                        . 2, −20)
                                                                        (
                                                                              .

                                                7
                                                ..  −
                                                    . 61/2 −.
                                                           . 20                                         f
                                                                                                        .(x)
                                                        .
                                            . . 1 . ./2 .
                                               −      1      2
                                                             .                          .               s
                                                                                                        . hape of f
                                              m
                                              . ax    I
                                                      .P    m
                                                            . in            .       .       .       .          .   .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                         June 10, 2010     15 / 45
Step 4: Graph
                                                   f
                                                   .(x)




                      .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                      f

                     ( √          )         . −1, 7)
                                            (
                                                .
                     . 3− 4105 , 0                            . 0, 0)
                                                              (
                                        .                 .                                 .
                                                                    . 1/2, −61/2)
                                                                    (                           ( . x
                                                                                                    √        )
                                                                .                               . 3+ 4105 , 0

                                                                        . 2, −20)
                                                                        (
                                                                              .

                                                7
                                                ..  −
                                                    . 61/2 −.
                                                           . 20                                         f
                                                                                                        .(x)
                                                        .
                                            . . 1 . ./2 .
                                               −      1      2
                                                             .                          .               s
                                                                                                        . hape of f
                                              m
                                              . ax    I
                                                      .P    m
                                                            . in            .       .       .       .          .   .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                         June 10, 2010     15 / 45
Step 4: Graph
                                                   f
                                                   .(x)




                      .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                      f

                     ( √          )         . −1, 7)
                                            (
                                                .
                     . 3− 4105 , 0                            . 0, 0)
                                                              (
                                        .                 .                                 .
                                                                    . 1/2, −61/2)
                                                                    (                           ( . x
                                                                                                    √        )
                                                                .                               . 3+ 4105 , 0

                                                                        . 2, −20)
                                                                        (
                                                                              .

                                                7
                                                ..  −
                                                    . 61/2 −.
                                                           . 20                                         f
                                                                                                        .(x)
                                                        .
                                            . . 1 . ./2 .
                                               −      1      2
                                                             .                          .               s
                                                                                                        . hape of f
                                              m
                                              . ax    I
                                                      .P    m
                                                            . in            .       .       .       .          .   .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                         June 10, 2010     15 / 45
Step 4: Graph
                                                   f
                                                   .(x)




                      .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                      f

                     ( √          )         . −1, 7)
                                            (
                                                .
                     . 3− 4105 , 0                            . 0, 0)
                                                              (
                                        .                 .                                 .
                                                                    . 1/2, −61/2)
                                                                    (                           ( . x
                                                                                                    √        )
                                                                .                               . 3+ 4105 , 0

                                                                        . 2, −20)
                                                                        (
                                                                              .

                                                7
                                                ..  −
                                                    . 61/2 −.
                                                           . 20                                         f
                                                                                                        .(x)
                                                        .
                                            . . 1 . ./2 .
                                               −      1      2
                                                             .                          .               s
                                                                                                        . hape of f
                                              m
                                              . ax    I
                                                      .P    m
                                                            . in            .       .       .       .          .   .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                         June 10, 2010     15 / 45

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Step 4: Graph
                                                   f
                                                   .(x)




                      .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x
                      f

                     ( √          )         . −1, 7)
                                            (
                                                .
                     . 3− 4105 , 0                            . 0, 0)
                                                              (
                                        .                 .                                 .
                                                                    . 1/2, −61/2)
                                                                    (                           ( . x
                                                                                                    √        )
                                                                .                               . 3+ 4105 , 0

                                                                        . 2, −20)
                                                                        (
                                                                              .

                                                7
                                                ..  −
                                                    . 61/2 −.
                                                           . 20                                         f
                                                                                                        .(x)
                                                        .
                                            . . 1 . ./2 .
                                               −      1      2
                                                             .                          .               s
                                                                                                        . hape of f
                                              m
                                              . ax    I
                                                      .P    m
                                                            . in            .       .       .       .          .   .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                         June 10, 2010     15 / 45
Graphing a quartic




 Example
 Graph f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10




                                                                      .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   16 / 45
Graphing a quartic




 Example
 Graph f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10

 (Step 0) We know f(0) = 10 and lim f(x) = +∞. Not too many other
                                                 x→±∞
 points on the graph are evident.




