This document discusses project planning and feasibility studies. It provides details on the importance of project planning, the basic components of a project plan, and the project planning process which involves 20 steps such as developing the project management plan, collecting requirements, defining the scope, and planning risk management. It also discusses what a feasibility study entails, including examining the market, organizational/technical, and financial aspects of a proposed project to determine its viability before significant resources are invested. A feasibility study aims to identify any issues that could prevent a project from being successful in the marketplace.
Project implementation refers to transforming a proposed project into reality through putting activities, resources, and management structures into action. It involves two main phases - project activation, which makes arrangements to start the project, and project operation, which practically manages the project to transform inputs into outputs. Implementation can use top-down, bottom-up, or collaborative approaches. A project implementation plan details the schedule, staffing, finances, reporting, sustainability measures, time controls, and supervision needed. Key factors for success include strong political commitment, careful preparation and management, and stakeholder involvement, while common challenges are financial, management, and technical problems.
This document discusses project implementation and management. It covers the key aspects of project implementation from activation onwards and factors that affect implementation. Project management is defined as planning and directing a project from inception to completion. A good project manager should have working knowledge in multiple fields, understand managerial problems, delegate tasks, and know the objectives and management process of the project.
This document discusses techniques for project appraisal. It outlines key issues to consider in appraising projects such as need, objectives, options, costs, benefits, risks and sustainability. It also describes various analyses used in appraisal, including technical, economic, financial, environmental and social analyses. The main techniques of economic analysis are cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis and multi-criteria analysis. Financial analysis determines funding requirements and expected returns. Common appraisal methods include undiscounted techniques like payback period as well as discounted techniques like net present value, internal rate of return and benefit-cost ratio.
The document discusses project implementation, including defining it as converting project inputs to outputs. It outlines key phases like project activation and operation. A project implementation plan is described as including a schedule, roles, stakeholder participation, structure, finances, reporting, and sustainability. Methods for implementation planning like Gantt charts are explained. Factors affecting success and challenges are listed. Effective management of implementation is emphasized as setting up systems and offices, recruiting staff, defining responsibilities, and establishing records and financial procedures.
Aspects of Project Feasibility Preparations and Analysis
A feasibility study evaluates the viability of a proposed business venture or project. It assesses technical, managerial, economic, financial, cultural, social, safety, political, environmental, market, legal, and socio-economic factors to identify potential issues and opportunities. Conducting a thorough feasibility study enhances the likelihood of success by addressing risks early on and providing quality information for decision making. It can also help secure funding and investment by demonstrating the business idea has been thoroughly researched.
The document outlines the steps involved in project planning, including assessing the situation, identifying and prioritizing issues, designing the project, and developing implementation, monitoring and evaluation plans. It provides an example of planning an oral hygiene promotion project in a public primary school, and discusses commonly used tools like Gantt charts, logical framework analysis, and intervention mapping. Project planning is important as it helps select important problems and strategies, determine appropriate scope and quality, and identify resources to help implementation and evaluation.
This document provides an overview of project financing, including what it is, the key parties and stages involved, and its advantages and disadvantages. Project financing refers to financing long-term infrastructure or industrial projects based on the future cash flows generated by the project rather than the balance sheets of its sponsors. The stages discussed include project identification, risk assessment, feasibility analysis, equity and debt arrangement, documentation, disbursement, monitoring, and closure. Advantages include off-balance sheet treatment for sponsors, while disadvantages include higher costs and complexity.
This document outlines the key aspects of a technical analysis for a project, including 8 areas of focus: 1) material inputs and utilities, 2) manufacturing process/technology, 3) product mix, 4) plant capacity, 5) location and site, 6) machineries and equipment, 7) structures and civil works, and 8) project charts and layouts. Each aspect is concerned with specific factors like defining material requirements, choosing an appropriate technology, determining production capacity, selecting a site, and developing project charts and layouts. The technical analysis will help define the project scope and provide a basis for detailed engineering and cost estimation.
This document discusses the key stages in project formulation and development, including feasibility analysis, design, and analysis. It outlines 10 types of feasibility that should be considered: technical, managerial, economic, financial, cultural, social, safety, political, environmental, and market. The stages of project formulation are described in detail, from initial feasibility analysis through to pre-investment analysis. Developing a detailed project design involves determining the purpose, activities, methods, roles, location, timeline, and presenting a formal proposal. A comprehensive feasibility study evaluates all relevant factors to determine if a project should proceed.
