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OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES(OER): AN OVERVIEW
Dr Mayank Trivedi
University Librarian & Senate Member
Smt. Hansa Mehta Library
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Vadodara-390 001
E-mail : librarian-hml@msubaroda.ac.in
Date : 23rd Sept, 2021
1
HISTORY
 The precursor to the OER movement was Project
Gutenberg, which was launched in 1974, and
advocated for digitization and archiving of cultural
works, as well as creation and distribution of
eBooks.
 Wikipedia championed the global movement for free
use and open editing of content, and now has more
than 4 million articles created collaboratively by
anonymous Internet users.(2001)
 The same year, the MIT Open CourseWare (OCW)
initiative to publish course content online began.
2
OER
 “OER are the teaching, learning and research
resources that reside in the public domain or
have been released under an intellectual
property license that permits their free use and
re-purposing by others. Open educational
resources include full courses, course materials,
modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests,
software, and any other tools, materials, or
techniques used to support access to knowledge”
----William and Flora Hewlett Foundation’s definition
of OER
3
WHAT IS AN OER
In particular, OERs should be:
 Licensed in a way that allows use, usually under specified
conditions, without infringing copyright;
 Accessible to a wide range of users;
 Independent of specialist software, and
 Capable to being adapted for use in other contexts.
 Freely available materials for teaching and learning
 Many may be modified
 Many, many types
 Books, lectures, courses, modules
 Animations, data sets and visualization
 Simulations, interactive maps
 Real time data 4

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WHAT IS AN OER?
“Open Education Resources
(OER) are teaching, learning,
and research resources that
reside in the public domain or
have been released under an
intellectual property license
that permits their free use or re-
purposing by others. Open
educational resources include
full courses, course materials,
modules, textbooks, streaming
videos, tests, software, and any
other tools, materials, or
techniques used to support
access to knowledge.” (Atkins
et al. 2007, p 4)
 “...digitised materials offered
freely and openly for
educators, students and self-
learners to use and reuse for
teaching, learning and
research. OER includes
learning content, software
tools to develop, use and
distribute content, and
implementation resources such
as open licences. This report
suggests that ‘open
educational resources’ refers to
accumulated digital assets that
can be adjusted and which
provide benefits without
restricting the possibilities for
others to enjoy them.” (OECD
2007, p 10)
DEFINITION
6
 “teaching, learning and
research materials in
any medium, digital or
otherwise, that reside in
the public domain or
have been released
under an open license
that permits no-cost
access, use, adaptation
and redistribution by
others with no or
limited restrictions.”
---UNESCO
 The Commonwealth of
Learning (COL) defines
Open Educational
Resources (OER) as
‘materials offered freely
and openly to use and
adapt for teaching,
learning,development
and research’.
OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
 free and openly licensed educational materials that can
be used for
• teaching,
• learning,
• research, and other purposes.
 The term was first used at a UNESCO conference in 2002,
although OERs were being produced and used before that
time. For instance, the MIT OpenCourseWare project,
which began in 2001, was one of the first major
initiatives of the OER movement.
7
NEED OF OER
• … is an interesting, yet
paradoxical, social development in
the competitive higher education
environment
• … is an extraordinary trend
dubbed new "culture of
contribution“ (Atkins et al 2007:3)
• Culture of competition
• Culture of contribution 8

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Open educational resources (OER) are teaching and learning materials that are freely available online for anyone to use, adapt and share. OER include full courses, textbooks, modules, videos and other materials. There are several advantages to using OER, such as reducing costs for students, increasing accessibility of educational resources worldwide, and allowing for customization and incorporation of updated content. However, some disadvantages include the effort required to evaluate and validate large volumes of OER materials, lack of funds to support ongoing updates and maintenance, and potential issues with attribution, copyright and access to technology for disadvantaged students.

WHAT ARE OER???
 Open Access
 Open Content
 Open Course ware
 Open Source Software
 Open Education / e-Learning
 Open Educational Resources
 …and many more OPEN things
9
OER
Includes –
Course materials
 Modules or lessons
 Open CourseWare (OCW)
 Open textbooks
 Videos
 Images
 Tests
 Software
 Any other tools, materials, or techniques used
to support ready access to knowledge
 Freely available materials for teaching and learning
 Many may be modified
 Many, many types
 Books, lectures, courses, modules
 Animations, data sets and visualization
 Simulations, interactive maps
 Real time data 10
WHAT HAS ENABLED OER?
 SOCIALLY - The Open Source Software
Movement and the Open Access Movement
 TECHNICALLY – The Internet and Web 2.0
technologies
 LEGALLY - The development of alternative
licensing systems such as Creative Commons
 FINANCIALLY – The support of philanthropic
foundations and new business models
11
PRINCIPLES OF OER
 David Wiley : principles of open publishing:
 re-use: The most basic level of openness. People are allowed to use all or part of the
work for their own purposes (for example, download an educational video to watch
at a later time);
 re-distribute: People can share the work with others (for example, send a digital
article by-email to a colleague);
 revise: People can adapt, modify, translate, or change the work (for example, take a
book written in English and turn it into a Spanish audio book);
 re-mix: People can take two or more existing resources and combine them to create
a new resource (for example, take audio lectures from one course and combine them
with slides from another course to create a new derivative work);
 retain: No digital rights management restrictions (DRM); the content is yours to
keep, whether you’re the author, an instructor using the material, or a student.
 This open textbook you are reading meets all five criteria (it has a CC BY-NC license
– see Section 10.2.2 below).
 For example, it cannot be turned into a book for profit by a commercial publisher, at
least without written permission from the author.
 To protect your rights as an author of OER usually means publishing under a
Creative Commons or other open license.
12

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WHY TO USE OPEN EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES
 Access to high quality resources free from copyright
issues
 Unlike simply using a browser search to locate and
download resources indiscriminately from the web,
the use of OERs guarantees that you avoid IPR
and copyright issues
13
OERS -GOOD RESOURCES?
 Saving time and cost of resource development
 High-quality resources demand a large investment of effort
for their development. It is better to concentrate this effort
where it is needed most, and to use OERs where these are
suitable
 Access to a wider range of resource types
 By being able to access several different resources in the same
subject area, students and teachers can use resources that
meet their own requirements
 Innovative ideas for resource design
 Even if you do not use OERs directly, they provide a rich
showcase of different approaches to learning and teaching that
can inform your practice
 Option to re-purpose
 Most OERs are released in forms that allow them to be
customised for different applications, either by changing
them or adding context-specific material
14
OER
 Open education encompasses many different things. These are
just some of the aspects of open education
 Open textbooks
 Open licensing
 Open assessment practices
 Open badges
 Open online courses
 MOOCs (debatably)
 Open data
 Open Access scholarly works
 Open source software
 Open standards
 Open educational resources
15
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength
 The primary goal of open
educational resources (OER)
is to generate, share, and
curate information.
 OER allows anybody, wherever
in the world, to get access to
information.
 It provides time utility by
allowing access to resources at
any time.
 There is no charge for the
books.
 They can access things while
traveling without having to lug
along heavy books.
Weakness
 The primary flaw is that
there is no requirement
for OER awareness.
 The needed advantages
are not realized due to a
lack of knowledge.
 The third flaw is the
difficulties instructors
encounter while
producing online
resources. 16

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SWOT ANALYSIS
Opportunities:
 The biggest advantage of
OER is the wide platform.
A good educator may
make a name for himself
all over the world.A
university can send
students all over the world
without having to
go.Education can improve
as a result of global
competitiveness.
Threats:
 The term "free" poses the
greatest danger.Because
OER is available at any
time, it is both strength
and a danger. Students get
irritable and do not finish
assignments on time,
posing a threat.It
necessitate learners'
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consistency. 17
STRENGTH
 MOOCs, particularly xMOOCs, deliver high quality content from
some of the world’s best universities for free to anyone with a
computer and an Internet connection;
 MOOCs can be useful for opening access to high quality content,
particularly in developing countries, but to do so successfully will
require a good deal of adaptation, and substantial investment in
local support and partnerships;
 MOOCs are valuable for developing basic conceptual learning, and
for creating large online communities of interest or practice;
 MOOCs are an extremely valuable form of lifelong learning
and continuing education;
 MOOCs have forced conventional and especially elite institutions
to reappraise their strategies towards online and open learning;
 institutions have been able to extend their brand and status by
making public their expertise and excellence in certain academic
areas;
 MOOCs main value proposition is to eliminate through computer
automation and/or peer-to-peer communication the very large
variable costs in higher education associated with providing learner
support and quality assessment.
18
OER STRENGTHS
 Cost savings
This is definitely the biggest selling point of incorporating these
materials. OER is inexpensive, openly licensed and freely shared.
 Stay current
The nature of OER makes it possible to include more recent
information, topics and examples, keeping classes relevant to
student interests.
 Great supplemental material
With OER, instructors are able to include information that may not
be in the textbook as well as offer more interactive materials in their
courses. This helps teachers reach a wider array of students and
personalize their education which can lead to great student success.
 Flexibility
OER are customizable. They can be changed through user editing,
feedback and adaptation. Because of this, resources can be
improved and adapted versions can regularly be made available.
19
OER WEAKNESSES
 Quality control
OER materials should be chosen carefully. Since the materials do
not go through the same rigorous editing and peer review as a
textbook, it is important to review the information presented.
 Sustainability
OER content creators do not receive compensation for their
efforts. New, up-to-date content may not stay readily available.
 Language options
There are limited OER choices outside of the English language.
 Internet reliance
OER requires students to have access to technology to view the
materials, an internet connection or have the means to print the
materials which negates the benefits of the interactive materials.
 Usability
OER content may be far less user friendly than a textbook if it has
not been bound and printed. It also may not be ADA compliant. 20

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WEAKNESSES
 the high registration numbers for MOOCs are misleading; less
than half of registrants actively participate, and of these, only a
small proportion successfully complete the course; nevertheless,
absolute numbers are still higher than for conventional courses;
 MOOCs are expensive to develop, and although commercial
organisations offering MOOC platforms have opportunities for
sustainable business models, it is difficult to see how publicly
funded higher education institutions can develop sustainable
business models for MOOCs;
 MOOCs tend to attract those with already a high level of
education, rather than widen access;
 MOOCs so far have been limited in the ability to develop high
level academic learning, or the high level intellectual skills
needed in a knowledge based society;
 assessment of the higher levels of learning remains a challenge
for MOOCs, to the extent that most MOOC providers will not
recognise their own MOOCs for credit;
 MOOC materials may be limited by copyright or time
restrictions for re-use as open educational resources 21
BENEFITS
 OER ensures longevity of access to resources
 OER can diversify the curriculum
 OER improves digital skills
 OER engages students in co-creation
 OER promotes engagement with the outputs of
open research
 OER contributes to the development of open
knowledge
 OER enhances engagement with content and
collections
22
ADVANTAGES
 Cost savings on Textbooks
 Levels the field for disadvantaged students
 Promotes sustainability
 Resource Rich
 Improved Access to leading experts worldwide
 Lower cost through Collaboration & reusing
 Improved access through more affordable courses
 Higher quality learning resources
 Experience/incorporate diversity of views
 Flexibility
 Customize curriculum and instructional design
 Quickly incorporate important updates (STEM)
 Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
 – Accommodate disabilities
 – Address learning styles
 – Foster engagement
 – Integrate current, relevant, authentic content
23
ADVANTAGES OF USING OERS INCLUDE:
 Expanded access to learning.Students anywhere in the world can access OERs at any
time, and they can access the material repeatedly.
 Scalability. OERs are easy to distribute widely with little or no cost.
 Augmentation of class materials. OERs can supplement textbooks and lectures where
deficiencies in information are evident.
 Enhancement of regular course content For example, multimedia material such as
videos can accompany text. Presenting information in multiple formats may help
students to more easily learn the material being taught.
 Quick circulation Information may be disseminated rapidly (especially when
compared to information published in textbooks or journals, which may take months or
even years to become available). Quick availability of material may increase the
timeliness and/or relevance of the material being presented.
 Less expense for students The use of OERs instead of traditional textbooks or course
packs, etc. can substantially reduce the cost of course materials for students.
 Showcasing of innovation and talent. A wide audience may learn of faculty research
interests and expertise. Potential students and donors may be impressed, and student
and faculty recruitment efforts may be enhanced.
 Ties for alumni. OERs provide an excellent way for alumni to stay connected to the
institution and continue with a program of lifelong learning.
 Continually improved resources. Unlike textbooks and other static sources of
information, OERs can be improved quickly through direct editing by users or through
solicitation and incorporation of user feedback. Instructors can take an existing OER,
adapt it for a class, and make the modified OER available for others to use.
24