                                                                      .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)   Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   16 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)




                                                                          .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   17 / 45

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- The document is a lecture on calculus from an NYU course. It discusses using derivatives to determine the monotonicity and concavity of functions. - There will be a quiz this week covering sections 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, and 3.7. Homework is due November 24. - The lecture covers using the first derivative to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing over an interval, and using the second derivative to determine if a graph is concave up or down.

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We can put all of our graph-description techniques into a single picture. (The problem I did on the sketchpad is now prettified.)

v6301212010ffunctionv6301210412010f
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The document is a lecture note on derivatives and the shapes of curves. It discusses the mean value theorem and its applications to determining monotonicity and concavity of functions. Specifically, it covers: - Using the first derivative test to find intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing by determining where the derivative is positive or negative - Examples of applying this process to functions like x2 - 1 and x2/3(x + 2) - Definitions of increasing, decreasing, and concavity - How the second derivative test can determine concavity by examining the sign of the second derivative

increasingcalculusmonotonicity
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                            f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                                        .




                                                                              .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)           Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                             f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                                        0
                                        ..
                                                                               . x2
                                                                               4
                                        0
                                        .




                                                                               .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)            Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .




                                                                          .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .




                                                                          .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45

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The document provides notes on curve sketching from a Calculus I class at New York University. It includes announcements about an upcoming homework assignment and class, objectives of learning how to graph functions, and notes on techniques for curve sketching such as using the increasing/decreasing test and concavity test to determine properties of a function's graph. Examples are provided of graphing cubic and quartic functions as well as functions with absolute values.

v6301210212010fv6301212010ffunction
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .




                                                                          .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                    .
                                                                     +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                                                                0
                                                                ..
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .




                                                                          .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                    .
                                                                     +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                                0
                                                                ..
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .




                                                                          .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                    .
                                                                     +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               0
                                                                ..
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .




                                                                          .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45

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Describe the monotonicity of f(x) = arctan(x). The derivative of arctan(x) is f'(x) = 1/(1+x^2), which is always positive. Therefore, f(x) = arctan(x) is an increasing function on (-∞,∞).

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antiderivativeintegralv6301212010f
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .




                                                                          .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                             f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0                   .
                                                     +                   .
                                                                         +
                                                                               . x2
                                                                               4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                     −
                                                     .               .. .
                                                                     0 +
                                                                               . x − 3)
                                                                               (
                                                                     3
                                                                     .
                                        0
                                        ..                           0
                                                                     ..        .′ (x)
                                                                               f
                                        0
                                        .                            3
                                                                     .         f
                                                                               .(x)


                                                                               .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)            Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .
                               − 0
                               . ..                             0
                                                                ..        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                 0
                                 .                              3
                                                                .         f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                          .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .
                               − 0
                               . ..             −
                                                .               0
                                                                ..        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                 0
                                 .                              3
                                                                .         f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                          .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45

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g(x) represents the area under the curve of f(t) from 0 to x. As x increases from 0 to 10, g(x) will increase, representing the accumulating area under f(t) over the interval [0,x].

antiderivativeintegralv6301212010f
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .
                               − 0
                               . ..             −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                                 0
                                 .                              3
                                                                .         f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                          .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .
                               − 0
                               . ..             −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                               ↘ 0
                               . .                              3
                                                                .         f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                          .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .
                               − 0
                               . ..             −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                               ↘ 0
                               . .              ↘
                                                .               3
                                                                .         f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                          .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                                3
                                                                .
                               − 0
                               . ..             −
                                                .               .. .
                                                                0 +       .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                               ↘ 0
                               . .              ↘
                                                .               3 ↗
                                                                . .       f
                                                                          .(x)


                                                                          .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45

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f is decreasing on (−∞, −4/5] and increasing on [−4/5, ∞). . . . . . . V63.0121.021, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.2 The Shapes of Curves November 16, 2010 13 / 32

Step 1: Monotonicity



                                        f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10
                              =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

 We make its sign chart.

                               . ..
                               + 0              .
                                                +                   .
                                                                    +
                                                                          . x2
                                                                          4
                                 0
                                 .
                               −
                               .                −
                                                .              .. .
                                                               0 +
                                                                          . x − 3)
                                                                          (
                                                               3
                                                               .
                               − 0
                               . ..             −
                                                .              .. .
                                                               0 +        .′ (x)
                                                                          f
                               ↘ 0
                               . .              ↘
                                                .              3 ↗
                                                               . .        f
                                                                          .(x)
                                                              m
                                                              . in

                                                                          .        .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)       Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                    June 10, 2010   17 / 45
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)



                                        .