This document discusses project management. It defines a project as a combination of interrelated activities with well-defined objectives to be completed within a specific time period. Project management is then defined as the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet requirements and achieve objectives within constraints. The document outlines the importance of project management and some benefits such as clear work descriptions and timely problem identification.
A feasibility study assesses whether a larger project is advisable by examining potential market demand, expected income, and societal contributions. It considers market factors, technological requirements, resource needs, cultural impacts, legal authorization, implementation schedule, and economic costs and benefits to determine if the project is operationally and financially viable. The feasibility study provides an outline of system requirements, resource needs, and contingency plans to evaluate if a proposed project is possible and worthwhile.
Project implementation refers to transforming a proposed project into reality through putting activities, resources, and management structures into action. It involves two main phases - project activation, which makes arrangements to start the project, and project operation, which practically manages the project to transform inputs into outputs. Implementation can use top-down, bottom-up, or collaborative approaches. A project implementation plan details the schedule, staffing, finances, reporting, sustainability measures, time controls, and supervision needed. Key factors for success include strong political commitment, careful preparation and management, and stakeholder involvement, while common challenges are financial, management, and technical problems.
This document discusses project implementation and management. It covers the key aspects of project implementation from activation onwards and factors that affect implementation. Project management is defined as planning and directing a project from inception to completion. A good project manager should have working knowledge in multiple fields, understand managerial problems, delegate tasks, and know the objectives and management process of the project.
This document discusses techniques for project appraisal. It outlines key issues to consider in appraising projects such as need, objectives, options, costs, benefits, risks and sustainability. It also describes various analyses used in appraisal, including technical, economic, financial, environmental and social analyses. The main techniques of economic analysis are cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis and multi-criteria analysis. Financial analysis determines funding requirements and expected returns. Common appraisal methods include undiscounted techniques like payback period as well as discounted techniques like net present value, internal rate of return and benefit-cost ratio.
The document discusses project implementation, including defining it as converting project inputs to outputs. It outlines key phases like project activation and operation. A project implementation plan is described as including a schedule, roles, stakeholder participation, structure, finances, reporting, and sustainability. Methods for implementation planning like Gantt charts are explained. Factors affecting success and challenges are listed. Effective management of implementation is emphasized as setting up systems and offices, recruiting staff, defining responsibilities, and establishing records and financial procedures.
Aspects of Project Feasibility Preparations and AnalysisLena Argosino
A feasibility study evaluates the viability of a proposed business venture or project. It assesses technical, managerial, economic, financial, cultural, social, safety, political, environmental, market, legal, and socio-economic factors to identify potential issues and opportunities. Conducting a thorough feasibility study enhances the likelihood of success by addressing risks early on and providing quality information for decision making. It can also help secure funding and investment by demonstrating the business idea has been thoroughly researched.
The document outlines the steps involved in project planning, including assessing the situation, identifying and prioritizing issues, designing the project, and developing implementation, monitoring and evaluation plans. It provides an example of planning an oral hygiene promotion project in a public primary school, and discusses commonly used tools like Gantt charts, logical framework analysis, and intervention mapping. Project planning is important as it helps select important problems and strategies, determine appropriate scope and quality, and identify resources to help implementation and evaluation.
This document provides an overview of project financing, including what it is, the key parties and stages involved, and its advantages and disadvantages. Project financing refers to financing long-term infrastructure or industrial projects based on the future cash flows generated by the project rather than the balance sheets of its sponsors. The stages discussed include project identification, risk assessment, feasibility analysis, equity and debt arrangement, documentation, disbursement, monitoring, and closure. Advantages include off-balance sheet treatment for sponsors, while disadvantages include higher costs and complexity.
This document outlines the key aspects of a technical analysis for a project, including 8 areas of focus: 1) material inputs and utilities, 2) manufacturing process/technology, 3) product mix, 4) plant capacity, 5) location and site, 6) machineries and equipment, 7) structures and civil works, and 8) project charts and layouts. Each aspect is concerned with specific factors like defining material requirements, choosing an appropriate technology, determining production capacity, selecting a site, and developing project charts and layouts. The technical analysis will help define the project scope and provide a basis for detailed engineering and cost estimation.