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DISADVANTAGES OF OERS INCLUDE:
 Quality issues.Since many OER repositories allow any user to create an
account and post material, some resources may not be relevant and/or accurate.
 Lack of human interaction between teachers and students.OER material
is created to stand alone, and since self-learning users may access the material
outside of a classroom environment, they will miss out on the discussion and
instructor feedback that characterize for-credit classes and that make such
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they have a slow or erratic internet connection. Other OERs may require
software that students don’t have and that they may not be able to afford.
 Intellectual property/copyright concerns.Since OERs are meant to be
shared openly, the “fair use" exemption from the U.S. Copyright Act ceases to
apply; all content put online must be checked to ensure that it doesn’t violate
copyright law.
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25
DISADVANTAGES
 Complications in Curriculum Development
 Volume of material to evaluate/validate
 Lack of funds/compensation
 No responsibility to update original materials
 No process to notify users of updates/changes to foundation materials
 Attribution Issues
 Lack of knowledge on open licensing process
 Materials improperly cited
 Inadvertent copyright violation
 Slow/limited Conversion to OER Participation
 Resistance to Change
 Fear of loss of right-to-benefit
 No mechanism to revoke permission
 Discomfort with technology
 Student Access to Technology
 Disadvantaged student population
 Digital down-and-out
26
Who uses OER?
• Students within institutions
• Students external to institutions
• Self Learners
• Teachers/Professors/Academics
What is the best way to find OER?
• Use a specialized search engine
27
EVALUATION
 Authority: Is it clear who developed and wrote the material? Are his or her qualifications for creating
the material clearly stated?
 Accuracy: Are there errors or omissions visible?
 Objectivity: Is any type of bias present?
 Currency: Is the resource up-to-date and/or is a creation or update date visible?
 Coverage: Does it address the topic at hand sufficiently to add value to the class? Does only a portion
of it apply? Do you need to combine it with other resources? Can you align each resource with the
learning objectives and weekly lessons on your syllabus in order to identify gaps?
 Accessibility: Is it accessible to all?
 License: Has a Creative Commons License be applied? Can you remix or reuse the item? Who do you
have to attribute copyright to, if anyone?
 Persistance: Prior to using an OER in another class, you'll need to check that the URL is still valid and
whether the OER was updated since you last access it.
 Quality
 Peer Review available or used
 Reputation of author/ institution is transparent
 Pedagogical methods are sound
 Allows for customization or refinement
 Appropriateness
 Content is accurate
 Sources are identified and cited
 Some alignment with a learning outcome or course objective
 Appropriate reading/ domain level for your students
 Technical
 High technical quality (clear visuals, high production value)
 Clear licensing declaration (Creative Commons License present, in the Public Domain, etc.)
 License to remix or share again
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OER CONTENTS
• Course/Instructor Resources (MIT OCW)
• Full Distance Course Modules (Open Learn
UK)
• Course Modules/seminars
• Learning Objects
o Images (www.flickr.com)
o Video (www.academicearth.com)
o Audio (http://itunes.stanford.edu)
o Open Text books (www.wikibooks.org)
o Journals (www.doaj.org)
29
OTHER OER FLAVORS
30
CREATING
Required for the creation of OER
• The masses as digital content creators
• The desire to share
• Licensing model which enables us to share
• Tools and directories which promote collaboration
Potential Benefits
• Possibility of increased opportunities for collaboration
• Academic alliances
• Feeling good about helping to make education freely available
31
"RE-MIXING"
Reasons to adapt an OER include:
1. To address a particular teaching style or learning style
2. To adapt for a different grade level
3. To adapt for a different discipline
4. To adjust for a different learning environment
5. To address diversity needs
6. To address a cultural preference
7. To support a specific pedagogical need
8. To address either a school or a district’s standardized
curriculum
(ISKME, 2008)
32

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The document discusses the history and development of open educational resources (OER). It notes that while the term OER was coined in 2002, initiatives sharing openly licensed educational content began earlier, including MIT's OpenCourseWare project launched in 2001. Key developments included the introduction of the term "learning object" in 1994, the coining of "open content" in 1998, and the founding of Creative Commons in 2001 to provide improved open licenses.

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LICENSING
Step 1 Ensure that you have copyright for the resource
Step 2 Choose a licence
Step 3 Include the licence details in the resource
33
STEP 1 ENSURE THAT YOU HAVE COPYRIGHT FOR
THE RESOURCE
• Establish the copyright owner of the text, graphics, video etc.
• If there is copyrighted material within the resource that
belongs to someone else (3rd party copyright), then this
person or agency needs to be contacted before the resource
can be released.
34
STEP 2 CHOOSE A LICENSE (1)
Understand the 4 conditions:
• Attribution - You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform
your copyrighted work — and derivative works based upon it — but
only if they give credit the way you request.
• Share-alike - You allow others to distribute derivative works only
under a license identical to the license that governs your work.
• Non-commercial - You let others copy, distribute, display, and
perform your work — and derivative works based upon it — but for
noncommercial purposes only.
• No Derivative Works - You let others copy, distribute, display, and
perform only verbatim copies of your work, not derivative works
based upon it.
http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses
35
LEGAL OPENNESS
36

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STEP 2 CHOOSE A LICENSE (3)
• Visit the Creative Commons Licence
(http://creativecommons.org/license/) page and use their
simple licence chooser to select a Creative Commons licence
that indicates how others may use your creative content. (These
responses to the questions will be used to automatically
generate HTML text which includes all these details for an
electronic version of the Creative Commons licence that you
have chosen. The HTML code will display an icon as well as a
link to the full license deed hosted at the Creative Commons
site. Note that you also need to select a legal jurisdiction
(country). South Africa is listed at the end of the drop down
list).
37
STEP 3 INCLUDE THE LICENSE DETAILS IN THE RESOURCE
• For electronic works: Cut and paste this HTML text on your
website.
• For non-electronic works: Select the option "Mark a document
not on the web, add this text to your work." (this is only
available once you have chosen a licence) In addition you might
like to note the icon that they suggest and download the
appropriate CC icon
(http://creativecommons.org/about/downloads/) and paste it
onto your word processed document for a paper-based cc
licence.
38
SHARING
• Getting the CC license on your resource
• Choosing a file format to publish your resource
• Getting your resource on VULA
• How to make a VULA resource publicly accessible
• Using OER Commons to make your resource
searchable
THINGS TO CONSIDER:
• Granularity
• How often is the material updated (curation)
• Relevance to other academics or students
• License
o Replacing materials
• Third Party Copyright
39
CREATIVE COMMONS
 One of the key characteristics of open educational
resources is that they are either in the public domain
or they are released under an open license and
generally that means a Creative Commons license.
 However not all Creative Commons licenses are equal
and only resources that are licensed for adaptation
and reuse can really be considered as OER.
 Resources that are licensed with the “No Derivatives”
license can not strictly be regarded as OER, and there
is some debate about the status of “Non Commercial”
licensed resources.
40

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LICENSE
41
LEGAL OPENNESS
Copyright Public
domain
All rights
reserved
Attribution
Non-
commercial
No derivatives
Attribution
Non-
commercial
Share Alike
Attribution
Non-
commercial
Attribution No
Derivatives
Attribution
Share Alike
Attribution No rights
reserved
Most restrictive Most accommodating
42
43
CREATIVE COMMON LICENSE
 The are now several possible Creative Commons licenses:
 CC BY Attribution: lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work,
even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the
most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination
and use of licensed materials;
 CC BY-SA: lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial
purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the
identical terms. This is particularly important if your work also includes other
people’s materials licensed through the Creative Commons;
 CC BY-ND: allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is
passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you;
 CC BY-NC: lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially,
and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial,
they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms;
 CC BY-NC-SA: lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially,
as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms;
 CC BY-NC-ND: the most restrictive of the six main licenses, only allowing others to
download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they
can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.
44

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This document discusses open educational resources (OER) and summarizes some of the key findings from an OECD/CERI study on OER. It finds that while the number of OER initiatives is growing, there is still conceptual ambiguity around what constitutes an OER. Preliminary results suggest that typical OER users are well-educated individuals, and that lack of time and reward systems are barriers to wider involvement. Proponents argue that open sharing of educational resources can increase access to knowledge and support academic values.

WHERE CAN YOU FIND OER?
 JORUM
 MERLOT
 Open Courseware
Consortium
 Xpert
 Core-Materials
 DeSTRESS
 HumBox
 SimShare
 African Virtual
University
 MIT Open Courseware
 OU Open earn
 U Now
 NPTEL
 OER Commons
 OERu
 Siyavula
 Open Learn
 Saylor
45
46
 http://www.opencontent.org/ocwfinder
 MERLOT (www.merlot.org)
 Harvey Project
 (http://HarveyProject.org/)
 Educational Object Economy
 (http://www.eoe.org)
 OSsite SIG Open-Source Software for
Education in Europe
 SIGOSSEE (http://www.ossite.org/)
SHARED KNOWLEDGE SITES
INSTITUTIONAL EFFORTS
 MIT Open Course Ware Movement :
 MIT Open Course Ware (MIT OCW) is a remarkable
story of an institution rallying around an ideal, and
then delivering on the promise of that ideal. MIT
OCW makes the course materials of almost all MIT’s
undergraduate and graduate programmes available
on the web, free of charge, to any user anywhere in
the world. At present, there are as many as 1800
(www.ocww.mit.edu) courses covering various
disciplines
47
UNESCO’S INITIATIVE
 UNESCO’s initiative in 2002 resulted in the free
access to certain journals. A little later Creative
Commons announced its online licensing system.
UNESCO’s communication networks helped it
become popular and widely used throughout the
developing world.
 Further, UNESCO convened the Forum on the
Impact of Open CourseWare for Higher Education in
developing countries. Out of that Forum emerged the
term Open Educational Resources (OERs). UNESCO
action related to OERs was concentrated on
awareness raising in Member States on the potential
of sharing educational materials as OERs. 48