                                                                           .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   18 / 45
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)

 Here is its sign chart:

                                        .




                                                                           .   .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching               June 10, 2010   18 / 45
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)

 Here is its sign chart:

                                        0
                                        ..
                                                                               1
                                                                               . 2x
                                        0
                                        .




                                                                           .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   18 / 45

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calculusareafunction
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)

 Here is its sign chart:

                                 − 0
                                 . ..
                                                                               1
                                                                               . 2x
                                   0
                                   .




                                                                           .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   18 / 45
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)

 Here is its sign chart:

                                 − 0
                                 . ..         .
                                              +
                                                                               1
                                                                               . 2x
                                   0
                                   .




                                                                           .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   18 / 45
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)

 Here is its sign chart:

                                 − 0
                                 . ..         .
                                              +                   .
                                                                  +
                                                                               1
                                                                               . 2x
                                   0
                                   .




                                                                           .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   18 / 45
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)

 Here is its sign chart:

                                 − 0
                                 . ..         .
                                              +                   .
                                                                  +
                                                                               1
                                                                               . 2x
                                   0
                                   .
                                                        0
                                                        ..
                                                                               . −2
                                                                               x
                                                        2
                                                        .




                                                                           .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   18 / 45

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Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
                             =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)

 Here is its sign chart:

                                 − 0
                                 . ..         .
                                              +                   .
                                                                  +
                                                                               1
                                                                               . 2x
                                   0
                                   .
                                 −
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                                                                               . −2
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                                                        2
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                                                                           .      .   .      .       .    .

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)        Section 4.4 Curve Sketching                  June 10, 2010   18 / 45
Step 2: Concavity



                                        f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
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 Here is its sign chart:

                                 − 0
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                                                                               1
                                                                               . 2x
                                   0
                                   .
                                 −
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Lesson 21: Curve Sketching