The document presents a feasibility study for a Pentagon project. It includes sections on the objectives of feasibility studies, various dimensions of analysis such as market, technical, financial, and economic, as well as summaries of these analyses. A team of 5 students conducted the study to analyze the viability of the proposed Pentagon project across multiple parameters and provide a framework for its potential development.
Project appraisal is a process that examines various aspects of a proposed project to determine its viability. It is conducted at two stages: when a project is identified by a firm, and when financial institutions consider financing the project. Project appraisal aims to increase project quality, enhance long-term profitability, and minimize risk. Aspects examined include economic, financial, market, technical, managerial, social, and ecological factors.
This document provides guidance on conducting a financial analysis for a business case. It defines key terms like capital costs, operating costs, and benefits. It explains financial indicators like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and sensitivity analysis. It also provides instructions on using a financial calculator spreadsheet to enter costs, benefits, and assess the financial viability of a project based on the calculated indicators.
The document defines key project management concepts including what constitutes a project, project characteristics, the differences between project and program management, the six basic project functions, common pitfalls, and the triple constraints of time, cost and scope. It also outlines the nine knowledge areas that comprise the project management framework: integration management, scope management, time management, cost management, quality management, human resource management, communications management, risk management, and procurement management.
The document provides guidance on project formulation and feasibility reports. It discusses the stages of project formulation including conception, analysis of related aspects, formulation, and design. It outlines the sequential stages of project formulation including feasibility analysis, techno-economic analysis, project design, input analysis, financial analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and pre-investment analysis. The document also discusses the meaning, scope, contents and significance of feasibility reports and provides Planning Commission guidelines for preparing feasibility reports.
This document discusses project control and management. It defines a project as a temporary endeavor with a defined start and end, undertaken to meet unique goals. Project management is the process of planning, organizing, motivating and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. Project control refers to management actions to achieve desired results or corrective measures prompted by monitoring. The key steps in project control are project planning, project execution, and project evaluation. Project planning involves scope, schedule, cost, and risk analysis. Project execution involves comparing actual performance to estimates. Project evaluation assesses management performance, cost overruns, lessons learned, and whether objectives were achieved.
This document discusses project identification and selection as the first steps in setting up an enterprise. It defines a project as a work plan to achieve a specific objective within a time period. Projects are classified by quantifiability, sector, and techno-economic characteristics. The two main steps of project selection are project identification and project selection. Project identification involves generating ideas from internal and external sources. Project selection analyzes each idea's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and selects the most promising project to convert into an enterprise.
A project is defined as a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. Network analysis techniques like the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are used to plan and schedule complex projects. These methods involve identifying all activities, their durations, and logical relationships to construct a network diagram. The critical path is then determined by calculating the longest path of linked activities from start to finish, which must be carefully managed to ensure on-time project completion.
This feasibility report analyzes a proposed waste water system project. It recommends the project proceed based on identified needs in the community and project viability. Key points include: the existing system is deficient; a new system is needed to serve current and projected population; and the estimated capital costs and financing plan make the project economically feasible. The report provides background on the area's needs, outlines the proposed system components, and recommends next steps for further investigation and implementation.
This is a Feasibility Study conducted by a group of students "The Incorporators" from Capitol University's Bachelor of Science In Business Administration major in Marketing Management and Human resource Management.
Note: This document is not available to download, sorry for the inconvenience.
This is the product proposal paper prepared by the students of Capitol University major in Marketing Management and Human Resource Management taking up Introduction to Entrepreneurship Feasibility Study paper.
This feasibility report investigates three mortgage marketing programs as potential investments for a senior mortgage banker to increase business for loan officers. The report finds that the Homes for Heroes program, which costs $120 per month and generates an average of two contacts and one new client every two months, meets the criteria of being cost effective and generating a 10:1 return on investment. The report recommends that the mortgage banker invest in the Homes for Heroes program.
An environmental feasibility study was conducted for a proposed chocolate factory in Cote d'Ivoire. The study aimed to evaluate the environmental factors that could influence factory operations. It identified several potential negative environmental impacts, including environmental stress from pollution, environmental risks from effluents and emissions, and deforestation from expanding cocoa farms. The study concluded it is important for businesses to consider both environmental sanitation and sustainability to mitigate risks to the environment and ensure long-term quality of life.