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THE COMMONWEALTH OF LEARNING (COL)
INITIATIVES
 The COL has taken up several initiatives for development
and promotion of OERs in commonwealth countries.
Learning4Content is one of the COL’s initiative to build
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UK OPEN UNIVERSITY
 The Open University is the first higher education
institution in the UK to make its educational resources
freely available online(1969). The William and Flora
Hewlett Foundation (www.hewlett.org) agreed to grant
towards the cost of the Open University’s Open Learning
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 The other important international initiatives in creating
and promoting the use of open educational resources
include the initiatives of OER dg Community
(www.dgfoundation.org) launched by UNESCO, online
discussions forum related to Free and Open Source
Software (FOSS) by the UNESCO’s International Institute
for Educational Planning (IIEP) and Global Library
Services Network (www.glsn.com)
50
KHAN ACADEMY
 Khan Academy provides a library of more than 4100
educational videos, interactive challenges, and
assessments, for K-12 and higher education. Khan
Academy videos have been watched more than 250
million times since its launch and the website
receives 6 million unique visitors on a monthly basis.
India has the third largest viewership after USA and
Canada. Khan Academy videos have been translated
in more than 30 languages.
 In India also, there are on-going efforts to translate
Khan Academy videos in Indian-accented English
and/or other Indian languages.
51
LEARNING RESOURCE EXCHANGE FOR
SCHOOLS IN EUROPE
 Learning Resource Exchange for Schools (LRE) is a
service launched by European School net, in 2004, to
enable teacher educators for finding multilingual
OER from many countries and providers. The portal
offers a federated search capability, across a network
of 20 OER repositories including those of 16
Ministries of Education in Europe. Currently, more
than 200,000 learning resources from more than 50
content providers are searchable based on language,
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SAO PAULO MUNICIPALITY LEGISLATION ON
OER
 Brazil has over the years has launched many OER
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HIPPOCAMPUS - NATIONAL REPOSITORY OF
ONLINE COURSES (NROC)
 NROC offers a library of high-quality course content
for students and teachers in higher education, high
school (Grade 9 – 12) and Advanced Placement.
Courses in the NROC library are contributed by
developers from leading academic organizations in
the USA. NROC content is available for free to
students and teachers on public websites including
Hippocampus. NROC is funded by a grant from the
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
54
OER COMMONS
 Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching and learning materials
that are freely available online for everyone to use, whether you are an
instructor, student or self-learner. Examples of OER include:
 full courses, course modules, syllabi, lectures, homework assignments,
quizzes, lab and classroom activities, pedagogical materials, games,
simulations, and many more resources contained in digital media
collections from around the world.
 OER Commons provides a library of 46,000 educational modules for K-12
and higher education, from more than 500 major content providers. These
resources have been curated and rated by experts and; are aligned to the
common core standards in the USA. Teachers and students can search,
discover and refer to OER material.
 http://www.oercommons.org/
55
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CK-12
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CONNEXIONS
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content for learners from all walks of life, including
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PHET INTERACTIVE SIMULATIONS
 PhET provides more than 130 interactive, research-
based simulations, for teaching Science and Math to
school and university students. These simulations
play a useful role in making a connection between
real life and science concepts. Translated into 66
languages, PhET has been delivered more than 130
million simulations so far and runs more than 25
million simulations every year. PhET simulations are
being used by many organizations for free, including
Pearson, Plato Learning and McGraw-Hill. PhET has
been ranked by Google as the best portal for science
simulations. 71
FREE HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEXTS (FHSST)
SOUTH AFRICA
 FHSST is an initiative to develop and distribute free
science textbooks for Grade 10 – 12 students in South
Africa. Textbooks are mapped to the government's
syllabus, and published under a Creative Commons
license (CC-by-SA), allowing teachers and students to
print or share them digitally.
72

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This document summarizes strategies that libraries around the world have adopted to continue serving users during lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many libraries have promoted digital services and resources, increased access to ebooks, and helped users access unemployment and other forms online. Library staff have taken on new roles like contact tracing or working with homeless shelters. National libraries have expanded online access to collections. Publishers and vendors have facilitated remote access to library resources. Free educational resources are also highlighted. The document provides examples of tools that can help continue teaching and learning virtually.

libraryinformationhealth science libraries
E-PUSTAKALAYA IN NEPAL
 Launched in 2009 by Open Learning Exchange
(OLE) Nepal, E-Pustakalaya offers a digital library of
educational resources, including full-text documents,
books, images, videos, audio files, and interactive
educational software.
 The aim of the project is to improve children's
reading skills, develop a reading culture in schools by
giving free and open access to age-appropriate
reading materials, and enable students to conduct
research projects and promote the habit of
independent inquiry.
73
WEEKEND OPEN TEXTBOOK HACKATHON IN
FINLAND
 A group of Finnish Mathematics researchers,
teachers and students made a record, when they
created an openly licensed senior-secondary
mathematics textbook, in a booksprint that lasted
just 72 hours.
74
WIKIEDUCATOR
 The Wiki Educator is an evolving community
intended for the collaborative : planning of
education projects linked with the development
of free content
 development of free content on Wiki educator for e-
learning
 work on building open education
resources (OERs) on how to create OERs
 networking on funding proposals developed as free
content
75
WIKIEDUCATOR
76

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"DANH SÁCH THÍ SINH XÉT TUYỂN SỚM ĐỦ ĐIỀU KIỆN TRÚNG TUYỂN ĐẠI HỌC CHÍNH QUY ...
"DANH SÁCH THÍ SINH XÉT TUYỂN SỚM ĐỦ ĐIỀU KIỆN TRÚNG TUYỂN ĐẠI HỌC CHÍNH QUY ..."DANH SÁCH THÍ SINH XÉT TUYỂN SỚM ĐỦ ĐIỀU KIỆN TRÚNG TUYỂN ĐẠI HỌC CHÍNH QUY ...
"DANH SÁCH THÍ SINH XÉT TUYỂN SỚM ĐỦ ĐIỀU KIỆN TRÚNG TUYỂN ĐẠI HỌC CHÍNH QUY ...

"DANH SÁCH THÍ SINH XÉT TUYỂN SỚM ĐỦ ĐIỀU KIỆN TRÚNG TUYỂN ĐẠI HỌC CHÍNH QUY NĂM 2024 KHỐI NGÀNH NGOÀI SƯ PHẠM"

WIKIEDUCATOR-INDIA
77
OER INITIATIVES IN INDIA
78
 Consortium for Educational
Communication (CEC)
 National Council of Educational
Research and Training (NCERT) –
online textbooks
 National Science Digital Library
(NSDL)
 VASAT- learning materials on
agricultural practices
 Project Ekalavya - content
development in Indian languages.
 Project OSCAR (Open Source
Courseware Animations Repository)
 National Programme on Technology
Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)
 NME-ICT Web portal — Sakshat
 National Repository of Open
Educational Resources (NROER)
 Rai OpenCourseware - an initiative
of Rai Foundation.
 Agropedia - information related to
agriculture in India
 Vidwan
 SHODHGANGA/SHODHGANGOTRI
 ePGPathshala
 National Digital library
 NMECIT: National Mission on
Education through Information
and Communication Technology
 NKN
 VIDYA-MITRA
 Infoport
 Open Knowledge Gateway(OKG)
 Swayam
GATEWAY SERVICES FOR OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES
 SciGate: Science Information Portal (IISc)
 AeroInfo: Aerospace Virtual Library (NAL)
 Biotech Portal @ IIT Delhi
 Library Portal @ IIT Kharagpur
 Infoport@INFLIBNET
 OKG @ MSU
79
E-PG PATHSHALA
 An MHRD, under its National Mission on
Education through ICT (NME-ICT), has assigned
work to the UGC for development of e-content in
77 subjects at postgraduate level.
 High quality, curriculum-based, interactive
content in different subjects across all disciplines
of social sciences, arts, fine arts & humanities,
natural & mathematical sciences, linguistics and
languages is being developed
80

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DANH SÁCH THÍ SINH XÉT TUYỂN SỚM ĐỦ ĐIỀU KIỆN TRÚNG TUYỂN ĐẠI HỌC CHÍNH QUY N...
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DANH SÁCH THÍ SINH XÉT TUYỂN SỚM ĐỦ ĐIỀU KIỆN TRÚNG TUYỂN ĐẠI HỌC CHÍNH QUY N...

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SWAYAM
 Program initiated by Government of India and designed to
achieve the three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz.,
access, equity and quality
 SWAYAM is an instrument for self-
actualisation providing opportunities for a life-long
learning. Here learner can choose from hundreds of courses ,
virtually every course that is taught at the university / college
/school level and these shall be offered by best of the
teachers in India and elsewhere.
 All courses would be offered free of cost under this
programme however fees would be levied in case learner
requires certificate.
 The objective of this effort is to take the best teaching
learning resources to all 81
CONTINUED…
 All the courses are interactive, prepared by the best teachers
in the country
 The courses hosted on SWAYAM will be in 4 quadrants –
-Video lecture,
-Specially prepared reading material that can be
downloaded/printed
-Self-assessment tests through tests and quizzes
-An online discussion forum for clearing the doubts
82
SHODHGANGA
Shodhganga stands for the reservoir of
Indian intellectual output stored in a
repository hosted and maintained by the
INFLIBNET Centre.
The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET is set-up
using an open source digital repository
software called DSpace developed by MIT
83
SHODHGANGOTRI
 Under the initiative called “ShodhGangotri”, research
scholars / research supervisors in universities are
requested to deposit electronic version of approved
synopsis submitted by research scholars to the
universities for registering themselves for the Ph.D
programme.
 The repository on one hand, would reveal the trends and
directions of research being conducted in Indian
universities, on the other hand it would avoid duplication
of research.
84

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VIDWAN
VIDWAN is the premier database of profiles
of scientists / researchers and other faculty
members working at leading academic
institutions and other R & D organisation
involved in teaching and research in India.
It provides important information about
expert's background, contact address,
experience, scholarly publications, skills and
accomplishments, researcher identity, etc.
85
VIDYA-MITRA
 Vidya-mitra is an online learning portal for all the e-
content projects developed under the NME-ICT
(National Mission on Education through Information
and Communication Technology), MHRD. The portal
provides facility to search and browse all hosted content
wherein a learner can easily access the desired material
including audio/video learning material, textual
material, multimedia-enriched materials etc. through a
single interface. Moreover, features of faceted search,
usage statistics, project-wise access, My-Space are
incorporated in this portal.
86
SHAKSHAT
 It is a landmark initiative of the Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD) to develop a One Stop
Education Portal for addressing all the education and
learning related needs of students, scholars, teachers and
lifelong learners.
 It is a free portal launched by the Hon’ble President of
India on 30th October 2006.
 It contains many e-repositories for school and higher
education. The portal is expected to be the main delivery
platform for the contents developed under the National
Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT)
87
EKLAVYA
Eklavya project launched jointly by IIT,
Bombay and IGNOU on 26th January, 2003
aims at a free exchange of knowledge and
ideas, by placing all the relevant academic
material in the Open Source.
The project has developed an Open Source
Educational Resources Animation
Repository (OSCAR) to create a repository of
web-based, interactive animations for
teaching various concepts and technologies. 88