  • 1. Section 4.4 Curve Sketching V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I New York University June 10, 2010 Announcements Homework 4 due Tuesday . . . . . .
  • 2. Announcements Homework 4 due Tuesday . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 2 / 45
  • 3. Objectives given a function, graph it completely, indicating zeroes (if easy) asymptotes if applicable critical points local/global max/min inflection points . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 3 / 45
  • 4. Why? Graphing functions is like dissection . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 4 / 45
  • 5. Why? Graphing functions is like dissection … or diagramming sentences . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 4 / 45
  • 6. Why? Graphing functions is like dissection … or diagramming sentences You can really know a lot about a function when you know all of its anatomy. . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 4 / 45
  • 7. The Increasing/Decreasing Test Theorem (The Increasing/Decreasing Test) If f′ > 0 on (a, b), then f is increasing on (a, b). If f′ < 0 on (a, b), then f is decreasing on (a, b). Example Here f(x) = x3 + x2 , and f′ (x) = 3x2 + 2x. f .(x) .′ (x) f . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 5 / 45
  • 8. Testing for Concavity Theorem (Concavity Test) If f′′ (x) > 0 for all x in (a, b), then the graph of f is concave upward on (a, b) If f′′ (x) < 0 for all x in (a, b), then the graph of f is concave downward on (a, b). Example Here f(x) = x3 + x2 , f′ (x) = 3x2 + 2x, and f′′ (x) = 6x + 2. .′′ (x) f f .(x) .′ (x) f . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 6 / 45
  • 9. Graphing Checklist To graph a function f, follow this plan: 0. Find when f is positive, negative, zero, not defined. 1. Find f′ and form its sign chart. Conclude information about increasing/decreasing and local max/min. 2. Find f′′ and form its sign chart. Conclude concave up/concave down and inflection. 3. Put together a big chart to assemble monotonicity and concavity data 4. Graph! . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 7 / 45
  • 10. Outline Simple examples A cubic function A quartic function More Examples Points of nondifferentiability Horizontal asymptotes Vertical asymptotes Trigonometric and polynomial together Logarithmic . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 8 / 45
  • 11. Graphing a cubic Example Graph f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 9 / 45
  • 12. Graphing a cubic Example Graph f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. (Step 0) First, let’s find the zeros. We can at least factor out one power of x: f(x) = x(2x2 − 3x − 12) so f(0) = 0. The other factor is a quadratic, so we the other two roots are √ √ 3 ± 32 − 4(2)(−12) 3 ± 105 x= = 4 4 It’s OK to skip this step for now since the roots are so complicated. . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 9 / 45
  • 13. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 14. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: . . . −2 x 2 . . x . +1 − . 1 .′ (x) f . . − . 1 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 15. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . . x . +1 − . 1 .′ (x) f . . − . 1 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 16. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 .′ (x) f . . − . 1 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 17. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + .′ (x) f . − . 1 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 18. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + − . .′ (x) f . − . 1 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 19. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + − . . + .′ (x) f . − . 1 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 20. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 21. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . 2 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 22. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . 2 . ↗ . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 23. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . 2 . ↗ . f .(x) m . ax . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 24. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x =⇒ f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 6(x + 1)(x − 2) We can form a sign chart from this: − . − . . . . + . −2 x 2 . − . . . + . + x . +1 − . 1 . . + − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . 2 . ↗ . f .(x) m . ax m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 10 / 45
  • 25. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1) Another sign chart: . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 11 / 45
  • 26. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1) Another sign chart: . .′′ (x) f . ./2 1 f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 11 / 45
  • 27. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1) Another sign chart: . − . − .′′ (x) f . ./2 1 f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 11 / 45
  • 28. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1) Another sign chart: . − . − . + + .′′ (x) f . ./2 1 f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 11 / 45
  • 29. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1) Another sign chart: . − . − . + + .′′ (x) f . . ⌢ ./2 1 f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 11 / 45
  • 30. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1) Another sign chart: . − . − . + + .′′ (x) f . . ⌢ ./2 1 . ⌣ f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 11 / 45
  • 31. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x − 6 = 6(2x − 1) Another sign chart: . − . − . + + .′′ (x) f . . ⌢ ./2 1 . ⌣ f .(x) I .P . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 11 / 45
  • 32. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 12 / 45
  • 33. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. − . . . . + − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− ↘ . . 1 . ↘ . 2 . ↗ . m . onotonicity . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 12 / 45
  • 34. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . + − . . − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . ↘ . . 2 ↗ . m .′′ onotonicity − . − − . − . . + + . + + f . (x) . ⌢ . ⌢ 1/2 . . ⌣ . ⌣ c . oncavity . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 12 / 45
  • 35. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . + − . . − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . ↘ . . 2 ↗ . m .′′ onotonicity − . − − . − . . + + . + + f . (x) . ⌢ ⌢ ./2 . . 1 ⌣ . ⌣ c . oncavity 7 .. − . 6 1/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . − . 1 . 1/2 2 . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 12 / 45
  • 36. Combinations of monotonicity and concavity I .I I . . I .II I .V . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 13 / 45
  • 37. Combinations of monotonicity and concavity . decreasing, concave down I .I I . . I .II I .V . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 13 / 45
  • 38. Combinations of monotonicity and concavity . . increasing, decreasing, concave concave down down I .I I . . I .II I .V . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 13 / 45
  • 39. Combinations of monotonicity and concavity . . increasing, decreasing, concave concave down down I .I I . . I .II I .V . decreasing, concave up . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 13 / 45