The document discusses the technical feasibility study that should be conducted for a new business. It outlines key areas that must be addressed including selecting products/services, determining production needs, estimating costs, evaluating required equipment and technology, identifying suitable locations and facilities, sourcing raw materials, and calculating labor requirements. Conducting an thorough analysis of these areas is necessary to determine if the business has the technical expertise and resources to operate successfully.
Sample contents of a completed feasibility studynazcats
This feasibility study examines the viability of a new business venture. It includes sections on marketing, competition, management needs, and financial projections. The technical, production, and economic analyses determine if the required resources and market demand exist to make the business successful. The conclusion recommends whether or not the venture is feasible based on the comprehensive analysis in the study.
Feasibility Study: Marketing , Technical and Management AspectLena Argosino
This document provides an overview of key considerations for the marketing and technical aspects of a business plan. It discusses conducting demand analysis to identify target markets and competitors. Product description, industry profile, demand segmentation, supply analysis, and marketing strategies are covered. For technical aspects, it outlines examining the production process, equipment needs, facility requirements, capacity, and operating costs. Organization and management factors like business structure and staffing are also mentioned.
construction management system final year reportchiragbarasiya
This document provides an overview and details of a construction management system project. It includes 5 chapters that cover:
1) An introduction to the system including its modules, functionality, and technologies used
2) Project management details such as the development model, planning, scheduling, and risk management
3) System requirements including hardware, software, and feasibility analysis
4) System analysis including use cases, data flow diagrams, and entity relationship diagrams
5) System design including the user interface, database structure, and sequence diagrams
It aims to develop a user-friendly website to manage construction projects and reduce paperwork through various administrative and member functions.
This document evaluates three candidates against feasibility criteria including operational, cultural, technical, economic, schedule, and legal feasibility. Each criterion is weighted and the candidates are scored on a scale for each, with the overall ranking determined by the combined weighted scores. The economic feasibility analysis further provides cost to develop, payback period, net present value, and detailed calculations.
A feasibility study is valuable for:
Starting a new business
Expansion of an existing business
Adding an enterprise to an existing business
Purchasing an existing business.
The survey of Elizabeth Township residents found that walking/hiking trails, picnic areas, and playgrounds were the most preferred types of recreational facilities. When asked about their favorite activities, adults' top choices were walking/hiking, fitness/wellness activities, and sports fields, while youths' top choices were playgrounds, sports fields, and swimming. Most residents supported generating more space in the Township for recreation, nature, and sports fields, with a preference for keeping such spaces natural and undeveloped. A majority agreed that a mixed-use recreation complex with multiple amenities would be desirable, and emphasized locating it in a centralized area for ease of access.
This document defines key terms used in economic feasibility studies, including project life cycle stages of planning, construction, and operation, as well as the value of products and services and costs incurred. It discusses accounting concepts like revenue, expenses, profit, and return on investment. The time value of money is also introduced, noting that a shilling today is worth more than a shilling in the future. Methods for conducting economic feasibility studies are outlined, such as payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, benefit-cost ratio, and present value of costs.
This Lesson on Technical Plan is the Section 2 of the Part I- Feasibility Study/ Entrepreneurial Planning and Management Course intended for the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and other Business Cluster. The lesson is good for 1.5 hours classroom lecture and discussion with inclusion of workshop to introduce knowledge and skills based research integration in classroom.
I had the pleasure of mentoring the 2012 class of entrepreneurs at Founder Institute Chicago. Here is the presentation I delivered on "Market Research for Startups". The lesson provides high level guidance on: (i) what types of markets to pursue; (ii) how to find data on your market; (iii) how to define your competitors; (iv) how to cost-effectively do market research; and (v) how to determine if you can win, or if you should walk away. This lesson helps entrepreneurs with learning how to do the necessary market research upfront, before wasting a ton of money on a bad idea.
Here is a link to the matching video for the audio part of the presentation: http://redrocketvc.blogspot.com/2012/06/video-george-deeb-teaches-market.html.
For more lessons, read my 101 Startup Lessons on the Red Rocket website (www.RedRocketVC.com) or follow me on Twitter (www.twitter.com/georgedeeb).