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INFOPORT : A SUBJECT GATEWAY FOR INDIAN
ELECTRONIC-RESOURCES
 The gateway open-ups the Indian scholarly content scattered
over the Internet through an integrated interface that support
search, browse and multiple listing. The InfoPort selectively
catalogues online resources of Indian origin on diversified
subjects available in open access through an elaborate process
of testing and evaluation.
 The Centre proposes to collaborate with librarians and scholars
in college and universities in the process of identification and
selection of resources
 The universe of knowledge is divided into different subject
groups. According to the Dewey Decimal Classification, the
universe of knowledge is scattered from 000 to 999.
 InfoPort is classified according to DDC, indexed subjectwise
and arranged alphabetically subjects 89
OPEN KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY(OKG)
 Open Knowledge Gateway provides a platform to the students,
researchers and faculty of MSU to access the free academic
resources available on Internet without geographical
limitations.
 One can access these resources from :
http://14.139.121.106/OKGW/
90
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EBASTA
 eBasta is governments Digital India initiative, this
project has created a framework to make school
books accessible in digital form as e-books to be read
and used on tablets and laptops.
 Publishers can publish their resources on the portal
for use by the schools.
 Students can then download such bastes from the
portal, or the school may distribute them through
media like SD cards.
 eBasta App, downloadable from the portal, runs on
any Android tablet. It can access the eBasta created
using the portal and render it for easy navigation by
the students. 93
GEOGEBRA
 GeoGebra is designed for Dynamic mathematics for
learning and teaching.
 GeoGebra is a multi-platform mathematics software
that gives everyone the chance to experience the
extraordinary insights that math makes possible. It
makes math tangible.
 GeoGebra makes a link between Geometry and
Algebra in an entirely new, visual way students can
finally see, touch and experience math. GeoGebra
doesn’t replace teachers.
 It helps teachers do what they do best teach.
 http://www.geogebra.org/
 http://tube.geogebra.org/
94
ICT CURRICULA
 The present curricula for ICT in Education aims at
realizing the goals of the National Policy of ICT in
Schools Education and the National Curriculum
Framework.
 Given the dynamic nature of ICT, the curricula,
emphasizing the core educational purposes, is
generic in design and focuses on a broad exposure to
technologies, together aimed at enhancing creativity
and imagination of the learners.
 http://ictcurriculum.gov.in/
95
NATIONAL PORTAL
 This is the National Portal of India, developed with
an objective to enable a single window access to
information and services being provided by the
various Indian Government entities. The content in
this Portal is the result of a collaborative effort of
various Indian Government Ministries and
Departments, at the Central/State/District level. This
Portal is Mission Mode Project under the National E-
Governance Plan, designed and maintained by
National Informatics Centre (NIC), DeitY, MoCIT,
Government of India.
 http://india.gov.in/
 http://bharat.gov.in/ 96

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TESS-INDIA
 The TESS-India project is led by The Open University in the UK
and is funded by UK aid from the UK government. It is working
towards improving the quality of teacher education in India.
Initiated in November 2012, the project focuses on the
professional development of teacher educators and teachers in
the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha,
Karnataka, Assam and West Bengal.
 The TESS-India Open Educational Resources (OER) comprise
105 units for classroom teachers in elementary and secondary
schools (Teacher Development OER), and 20 units for school
leaders (School Leadership OER). The OER are available in
multiple versions for use in a range of linguistic and cultural
contexts. Here you will find the English language versions.
 TESS India has learning resources in Elementary Maths,
Elementary English, Elementary Science, Elementary Language
and Literacy, secondary English, Maths and Science.
 https://www. tess-india.edu.in/ 97
EDX
 EdX was created for students and institutions that
seek to transform themselves through cutting edge
technologies, innovative pedagogy, and rigorous
courses.
 Through our institutional partners, the xConsortium,
along with other leading global members, it present
the best of higher education online, offering
opportunity to anyone who wants to achieve, thrive,
and grow.
 The edX platform is available as open source. By
conducting and publishing significant research on
how students learn, it will empower and inspire
educators around the world and promote success in
learning.
98
GOOGLE BOOKS
 Book Search works just like web search. Try a search on Google
Books or on Google.com. When we find a book with content
that contains a match for your search terms, we'll link to it in
your search results.
 Browse books online: If the book is out of copyright, or the
publisher has given us permission, you'll be able to see a
preview of the book, and in some cases the entire text.
 If it's in the public domain, you're free to download a PDF copy.
 Buy books or borrow from the library: If you find a book
you like, click on the "Buy this book" and "Borrow this book"
links to see where you can buy or borrow the print book. You can
now also buy the ebook from the Google Play Store.
 Learn more fast: We've created reference pages for every
book so you can quickly find all kinds of relevant
information: book reviews, web references, maps and more.
 https://books.google.co.in/ 99
GOOGLE SCHOLAR
 Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for
scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many
disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and
court opinions, from academic publishers, professional
societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites.
Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of
scholarly research.
 Features of Google Scholar
· Search all scholarly literature from one convenient place
· Explore related works, citations, authors, and publications
· Locate the complete document through your library or on the
web
· Keep up with recent developments in any area of research
· Check who's citing your publications, create a public author
profile
https://scholar.google.co.in/ 100

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PHET
 PhET provides fun, free, interactive, research-based
science and mathematics simulations. We extensively test
and evaluate each simulation to ensure educational
effectiveness. These tests include student interviews and
observation of simulation use in classrooms.
 The simulations are written in Java, Flash or HTML5, and
can be run online or downloaded to your computer. All
simulations are open source (see our source code).
 Multiple sponsors support the PhET project, enabling
these resources to be free to all students and teachers.
 http://phet.colorado.edu/
101
ENLVM
 The National Library of Virtual Manipulatives NLVM) is an NSF
supported project that began in 1999 to develop a library of uniquely
interactive, web-based virtual manipulative or concept tutorials,
mostly in the form of Java applets, for mathematics instruction (K-12
emphasis).
 Learning and understanding mathematics, at every level, requires
student engagement. Mathematics is not, as has been said, a
spectator sport. We can now use computers to create virtual learning
environments to address the same goals.
 There is a need for good computer-based mathematical manipulative
and interactive learning tools at elementary and middle school levels.
The use of Java as a programming language provides platform
independence and web-based accessibility.
 The NLVM is a resource from which teachers may freely draw to
enrich their mathematics classrooms. The library is actively being
extended and refined through projects including the eNLVM, a
project to develop interactive
 online learning units for mathematics.
 http://nlvm.usu.edu/
102
EDUTOPIA
 A comprehensive website and online community that
increases knowledge, sharing, and adoption of what
works in K-12 education.
 project-based learning, comprehensive assessment,
integrated studies, social and emotional learning,
educational leadership and teacher development,
and technology integration.
 http://www.edutopia.org/
104
OER IN INDIA - IGNOU
105
 Inter-University Consortium for
Technology-Enabled Flexible
Education and Development at
IGNOU (IUC-TEFED)
 The IUC-TEFED was established in
India at IGNOU (www.ignou.ac.in) in
2004 as an education, training,
development, R&D and service centre
on ICT-enabled interactive multimedia
and online education for the distance
education system in the country.
 It undertakes national and
international collaborative R&D
activities for appropriate
technology applications for education,
training, research and extension. IUC-
TEFED aims at transforming the
conventional distance learning to
modern ICT-enabled, multimedia
based, online and blended learning.

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E-GYANKOSH
106
 Indira Gandhi National
Open University (IGNOU)
launched its e-Gyankosh
initiative in 2005 to store,
index, preserve, distribute &
share the digital learning
resources developed by
them.
 The initiative has emerged as
one of the world’s largest
educational resource
repository, under which over
95% of the self-instructional
print materials of IGNOU,
are now available in digital
format.
FLEXILEARN@IGNOU
107
BITS INITIATIVE
 The Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)
has brought around 14,000 books to students,
research scholars and teachers at the click of a
mouse. BITS has tied up with ‘24X7 Learning’, a
leading e-learning company in India. Students can
directly pick up books from the e-shelves of 290
publishers. The wide range in the cyber library covers
IT Pro, Business Pro,Exec Summaries, Finance Pro,
Office Essential and Engineering Pro in a searchable
format (www.i4donline.net).
108
DIGITAL LIBRARY OF INDIA
 The Digital Library of India is hosted at the Regional
Mega-scanning Centre at IIIT, Hyderabad. It's vision
is to digitize all recorded knowledge in the world. The
vision of the website states: “For the first time in
history, all the significant literary, artistic, and
scientific works of mankind can be digitally
preserved and made freely available, in every corner
of the world, for our education, study, and
appreciation and that of all our future generations.”
 Currently, it is undertaking the million book project,
and digitizing non-copyrighted materials. It is a
collaborative project of over 21 institutions in India.
(http://dli.iiit.ac.in/). 109

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OER IN INDIA
110
 The Versatile E-Learning Tool for
Distance Education, Video
Conferencing Tool.
 A-VIEW (Amrita Virtual Interactive e-
Learning World) is an award winning
indigenously built multi-modal,
multimedia e-learning platform that
provides an immersive e-learning
experience that is almost as good as a
real classroom experience developed
by Amrita e-Learning Research Lab.
 A-VIEW is part of Talk to a Teacher
program coordinated by IIT Bombay
and we are funded by the Ministry of
Human Resource Development
(MHRD) under the Indian
Government’s National Mission for
Education using Information and
Communication Technology (NME-
ICT) along with various other projects
in Virtual Labs, Haptics and Natural
Language Processing.
OSCAR
111
 OEI-open education initiative
is Ekalavya, launched by
Indian Institute of Technology,
Bombay. In this project,
content developed in various
Indian languages is distributed
over the Internet.
 The Ekalavya project has
developed an Open Source
Educational Resources
Animation Repository
(OSCAR) that provides web-
based interactive animations
for teaching. OSCAR provides
a platform for student
developers to create
animations based on ideas and
guidance from instructors.
TIFR
112
NKC
113

Recommended for you

NPTEL
114
 National Program on
Technology Enabled
Learning (NPTEL) is a
project carried out by
seven IITs, the IISc, and
other premier
institutions around
India and funded by the
MHRD, has gained
popularity with more
than 90 million views
and 170,000 subscribers
on its YouTube channel.
NCERT
115
NROER
116
 National Repository for Open
Educational Resources (NROER)
is a web platform that allows for
collaborative creation of digital
content as well as its organization
along a concept map.
 It is an initiative of CIET, the
educational technology unit at
NCERT. Over the last two decades,
CIET has created several audio
and video resources on K-12
education topics. These resources
have been made available to
students and teachers across the
country, through broadcasting
technologies.
 10,000+ files are there which
includes : Image, video, Audiao,
Document etc of all subjects.
NIOS
117
 National Institute of Open
Schooling (NIOS), the world’s
largest open schooling system,
supplements self-learning
using print material as well as
audio, video and multi-media
material.
 These resources are distributed
in CD format or broadcasted
through education channels on
television and radio.
 It publishes the online version
of textbooks on its website. It
has also created a wiki-based
platform for Open Education
Resources.