  • 40. Combinations of monotonicity and concavity . . increasing, decreasing, concave concave down down I .I I . . I .II I .V . . decreasing, increasing, concave up concave up . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 13 / 45
  • 41. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . + − . . − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . ↘ . . 2 ↗ . m .′′ onotonicity − . − − . − . . + + . + + f . (x) . ⌢ ⌢ ./2 . . 1 ⌣ . ⌣ c . oncavity 7 .. − . 6 1/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 − . 1/2 2 . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 14 / 45
  • 42. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . + − . . − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . ↘ . . 2 ↗ . m .′′ onotonicity − . − − . − . . + + . + + f . (x) . ⌢ ⌢ ./2 . . 1 ⌣ . ⌣ c . oncavity 7 .. − . 6 1/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 − 1 2 . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 14 / 45
  • 43. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . + − . . − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . ↘ . . 2 ↗ . m .′′ onotonicity − . − − . − . . + + . + + f . (x) . ⌢ ⌢ ./2 . . 1 ⌣ . ⌣ c . oncavity 7 .. − . 6 1/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 . − 1 2 . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 14 / 45
  • 44. Step 3: One sign chart to rule them all Remember, f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x. . . + − . . − . . + .′ (x) f . ↗− . . 1 ↘ . ↘ . . 2 ↗ . m .′′ onotonicity − . − − . − . . + + . + + f . (x) . ⌢ ⌢ ./2 . . 1 ⌣ . ⌣ c . oncavity 7 .. − . 6 1/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 . − 1 2 . . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 14 / 45
  • 45. Step 4: Graph f .(x) .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x f ( √ ) . −1, 7) ( . . 3− 4105 , 0 . 0, 0) ( . . . . 1/2, −61/2) ( ( . x √ ) . . 3+ 4105 , 0 . 2, −20) ( . 7 .. − . 61/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 . − 1 2 . . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 15 / 45
  • 46. Step 4: Graph f .(x) .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x f ( √ ) . −1, 7) ( . . 3− 4105 , 0 . 0, 0) ( . . . . 1/2, −61/2) ( ( . x √ ) . . 3+ 4105 , 0 . 2, −20) ( . 7 .. − . 61/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 . − 1 2 . . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 15 / 45
  • 47. Step 4: Graph f .(x) .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x f ( √ ) . −1, 7) ( . . 3− 4105 , 0 . 0, 0) ( . . . . 1/2, −61/2) ( ( . x √ ) . . 3+ 4105 , 0 . 2, −20) ( . 7 .. − . 61/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 . − 1 2 . . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 15 / 45
  • 48. Step 4: Graph f .(x) .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x f ( √ ) . −1, 7) ( . . 3− 4105 , 0 . 0, 0) ( . . . . 1/2, −61/2) ( ( . x √ ) . . 3+ 4105 , 0 . 2, −20) ( . 7 .. − . 61/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 . − 1 2 . . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 15 / 45
  • 49. Step 4: Graph f .(x) .(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x f ( √ ) . −1, 7) ( . . 3− 4105 , 0 . 0, 0) ( . . . . 1/2, −61/2) ( ( . x √ ) . . 3+ 4105 , 0 . 2, −20) ( . 7 .. − . 61/2 −. . 20 f .(x) . . . 1 . ./2 . − 1 2 . . s . hape of f m . ax I .P m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 15 / 45
  • 50. Graphing a quartic Example Graph f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 16 / 45
  • 51. Graphing a quartic Example Graph f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 (Step 0) We know f(0) = 10 and lim f(x) = +∞. Not too many other x→±∞ points on the graph are evident. . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 16 / 45
  • 52. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 53. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 54. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. 0 .. . x2 4 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 55. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . x2 4 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 56. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . x2 4 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 57. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 58. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . 0 .. . x − 3) ( 3 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 59. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . 0 .. . x − 3) ( 3 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 60. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . 0 .. . x − 3) ( 3 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 61. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 62. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . 0 .. 0 .. .′ (x) f 0 . 3 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 63. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . − 0 . .. 0 .. .′ (x) f 0 . 3 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 64. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . − 0 . .. − . 0 .. .′ (x) f 0 . 3 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 65. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . − 0 . .. − . .. . 0 + .′ (x) f 0 . 3 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 66. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . − 0 . .. − . .. . 0 + .′ (x) f ↘ 0 . . 3 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 67. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . − 0 . .. − . .. . 0 + .′ (x) f ↘ 0 . . ↘ . 3 . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 68. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . − 0 . .. − . .. . 0 + .′ (x) f ↘ 0 . . ↘ . 3 ↗ . . f .(x) . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 69. Step 1: Monotonicity f(x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 =⇒ f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) We make its sign chart. . .. + 0 . + . + . x2 4 0 . − . − . .. . 0 + . x − 3) ( 3 . − 0 . .. − . .. . 0 + .′ (x) f ↘ 0 . . ↘ . 3 ↗ . . f .(x) m . in . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 17 / 45
  • 70. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 71. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 72. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: 0 .. 1 . 2x 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 73. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: − 0 . .. 1 . 2x 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 74. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: − 0 . .. . + 1 . 2x 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 75. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: − 0 . .. . + . + 1 . 2x 0 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 76. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: − 0 . .. . + . + 1 . 2x 0 . 0 .. . −2 x 2 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 77. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: − 0 . .. . + . + 1 . 2x 0 . − . 0 .. . −2 x 2 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45
  • 78. Step 2: Concavity f′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 =⇒ f′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2) Here is its sign chart: − 0 . .. . + . + 1 . 2x 0 . − . − . 0 .. . −2 x 2 . . . . . . . V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.4 Curve Sketching June 10, 2010 18 / 45