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SAKSHAT
118
KOER
 Karnataka’s Department of State Educational
Research and Training (DSERT) has launched a
project, Karnataka-Open Educational Resources
(KOER), to create contextual teaching resources, for
all grades and subjects for Karnataka school teachers,
in English and Kannada, between 2013 and 2016.
119
NDL
 Ministry of Human Resource Development under its National Mission on
Education through Information and Communication Technology has initiated
the National Digital Library (NDL) pilot project to develop a framework of virtual
repository of learning resources with a single-window search facility.
 NDL is designed to hold content of any language and provides interface support
for leading vernacular languages (currently Hindi and Bengali). It is being
developed to help students to prepare for entrance and competitive examination,
to enable people to learn and prepare from best practices from all over the world
and to facilitate researchers to perform inter-linked exploration from multiple
sources. The pilot project is devising a framework suitable for future scale up with
respect to content volume and diversity to become a full-blown National Digital
Library of India over time.
 Educational materials are available for users ranging from primary to post-
graduate levels
 Items are available in more than 70 languages
 More than 40 types of learning resources are available
 13,00,000+ Items have been authored by 1 lakh authors
 Repository hosts contents from multiple subject domains like Technology,
Science, Humanities, Agriculture and others
 Types of materials includes Text, Audio, Video, Image, Animation, Simulation,
Presentation and Application etc
 Currently 75, 675, 373 items hosted
 Anyone can browse above hosted items by their type, source and subject etc..
 https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/
120
OPEN ENCYCLOPEDIA : WIKIPEDIA
121

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 Open Course with Open Standards and Interoperability
 Integration of Ideas from multiple sources
 Interoperability
 Open content from different sources
 Distributed Metadata
 Collaborative learning Tools
CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS
123
 Wiki (Wikipedia): Open Encyclopedia
 Blogs
 Social Networking Tools
 Collaborative Workspaces
 Personal learning Environment
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING TOOLS
 Collective Improvement of Knowledge
 Chronological History and Evolvement of Knowledge
 Collaborative Work in an Asynchronous way
 Reusable Format
 Technically speaking: a collection of Hyperlinked Web
pages assembled within a wiki software up to 5 lines!
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING TOOLS: WIKI
CLOSING NOTE
"When you
learn
transparently
(and openly)
you become a
teacher“
125

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Thank You…..
 PPTs will be available on :
 https://www.slideshare.net/DrTrivedi1
 https://www.slideshare.net/mayanktrivedi21/present
ations
126

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Open Educational resources(OER)

  • 1. OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES(OER): AN OVERVIEW Dr Mayank Trivedi University Librarian & Senate Member Smt. Hansa Mehta Library The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara-390 001 E-mail : librarian-hml@msubaroda.ac.in Date : 23rd Sept, 2021 1
  • 2. HISTORY  The precursor to the OER movement was Project Gutenberg, which was launched in 1974, and advocated for digitization and archiving of cultural works, as well as creation and distribution of eBooks.  Wikipedia championed the global movement for free use and open editing of content, and now has more than 4 million articles created collaboratively by anonymous Internet users.(2001)  The same year, the MIT Open CourseWare (OCW) initiative to publish course content online began. 2
  • 3. OER  “OER are the teaching, learning and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge” ----William and Flora Hewlett Foundation’s definition of OER 3
  • 4. WHAT IS AN OER In particular, OERs should be:  Licensed in a way that allows use, usually under specified conditions, without infringing copyright;  Accessible to a wide range of users;  Independent of specialist software, and  Capable to being adapted for use in other contexts.  Freely available materials for teaching and learning  Many may be modified  Many, many types  Books, lectures, courses, modules  Animations, data sets and visualization  Simulations, interactive maps  Real time data 4
  • 5. WHAT IS AN OER? “Open Education Resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re- purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.” (Atkins et al. 2007, p 4)  “...digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self- learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research. OER includes learning content, software tools to develop, use and distribute content, and implementation resources such as open licences. This report suggests that ‘open educational resources’ refers to accumulated digital assets that can be adjusted and which provide benefits without restricting the possibilities for others to enjoy them.” (OECD 2007, p 10)
  • 6. DEFINITION 6  “teaching, learning and research materials in any medium, digital or otherwise, that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions.” ---UNESCO  The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) defines Open Educational Resources (OER) as ‘materials offered freely and openly to use and adapt for teaching, learning,development and research’.
  • 7. OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES  free and openly licensed educational materials that can be used for • teaching, • learning, • research, and other purposes.  The term was first used at a UNESCO conference in 2002, although OERs were being produced and used before that time. For instance, the MIT OpenCourseWare project, which began in 2001, was one of the first major initiatives of the OER movement. 7
  • 8. NEED OF OER • … is an interesting, yet paradoxical, social development in the competitive higher education environment • … is an extraordinary trend dubbed new "culture of contribution“ (Atkins et al 2007:3) • Culture of competition • Culture of contribution 8
  • 9. WHAT ARE OER???  Open Access  Open Content  Open Course ware  Open Source Software  Open Education / e-Learning  Open Educational Resources  …and many more OPEN things 9
  • 10. OER Includes – Course materials  Modules or lessons  Open CourseWare (OCW)  Open textbooks  Videos  Images  Tests  Software  Any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support ready access to knowledge  Freely available materials for teaching and learning  Many may be modified  Many, many types  Books, lectures, courses, modules  Animations, data sets and visualization  Simulations, interactive maps  Real time data 10
  • 11. WHAT HAS ENABLED OER?  SOCIALLY - The Open Source Software Movement and the Open Access Movement  TECHNICALLY – The Internet and Web 2.0 technologies  LEGALLY - The development of alternative licensing systems such as Creative Commons  FINANCIALLY – The support of philanthropic foundations and new business models 11
  • 12. PRINCIPLES OF OER  David Wiley : principles of open publishing:  re-use: The most basic level of openness. People are allowed to use all or part of the work for their own purposes (for example, download an educational video to watch at a later time);  re-distribute: People can share the work with others (for example, send a digital article by-email to a colleague);  revise: People can adapt, modify, translate, or change the work (for example, take a book written in English and turn it into a Spanish audio book);  re-mix: People can take two or more existing resources and combine them to create a new resource (for example, take audio lectures from one course and combine them with slides from another course to create a new derivative work);  retain: No digital rights management restrictions (DRM); the content is yours to keep, whether you’re the author, an instructor using the material, or a student.  This open textbook you are reading meets all five criteria (it has a CC BY-NC license – see Section 10.2.2 below).  For example, it cannot be turned into a book for profit by a commercial publisher, at least without written permission from the author.  To protect your rights as an author of OER usually means publishing under a Creative Commons or other open license. 12
  • 13. WHY TO USE OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES  Access to high quality resources free from copyright issues  Unlike simply using a browser search to locate and download resources indiscriminately from the web, the use of OERs guarantees that you avoid IPR and copyright issues 13
  • 14. OERS -GOOD RESOURCES?  Saving time and cost of resource development  High-quality resources demand a large investment of effort for their development. It is better to concentrate this effort where it is needed most, and to use OERs where these are suitable  Access to a wider range of resource types  By being able to access several different resources in the same subject area, students and teachers can use resources that meet their own requirements  Innovative ideas for resource design  Even if you do not use OERs directly, they provide a rich showcase of different approaches to learning and teaching that can inform your practice  Option to re-purpose  Most OERs are released in forms that allow them to be customised for different applications, either by changing them or adding context-specific material 14
  • 15. OER  Open education encompasses many different things. These are just some of the aspects of open education  Open textbooks  Open licensing  Open assessment practices  Open badges  Open online courses  MOOCs (debatably)  Open data  Open Access scholarly works  Open source software  Open standards  Open educational resources 15
  • 16. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength  The primary goal of open educational resources (OER) is to generate, share, and curate information.  OER allows anybody, wherever in the world, to get access to information.  It provides time utility by allowing access to resources at any time.  There is no charge for the books.  They can access things while traveling without having to lug along heavy books. Weakness  The primary flaw is that there is no requirement for OER awareness.  The needed advantages are not realized due to a lack of knowledge.  The third flaw is the difficulties instructors encounter while producing online resources. 16
  • 17. SWOT ANALYSIS Opportunities:  The biggest advantage of OER is the wide platform. A good educator may make a name for himself all over the world.A university can send students all over the world without having to go.Education can improve as a result of global competitiveness. Threats:  The term "free" poses the greatest danger.Because OER is available at any time, it is both strength and a danger. Students get irritable and do not finish assignments on time, posing a threat.It necessitate learners' commitment and consistency. 17
  • 18. STRENGTH  MOOCs, particularly xMOOCs, deliver high quality content from some of the world’s best universities for free to anyone with a computer and an Internet connection;  MOOCs can be useful for opening access to high quality content, particularly in developing countries, but to do so successfully will require a good deal of adaptation, and substantial investment in local support and partnerships;  MOOCs are valuable for developing basic conceptual learning, and for creating large online communities of interest or practice;  MOOCs are an extremely valuable form of lifelong learning and continuing education;  MOOCs have forced conventional and especially elite institutions to reappraise their strategies towards online and open learning;  institutions have been able to extend their brand and status by making public their expertise and excellence in certain academic areas;  MOOCs main value proposition is to eliminate through computer automation and/or peer-to-peer communication the very large variable costs in higher education associated with providing learner support and quality assessment. 18
  • 19. OER STRENGTHS  Cost savings This is definitely the biggest selling point of incorporating these materials. OER is inexpensive, openly licensed and freely shared.  Stay current The nature of OER makes it possible to include more recent information, topics and examples, keeping classes relevant to student interests.  Great supplemental material With OER, instructors are able to include information that may not be in the textbook as well as offer more interactive materials in their courses. This helps teachers reach a wider array of students and personalize their education which can lead to great student success.  Flexibility OER are customizable. They can be changed through user editing, feedback and adaptation. Because of this, resources can be improved and adapted versions can regularly be made available. 19
  • 20. OER WEAKNESSES  Quality control OER materials should be chosen carefully. Since the materials do not go through the same rigorous editing and peer review as a textbook, it is important to review the information presented.  Sustainability OER content creators do not receive compensation for their efforts. New, up-to-date content may not stay readily available.  Language options There are limited OER choices outside of the English language.  Internet reliance OER requires students to have access to technology to view the materials, an internet connection or have the means to print the materials which negates the benefits of the interactive materials.  Usability OER content may be far less user friendly than a textbook if it has not been bound and printed. It also may not be ADA compliant. 20
  • 21. WEAKNESSES  the high registration numbers for MOOCs are misleading; less than half of registrants actively participate, and of these, only a small proportion successfully complete the course; nevertheless, absolute numbers are still higher than for conventional courses;  MOOCs are expensive to develop, and although commercial organisations offering MOOC platforms have opportunities for sustainable business models, it is difficult to see how publicly funded higher education institutions can develop sustainable business models for MOOCs;  MOOCs tend to attract those with already a high level of education, rather than widen access;  MOOCs so far have been limited in the ability to develop high level academic learning, or the high level intellectual skills needed in a knowledge based society;  assessment of the higher levels of learning remains a challenge for MOOCs, to the extent that most MOOC providers will not recognise their own MOOCs for credit;  MOOC materials may be limited by copyright or time restrictions for re-use as open educational resources 21
  • 22. BENEFITS  OER ensures longevity of access to resources  OER can diversify the curriculum  OER improves digital skills  OER engages students in co-creation  OER promotes engagement with the outputs of open research  OER contributes to the development of open knowledge  OER enhances engagement with content and collections 22
  • 23. ADVANTAGES  Cost savings on Textbooks  Levels the field for disadvantaged students  Promotes sustainability  Resource Rich  Improved Access to leading experts worldwide  Lower cost through Collaboration & reusing  Improved access through more affordable courses  Higher quality learning resources  Experience/incorporate diversity of views  Flexibility  Customize curriculum and instructional design  Quickly incorporate important updates (STEM)  Universal Design for Learning (UDL)  – Accommodate disabilities  – Address learning styles  – Foster engagement  – Integrate current, relevant, authentic content 23
  • 24. ADVANTAGES OF USING OERS INCLUDE:  Expanded access to learning.Students anywhere in the world can access OERs at any time, and they can access the material repeatedly.  Scalability. OERs are easy to distribute widely with little or no cost.  Augmentation of class materials. OERs can supplement textbooks and lectures where deficiencies in information are evident.  Enhancement of regular course content For example, multimedia material such as videos can accompany text. Presenting information in multiple formats may help students to more easily learn the material being taught.  Quick circulation Information may be disseminated rapidly (especially when compared to information published in textbooks or journals, which may take months or even years to become available). Quick availability of material may increase the timeliness and/or relevance of the material being presented.  Less expense for students The use of OERs instead of traditional textbooks or course packs, etc. can substantially reduce the cost of course materials for students.  Showcasing of innovation and talent. A wide audience may learn of faculty research interests and expertise. Potential students and donors may be impressed, and student and faculty recruitment efforts may be enhanced.  Ties for alumni. OERs provide an excellent way for alumni to stay connected to the institution and continue with a program of lifelong learning.  Continually improved resources. Unlike textbooks and other static sources of information, OERs can be improved quickly through direct editing by users or through solicitation and incorporation of user feedback. Instructors can take an existing OER, adapt it for a class, and make the modified OER available for others to use. 24
  • 25. DISADVANTAGES OF OERS INCLUDE:  Quality issues.Since many OER repositories allow any user to create an account and post material, some resources may not be relevant and/or accurate.  Lack of human interaction between teachers and students.OER material is created to stand alone, and since self-learning users may access the material outside of a classroom environment, they will miss out on the discussion and instructor feedback that characterize for-credit classes and that make such classes useful and valuable.  Language and/or cultural barriers.Although efforts are being made to make OERs available in multiple languages, many are only available in English, limiting their usefulness to non-English speakers. Additionally, not all resources are culturally appropriate for all audiences.  Technological issues.Some students may have trouble using some OERs if they have a slow or erratic internet connection. Other OERs may require software that students don’t have and that they may not be able to afford.  Intellectual property/copyright concerns.Since OERs are meant to be shared openly, the “fair use" exemption from the U.S. Copyright Act ceases to apply; all content put online must be checked to ensure that it doesn’t violate copyright law.  Sustainability issues.Since OER creators generally do not receive any type of payment for their OER, there may be little incentive fo 25
  • 26. DISADVANTAGES  Complications in Curriculum Development  Volume of material to evaluate/validate  Lack of funds/compensation  No responsibility to update original materials  No process to notify users of updates/changes to foundation materials  Attribution Issues  Lack of knowledge on open licensing process  Materials improperly cited  Inadvertent copyright violation  Slow/limited Conversion to OER Participation  Resistance to Change  Fear of loss of right-to-benefit  No mechanism to revoke permission  Discomfort with technology  Student Access to Technology  Disadvantaged student population  Digital down-and-out 26
  • 27. Who uses OER? • Students within institutions • Students external to institutions • Self Learners • Teachers/Professors/Academics What is the best way to find OER? • Use a specialized search engine 27
  • 28. EVALUATION  Authority: Is it clear who developed and wrote the material? Are his or her qualifications for creating the material clearly stated?  Accuracy: Are there errors or omissions visible?  Objectivity: Is any type of bias present?  Currency: Is the resource up-to-date and/or is a creation or update date visible?  Coverage: Does it address the topic at hand sufficiently to add value to the class? Does only a portion of it apply? Do you need to combine it with other resources? Can you align each resource with the learning objectives and weekly lessons on your syllabus in order to identify gaps?  Accessibility: Is it accessible to all?  License: Has a Creative Commons License be applied? Can you remix or reuse the item? Who do you have to attribute copyright to, if anyone?  Persistance: Prior to using an OER in another class, you'll need to check that the URL is still valid and whether the OER was updated since you last access it.  Quality  Peer Review available or used  Reputation of author/ institution is transparent  Pedagogical methods are sound  Allows for customization or refinement  Appropriateness  Content is accurate  Sources are identified and cited  Some alignment with a learning outcome or course objective  Appropriate reading/ domain level for your students  Technical  High technical quality (clear visuals, high production value)  Clear licensing declaration (Creative Commons License present, in the Public Domain, etc.)  License to remix or share again 28
  • 29. OER CONTENTS • Course/Instructor Resources (MIT OCW) • Full Distance Course Modules (Open Learn UK) • Course Modules/seminars • Learning Objects o Images (www.flickr.com) o Video (www.academicearth.com) o Audio (http://itunes.stanford.edu) o Open Text books (www.wikibooks.org) o Journals (www.doaj.org) 29
  • 31. CREATING Required for the creation of OER • The masses as digital content creators • The desire to share • Licensing model which enables us to share • Tools and directories which promote collaboration Potential Benefits • Possibility of increased opportunities for collaboration • Academic alliances • Feeling good about helping to make education freely available 31
  • 32. "RE-MIXING" Reasons to adapt an OER include: 1. To address a particular teaching style or learning style 2. To adapt for a different grade level 3. To adapt for a different discipline 4. To adjust for a different learning environment 5. To address diversity needs 6. To address a cultural preference 7. To support a specific pedagogical need 8. To address either a school or a district’s standardized curriculum (ISKME, 2008) 32
  • 33. LICENSING Step 1 Ensure that you have copyright for the resource Step 2 Choose a licence Step 3 Include the licence details in the resource 33
  • 34. STEP 1 ENSURE THAT YOU HAVE COPYRIGHT FOR THE RESOURCE • Establish the copyright owner of the text, graphics, video etc. • If there is copyrighted material within the resource that belongs to someone else (3rd party copyright), then this person or agency needs to be contacted before the resource can be released. 34
  • 35. STEP 2 CHOOSE A LICENSE (1) Understand the 4 conditions: • Attribution - You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your copyrighted work — and derivative works based upon it — but only if they give credit the way you request. • Share-alike - You allow others to distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs your work. • Non-commercial - You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your work — and derivative works based upon it — but for noncommercial purposes only. • No Derivative Works - You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform only verbatim copies of your work, not derivative works based upon it. http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses 35
  • 37. STEP 2 CHOOSE A LICENSE (3) • Visit the Creative Commons Licence (http://creativecommons.org/license/) page and use their simple licence chooser to select a Creative Commons licence that indicates how others may use your creative content. (These responses to the questions will be used to automatically generate HTML text which includes all these details for an electronic version of the Creative Commons licence that you have chosen. The HTML code will display an icon as well as a link to the full license deed hosted at the Creative Commons site. Note that you also need to select a legal jurisdiction (country). South Africa is listed at the end of the drop down list). 37
  • 38. STEP 3 INCLUDE THE LICENSE DETAILS IN THE RESOURCE • For electronic works: Cut and paste this HTML text on your website. • For non-electronic works: Select the option "Mark a document not on the web, add this text to your work." (this is only available once you have chosen a licence) In addition you might like to note the icon that they suggest and download the appropriate CC icon (http://creativecommons.org/about/downloads/) and paste it onto your word processed document for a paper-based cc licence. 38
  • 39. SHARING • Getting the CC license on your resource • Choosing a file format to publish your resource • Getting your resource on VULA • How to make a VULA resource publicly accessible • Using OER Commons to make your resource searchable THINGS TO CONSIDER: • Granularity • How often is the material updated (curation) • Relevance to other academics or students • License o Replacing materials • Third Party Copyright 39
  • 40. CREATIVE COMMONS  One of the key characteristics of open educational resources is that they are either in the public domain or they are released under an open license and generally that means a Creative Commons license.  However not all Creative Commons licenses are equal and only resources that are licensed for adaptation and reuse can really be considered as OER.  Resources that are licensed with the “No Derivatives” license can not strictly be regarded as OER, and there is some debate about the status of “Non Commercial” licensed resources. 40
  • 42. LEGAL OPENNESS Copyright Public domain All rights reserved Attribution Non- commercial No derivatives Attribution Non- commercial Share Alike Attribution Non- commercial Attribution No Derivatives Attribution Share Alike Attribution No rights reserved Most restrictive Most accommodating 42
  • 43. 43
  • 44. CREATIVE COMMON LICENSE  The are now several possible Creative Commons licenses:  CC BY Attribution: lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials;  CC BY-SA: lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. This is particularly important if your work also includes other people’s materials licensed through the Creative Commons;  CC BY-ND: allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you;  CC BY-NC: lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms;  CC BY-NC-SA: lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms;  CC BY-NC-ND: the most restrictive of the six main licenses, only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. 44
  • 45. WHERE CAN YOU FIND OER?  JORUM  MERLOT  Open Courseware Consortium  Xpert  Core-Materials  DeSTRESS  HumBox  SimShare  African Virtual University  MIT Open Courseware  OU Open earn  U Now  NPTEL  OER Commons  OERu  Siyavula  Open Learn  Saylor 45
  • 46. 46  http://www.opencontent.org/ocwfinder  MERLOT (www.merlot.org)  Harvey Project  (http://HarveyProject.org/)  Educational Object Economy  (http://www.eoe.org)  OSsite SIG Open-Source Software for Education in Europe  SIGOSSEE (http://www.ossite.org/) SHARED KNOWLEDGE SITES
  • 47. INSTITUTIONAL EFFORTS  MIT Open Course Ware Movement :  MIT Open Course Ware (MIT OCW) is a remarkable story of an institution rallying around an ideal, and then delivering on the promise of that ideal. MIT OCW makes the course materials of almost all MIT’s undergraduate and graduate programmes available on the web, free of charge, to any user anywhere in the world. At present, there are as many as 1800 (www.ocww.mit.edu) courses covering various disciplines 47
  • 48. UNESCO’S INITIATIVE  UNESCO’s initiative in 2002 resulted in the free access to certain journals. A little later Creative Commons announced its online licensing system. UNESCO’s communication networks helped it become popular and widely used throughout the developing world.  Further, UNESCO convened the Forum on the Impact of Open CourseWare for Higher Education in developing countries. Out of that Forum emerged the term Open Educational Resources (OERs). UNESCO action related to OERs was concentrated on awareness raising in Member States on the potential of sharing educational materials as OERs. 48
  • 49. THE COMMONWEALTH OF LEARNING (COL) INITIATIVES  The COL has taken up several initiatives for development and promotion of OERs in commonwealth countries. Learning4Content is one of the COL’s initiative to build the skills of educators to develop OERs using wiki technology. The project builds upon the spirit of voluntarism that characterizes the wiki and free knowledge communities. Another project of COL is eLearning for Education Sector Development aimed at converting ODL materials into "wiki" format through Wiki Educator. COL is also co-ordinating the development of a Virtual University for Small States of the Commonwealth (VUSSC). The VUSSC members have started their first project to create OERs, using exiting available course content which will be made available via the Internet (www.col.org). 49
  • 50. UK OPEN UNIVERSITY  The Open University is the first higher education institution in the UK to make its educational resources freely available online(1969). The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (www.hewlett.org) agreed to grant towards the cost of the Open University’s Open Learning Pilot that started in April 2006.  The other important international initiatives in creating and promoting the use of open educational resources include the initiatives of OER dg Community (www.dgfoundation.org) launched by UNESCO, online discussions forum related to Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) by the UNESCO’s International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) and Global Library Services Network (www.glsn.com) 50
  • 51. KHAN ACADEMY  Khan Academy provides a library of more than 4100 educational videos, interactive challenges, and assessments, for K-12 and higher education. Khan Academy videos have been watched more than 250 million times since its launch and the website receives 6 million unique visitors on a monthly basis. India has the third largest viewership after USA and Canada. Khan Academy videos have been translated in more than 30 languages.  In India also, there are on-going efforts to translate Khan Academy videos in Indian-accented English and/or other Indian languages. 51
  • 52. LEARNING RESOURCE EXCHANGE FOR SCHOOLS IN EUROPE  Learning Resource Exchange for Schools (LRE) is a service launched by European School net, in 2004, to enable teacher educators for finding multilingual OER from many countries and providers. The portal offers a federated search capability, across a network of 20 OER repositories including those of 16 Ministries of Education in Europe. Currently, more than 200,000 learning resources from more than 50 content providers are searchable based on language, subject, resource types and age range 52
  • 53. SAO PAULO MUNICIPALITY LEGISLATION ON OER  Brazil has over the years has launched many OER initiatives in K-12. One of the notable ones is legislation in 2011, by the municipality of São Paulo Department of Education, that mandates that all its educational and pedagogical content] be made available, under the Attribution non-Commercial Share-Alike (BY-NC-SA) license. 53
  • 54. HIPPOCAMPUS - NATIONAL REPOSITORY OF ONLINE COURSES (NROC)  NROC offers a library of high-quality course content for students and teachers in higher education, high school (Grade 9 – 12) and Advanced Placement. Courses in the NROC library are contributed by developers from leading academic organizations in the USA. NROC content is available for free to students and teachers on public websites including Hippocampus. NROC is funded by a grant from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. 54
  • 55. OER COMMONS  Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching and learning materials that are freely available online for everyone to use, whether you are an instructor, student or self-learner. Examples of OER include:  full courses, course modules, syllabi, lectures, homework assignments, quizzes, lab and classroom activities, pedagogical materials, games, simulations, and many more resources contained in digital media collections from around the world.  OER Commons provides a library of 46,000 educational modules for K-12 and higher education, from more than 500 major content providers. These resources have been curated and rated by experts and; are aligned to the common core standards in the USA. Teachers and students can search, discover and refer to OER material.  http://www.oercommons.org/ 55
  • 56. 56
  • 58. CURRIKI  Curriki is a free community that provides OER for K- 12. These resources are contributed by members of Curriki community including educators, partners and parents from 193 countries and are peer-reviewed for quality and adherence to 47,400 the OER contributed by educators, partners and parents. Curriki has 8.5 million users and receives more than 2.5 million views each year. 58
  • 59. CK-12  CK-12 is a non-profit organization dedicated to increasing access to high quality educational materials for K-12 students, all over the world. CK-12 offers high-quality standards –aligned open content in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) subjects, through an integrated set of tools for learning, such as digital textbooks, concepts- based learning resources, SAT preparation, and an interactive Algebra curriculum. 59
  • 60. CONNEXIONS  Connexions is a global repository of educational content for learners from all walks of life, including K-12 and higher education in nearly every discipline, including math, science, psychology, sociology, history etc. Connexions’ repository consists of more than 17,000 learning objects or modules and over 1000 collections (textbooks, journal articles etc.). 60
  • 62. OPEN TEXTBOOKS FOR K12: SIYAVULA 62
  • 65. FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE  Word Press  Audacity  OpenOffice.org  Gimp  UbUntU  Notepad or Dreamweaver  WLC Media Player 65
  • 66. OPEN ACCESS RESEARCH : DOAJ 66
  • 67. B C OPEN TEXT BOOK PROJECT 67
  • 68. MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES (MOOCS): PLENK2010 68
  • 71. PHET INTERACTIVE SIMULATIONS  PhET provides more than 130 interactive, research- based simulations, for teaching Science and Math to school and university students. These simulations play a useful role in making a connection between real life and science concepts. Translated into 66 languages, PhET has been delivered more than 130 million simulations so far and runs more than 25 million simulations every year. PhET simulations are being used by many organizations for free, including Pearson, Plato Learning and McGraw-Hill. PhET has been ranked by Google as the best portal for science simulations. 71
  • 72. FREE HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEXTS (FHSST) SOUTH AFRICA  FHSST is an initiative to develop and distribute free science textbooks for Grade 10 – 12 students in South Africa. Textbooks are mapped to the government's syllabus, and published under a Creative Commons license (CC-by-SA), allowing teachers and students to print or share them digitally. 72
  • 73. E-PUSTAKALAYA IN NEPAL  Launched in 2009 by Open Learning Exchange (OLE) Nepal, E-Pustakalaya offers a digital library of educational resources, including full-text documents, books, images, videos, audio files, and interactive educational software.  The aim of the project is to improve children's reading skills, develop a reading culture in schools by giving free and open access to age-appropriate reading materials, and enable students to conduct research projects and promote the habit of independent inquiry. 73
  • 74. WEEKEND OPEN TEXTBOOK HACKATHON IN FINLAND  A group of Finnish Mathematics researchers, teachers and students made a record, when they created an openly licensed senior-secondary mathematics textbook, in a booksprint that lasted just 72 hours. 74
  • 75. WIKIEDUCATOR  The Wiki Educator is an evolving community intended for the collaborative : planning of education projects linked with the development of free content  development of free content on Wiki educator for e- learning  work on building open education resources (OERs) on how to create OERs  networking on funding proposals developed as free content 75
  • 78. OER INITIATIVES IN INDIA 78  Consortium for Educational Communication (CEC)  National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) – online textbooks  National Science Digital Library (NSDL)  VASAT- learning materials on agricultural practices  Project Ekalavya - content development in Indian languages.  Project OSCAR (Open Source Courseware Animations Repository)  National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)  NME-ICT Web portal — Sakshat  National Repository of Open Educational Resources (NROER)  Rai OpenCourseware - an initiative of Rai Foundation.  Agropedia - information related to agriculture in India  Vidwan  SHODHGANGA/SHODHGANGOTRI  ePGPathshala  National Digital library  NMECIT: National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology  NKN  VIDYA-MITRA  Infoport  Open Knowledge Gateway(OKG)  Swayam
  • 79. GATEWAY SERVICES FOR OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES  SciGate: Science Information Portal (IISc)  AeroInfo: Aerospace Virtual Library (NAL)  Biotech Portal @ IIT Delhi  Library Portal @ IIT Kharagpur  Infoport@INFLIBNET  OKG @ MSU 79
  • 80. E-PG PATHSHALA  An MHRD, under its National Mission on Education through ICT (NME-ICT), has assigned work to the UGC for development of e-content in 77 subjects at postgraduate level.  High quality, curriculum-based, interactive content in different subjects across all disciplines of social sciences, arts, fine arts & humanities, natural & mathematical sciences, linguistics and languages is being developed 80
  • 81. SWAYAM  Program initiated by Government of India and designed to achieve the three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz., access, equity and quality  SWAYAM is an instrument for self- actualisation providing opportunities for a life-long learning. Here learner can choose from hundreds of courses , virtually every course that is taught at the university / college /school level and these shall be offered by best of the teachers in India and elsewhere.  All courses would be offered free of cost under this programme however fees would be levied in case learner requires certificate.  The objective of this effort is to take the best teaching learning resources to all 81
  • 82. CONTINUED…  All the courses are interactive, prepared by the best teachers in the country  The courses hosted on SWAYAM will be in 4 quadrants – -Video lecture, -Specially prepared reading material that can be downloaded/printed -Self-assessment tests through tests and quizzes -An online discussion forum for clearing the doubts 82
  • 83. SHODHGANGA Shodhganga stands for the reservoir of Indian intellectual output stored in a repository hosted and maintained by the INFLIBNET Centre. The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET is set-up using an open source digital repository software called DSpace developed by MIT 83
  • 84. SHODHGANGOTRI  Under the initiative called “ShodhGangotri”, research scholars / research supervisors in universities are requested to deposit electronic version of approved synopsis submitted by research scholars to the universities for registering themselves for the Ph.D programme.  The repository on one hand, would reveal the trends and directions of research being conducted in Indian universities, on the other hand it would avoid duplication of research. 84
  • 85. VIDWAN VIDWAN is the premier database of profiles of scientists / researchers and other faculty members working at leading academic institutions and other R & D organisation involved in teaching and research in India. It provides important information about expert's background, contact address, experience, scholarly publications, skills and accomplishments, researcher identity, etc. 85
  • 86. VIDYA-MITRA  Vidya-mitra is an online learning portal for all the e- content projects developed under the NME-ICT (National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology), MHRD. The portal provides facility to search and browse all hosted content wherein a learner can easily access the desired material including audio/video learning material, textual material, multimedia-enriched materials etc. through a single interface. Moreover, features of faceted search, usage statistics, project-wise access, My-Space are incorporated in this portal. 86
  • 87. SHAKSHAT  It is a landmark initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) to develop a One Stop Education Portal for addressing all the education and learning related needs of students, scholars, teachers and lifelong learners.  It is a free portal launched by the Hon’ble President of India on 30th October 2006.  It contains many e-repositories for school and higher education. The portal is expected to be the main delivery platform for the contents developed under the National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT) 87
  • 88. EKLAVYA Eklavya project launched jointly by IIT, Bombay and IGNOU on 26th January, 2003 aims at a free exchange of knowledge and ideas, by placing all the relevant academic material in the Open Source. The project has developed an Open Source Educational Resources Animation Repository (OSCAR) to create a repository of web-based, interactive animations for teaching various concepts and technologies. 88
  • 89. INFOPORT : A SUBJECT GATEWAY FOR INDIAN ELECTRONIC-RESOURCES  The gateway open-ups the Indian scholarly content scattered over the Internet through an integrated interface that support search, browse and multiple listing. The InfoPort selectively catalogues online resources of Indian origin on diversified subjects available in open access through an elaborate process of testing and evaluation.  The Centre proposes to collaborate with librarians and scholars in college and universities in the process of identification and selection of resources  The universe of knowledge is divided into different subject groups. According to the Dewey Decimal Classification, the universe of knowledge is scattered from 000 to 999.  InfoPort is classified according to DDC, indexed subjectwise and arranged alphabetically subjects 89
  • 90. OPEN KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY(OKG)  Open Knowledge Gateway provides a platform to the students, researchers and faculty of MSU to access the free academic resources available on Internet without geographical limitations.  One can access these resources from : http://14.139.121.106/OKGW/ 90
  • 93. EBASTA  eBasta is governments Digital India initiative, this project has created a framework to make school books accessible in digital form as e-books to be read and used on tablets and laptops.  Publishers can publish their resources on the portal for use by the schools.  Students can then download such bastes from the portal, or the school may distribute them through media like SD cards.  eBasta App, downloadable from the portal, runs on any Android tablet. It can access the eBasta created using the portal and render it for easy navigation by the students. 93
  • 94. GEOGEBRA  GeoGebra is designed for Dynamic mathematics for learning and teaching.  GeoGebra is a multi-platform mathematics software that gives everyone the chance to experience the extraordinary insights that math makes possible. It makes math tangible.  GeoGebra makes a link between Geometry and Algebra in an entirely new, visual way students can finally see, touch and experience math. GeoGebra doesn’t replace teachers.  It helps teachers do what they do best teach.  http://www.geogebra.org/  http://tube.geogebra.org/ 94
  • 95. ICT CURRICULA  The present curricula for ICT in Education aims at realizing the goals of the National Policy of ICT in Schools Education and the National Curriculum Framework.  Given the dynamic nature of ICT, the curricula, emphasizing the core educational purposes, is generic in design and focuses on a broad exposure to technologies, together aimed at enhancing creativity and imagination of the learners.  http://ictcurriculum.gov.in/ 95
  • 96. NATIONAL PORTAL  This is the National Portal of India, developed with an objective to enable a single window access to information and services being provided by the various Indian Government entities. The content in this Portal is the result of a collaborative effort of various Indian Government Ministries and Departments, at the Central/State/District level. This Portal is Mission Mode Project under the National E- Governance Plan, designed and maintained by National Informatics Centre (NIC), DeitY, MoCIT, Government of India.  http://india.gov.in/  http://bharat.gov.in/ 96
  • 97. TESS-INDIA  The TESS-India project is led by The Open University in the UK and is funded by UK aid from the UK government. It is working towards improving the quality of teacher education in India. Initiated in November 2012, the project focuses on the professional development of teacher educators and teachers in the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Assam and West Bengal.  The TESS-India Open Educational Resources (OER) comprise 105 units for classroom teachers in elementary and secondary schools (Teacher Development OER), and 20 units for school leaders (School Leadership OER). The OER are available in multiple versions for use in a range of linguistic and cultural contexts. Here you will find the English language versions.  TESS India has learning resources in Elementary Maths, Elementary English, Elementary Science, Elementary Language and Literacy, secondary English, Maths and Science.  https://www. tess-india.edu.in/ 97
  • 98. EDX  EdX was created for students and institutions that seek to transform themselves through cutting edge technologies, innovative pedagogy, and rigorous courses.  Through our institutional partners, the xConsortium, along with other leading global members, it present the best of higher education online, offering opportunity to anyone who wants to achieve, thrive, and grow.  The edX platform is available as open source. By conducting and publishing significant research on how students learn, it will empower and inspire educators around the world and promote success in learning. 98
  • 99. GOOGLE BOOKS  Book Search works just like web search. Try a search on Google Books or on Google.com. When we find a book with content that contains a match for your search terms, we'll link to it in your search results.  Browse books online: If the book is out of copyright, or the publisher has given us permission, you'll be able to see a preview of the book, and in some cases the entire text.  If it's in the public domain, you're free to download a PDF copy.  Buy books or borrow from the library: If you find a book you like, click on the "Buy this book" and "Borrow this book" links to see where you can buy or borrow the print book. You can now also buy the ebook from the Google Play Store.  Learn more fast: We've created reference pages for every book so you can quickly find all kinds of relevant information: book reviews, web references, maps and more.  https://books.google.co.in/ 99
  • 100. GOOGLE SCHOLAR  Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites. Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research.  Features of Google Scholar · Search all scholarly literature from one convenient place · Explore related works, citations, authors, and publications · Locate the complete document through your library or on the web · Keep up with recent developments in any area of research · Check who's citing your publications, create a public author profile https://scholar.google.co.in/ 100
  • 101. PHET  PhET provides fun, free, interactive, research-based science and mathematics simulations. We extensively test and evaluate each simulation to ensure educational effectiveness. These tests include student interviews and observation of simulation use in classrooms.  The simulations are written in Java, Flash or HTML5, and can be run online or downloaded to your computer. All simulations are open source (see our source code).  Multiple sponsors support the PhET project, enabling these resources to be free to all students and teachers.  http://phet.colorado.edu/ 101
  • 102. ENLVM  The National Library of Virtual Manipulatives NLVM) is an NSF supported project that began in 1999 to develop a library of uniquely interactive, web-based virtual manipulative or concept tutorials, mostly in the form of Java applets, for mathematics instruction (K-12 emphasis).  Learning and understanding mathematics, at every level, requires student engagement. Mathematics is not, as has been said, a spectator sport. We can now use computers to create virtual learning environments to address the same goals.  There is a need for good computer-based mathematical manipulative and interactive learning tools at elementary and middle school levels. The use of Java as a programming language provides platform independence and web-based accessibility.  The NLVM is a resource from which teachers may freely draw to enrich their mathematics classrooms. The library is actively being extended and refined through projects including the eNLVM, a project to develop interactive  online learning units for mathematics.  http://nlvm.usu.edu/ 102
  • 103. EDUTOPIA  A comprehensive website and online community that increases knowledge, sharing, and adoption of what works in K-12 education.  project-based learning, comprehensive assessment, integrated studies, social and emotional learning, educational leadership and teacher development, and technology integration.  http://www.edutopia.org/ 104
  • 104. OER IN INDIA - IGNOU 105  Inter-University Consortium for Technology-Enabled Flexible Education and Development at IGNOU (IUC-TEFED)  The IUC-TEFED was established in India at IGNOU (www.ignou.ac.in) in 2004 as an education, training, development, R&D and service centre on ICT-enabled interactive multimedia and online education for the distance education system in the country.  It undertakes national and international collaborative R&D activities for appropriate technology applications for education, training, research and extension. IUC- TEFED aims at transforming the conventional distance learning to modern ICT-enabled, multimedia based, online and blended learning.
  • 105. E-GYANKOSH 106  Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) launched its e-Gyankosh initiative in 2005 to store, index, preserve, distribute & share the digital learning resources developed by them.  The initiative has emerged as one of the world’s largest educational resource repository, under which over 95% of the self-instructional print materials of IGNOU, are now available in digital format.
  • 107. BITS INITIATIVE  The Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) has brought around 14,000 books to students, research scholars and teachers at the click of a mouse. BITS has tied up with ‘24X7 Learning’, a leading e-learning company in India. Students can directly pick up books from the e-shelves of 290 publishers. The wide range in the cyber library covers IT Pro, Business Pro,Exec Summaries, Finance Pro, Office Essential and Engineering Pro in a searchable format (www.i4donline.net). 108
  • 108. DIGITAL LIBRARY OF INDIA  The Digital Library of India is hosted at the Regional Mega-scanning Centre at IIIT, Hyderabad. It's vision is to digitize all recorded knowledge in the world. The vision of the website states: “For the first time in history, all the significant literary, artistic, and scientific works of mankind can be digitally preserved and made freely available, in every corner of the world, for our education, study, and appreciation and that of all our future generations.”  Currently, it is undertaking the million book project, and digitizing non-copyrighted materials. It is a collaborative project of over 21 institutions in India. (http://dli.iiit.ac.in/). 109
  • 109. OER IN INDIA 110  The Versatile E-Learning Tool for Distance Education, Video Conferencing Tool.  A-VIEW (Amrita Virtual Interactive e- Learning World) is an award winning indigenously built multi-modal, multimedia e-learning platform that provides an immersive e-learning experience that is almost as good as a real classroom experience developed by Amrita e-Learning Research Lab.  A-VIEW is part of Talk to a Teacher program coordinated by IIT Bombay and we are funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) under the Indian Government’s National Mission for Education using Information and Communication Technology (NME- ICT) along with various other projects in Virtual Labs, Haptics and Natural Language Processing.
  • 110. OSCAR 111  OEI-open education initiative is Ekalavya, launched by Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. In this project, content developed in various Indian languages is distributed over the Internet.  The Ekalavya project has developed an Open Source Educational Resources Animation Repository (OSCAR) that provides web- based interactive animations for teaching. OSCAR provides a platform for student developers to create animations based on ideas and guidance from instructors.
  • 113. NPTEL 114  National Program on Technology Enabled Learning (NPTEL) is a project carried out by seven IITs, the IISc, and other premier institutions around India and funded by the MHRD, has gained popularity with more than 90 million views and 170,000 subscribers on its YouTube channel.
  • 115. NROER 116  National Repository for Open Educational Resources (NROER) is a web platform that allows for collaborative creation of digital content as well as its organization along a concept map.  It is an initiative of CIET, the educational technology unit at NCERT. Over the last two decades, CIET has created several audio and video resources on K-12 education topics. These resources have been made available to students and teachers across the country, through broadcasting technologies.  10,000+ files are there which includes : Image, video, Audiao, Document etc of all subjects.
  • 116. NIOS 117  National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), the world’s largest open schooling system, supplements self-learning using print material as well as audio, video and multi-media material.  These resources are distributed in CD format or broadcasted through education channels on television and radio.  It publishes the online version of textbooks on its website. It has also created a wiki-based platform for Open Education Resources.
  • 118. KOER  Karnataka’s Department of State Educational Research and Training (DSERT) has launched a project, Karnataka-Open Educational Resources (KOER), to create contextual teaching resources, for all grades and subjects for Karnataka school teachers, in English and Kannada, between 2013 and 2016. 119
  • 119. NDL  Ministry of Human Resource Development under its National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology has initiated the National Digital Library (NDL) pilot project to develop a framework of virtual repository of learning resources with a single-window search facility.  NDL is designed to hold content of any language and provides interface support for leading vernacular languages (currently Hindi and Bengali). It is being developed to help students to prepare for entrance and competitive examination, to enable people to learn and prepare from best practices from all over the world and to facilitate researchers to perform inter-linked exploration from multiple sources. The pilot project is devising a framework suitable for future scale up with respect to content volume and diversity to become a full-blown National Digital Library of India over time.  Educational materials are available for users ranging from primary to post- graduate levels  Items are available in more than 70 languages  More than 40 types of learning resources are available  13,00,000+ Items have been authored by 1 lakh authors  Repository hosts contents from multiple subject domains like Technology, Science, Humanities, Agriculture and others  Types of materials includes Text, Audio, Video, Image, Animation, Simulation, Presentation and Application etc  Currently 75, 675, 373 items hosted  Anyone can browse above hosted items by their type, source and subject etc..  https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/ 120
  • 120. OPEN ENCYCLOPEDIA : WIKIPEDIA 121
  • 121.  Open Course with Open Standards and Interoperability  Integration of Ideas from multiple sources  Interoperability  Open content from different sources  Distributed Metadata  Collaborative learning Tools CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS
  • 122. 123  Wiki (Wikipedia): Open Encyclopedia  Blogs  Social Networking Tools  Collaborative Workspaces  Personal learning Environment COLLABORATIVE LEARNING TOOLS
  • 123.  Collective Improvement of Knowledge  Chronological History and Evolvement of Knowledge  Collaborative Work in an Asynchronous way  Reusable Format  Technically speaking: a collection of Hyperlinked Web pages assembled within a wiki software up to 5 lines! COLLABORATIVE LEARNING TOOLS: WIKI
  • 124. CLOSING NOTE "When you learn transparently (and openly) you become a teacher“ 125
  • 125. Thank You…..  PPTs will be available on :  https://www.slideshare.net/DrTrivedi1  https://www.slideshare.net/mayanktrivedi21/present ations 126