El documento habla sobre los desafíos de implementar un proyecto de e-learning. Explica que la evaluación es un proceso continuo y planificado para recopilar y analizar información relevante que permita juzgar el proyecto. Luego detalla los tipos de evaluación, tendencias, procesos, componentes e indicadores a considerar, así como criterios de calidad en áreas como compromiso institucional, tecnología, servicios al estudiante, oferta educativa, docencia y más. Finalmente, da un ejemplo de cómo evaluar dimensiones como cumpl
This document discusses the technical feasibility analysis of a project. It explains that technical feasibility evaluates whether the required technologies and resources are available to implement the project. The key components of a technical feasibility study include assessing the manufacturing processes, ensuring use of latest developments, evaluating suitable locations and sites, identifying required machinery and equipment, and creating project charts and layouts. The primary task is to provide design alternatives and cost estimates for different technical options.
This document discusses the key elements and purpose of a feasibility report. A feasibility report assesses the viability of a new project by detailing whether the project should be undertaken and the reasons for that decision. It is meant to help decision makers choose between options. The main parts of a feasibility report include an executive summary, methodology, overview of alternative options, evaluation of options, conclusion, and recommendations. The report provides recommendations to the decision maker based on an analysis of the project alternatives and their costs, benefits, and viability.
Feasibility study preparation and analysisSahil Bakshi
This document outlines the steps for conducting a feasibility study to determine if a proposed project or business idea is viable. It discusses assessing the market opportunity by researching the defined market, size, growth, and customers. Technical, financial, and operational feasibility are also analyzed. Key questions are provided to guide research on the competition, customer needs, pricing, and the business model. The goals of a feasibility study are to focus the project, surface new opportunities, and enhance the probability of success by addressing factors early that could affect the project.
The document discusses project management basics and concepts. It covers the five phases of the project life cycle: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closure. It also discusses stakeholders, types of projects, feasibility studies, and the roles and responsibilities of a project manager during each phase. Undue use of money and resources can be prevented with effective project management.
The document discusses project phases and management. It describes the typical 5 phases of a project - initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and control, and closure. It provides details on each phase, including developing a project charter and business case in initiation, creating a project plan and defining roles in planning, executing the project in the execution phase, monitoring and controlling the project, and closing the project. It also discusses the importance of project feasibility studies and setting goals using SMART and CLEAR frameworks to help define goals that cater to dynamic project environments.
The document discusses the importance of conducting a feasibility study for projects. It defines feasibility as how easy or difficult it is to accomplish project goals. A feasibility study evaluates if a project is legally, economically, technically, and operationally viable. It also assesses risks, budgets, timelines and market demand. The document outlines the major steps in conducting a feasibility study, including defining the project scope, researching the market, and making a final decision on whether to proceed with the project. It emphasizes that a feasibility study can help improve project success rates by identifying potential issues in the early stages.
This document provides an overview of modern project management. It defines a project, lists common project characteristics, and gives examples. It also outlines the key stages of the project life cycle: defining, planning, executing, and delivering. Additionally, it discusses the importance of project management, current trends in the field, and covers topics like feasibility studies, project selection, and software/consultancy projects. The document provides definitions and steps for conducting a feasibility study to assess the viability of a proposed project.
This document provides information about a Project Management course offered at the School of Management Studies. It includes details like the course code, title, type, presenter, semester, and academic year. The course objectives are outlined, which are to equip students with project management knowledge and skills. The syllabus is divided into four units covering topics like project planning, scheduling, cost estimation, procurement, and project closure. Reference books and online resources are also listed.
The document discusses project management, defining it as the application of knowledge and skills to meet project requirements through processes like planning, executing, and controlling. It outlines key aspects of project management including defining objectives, constraints, life cycles, and phases. The document also discusses evaluation and assessment as important parts of the project management process.
IRJET- An Overview on Project ManagementIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of project management. It discusses the importance of planning, scheduling, and controlling projects. Project planning involves defining objectives, tasks, resource requirements, and cost and duration estimates. Scheduling allocates resources and time to complete activities. Controlling establishes standards, measures performance, and identifies deviations to implement corrective actions. Project management techniques like bar charts, milestone charts, and network diagrams help define work, estimate schedules and costs, and identify potential delays. Proper planning, scheduling, and controlling of projects is necessary for their successful completion.
A feasibility study analyzes a project to determine if it is possible and viable. It considers economic, technical, legal, and scheduling factors. There are five types of feasibility studies: technical, economic, legal, operational, and scheduling. A feasibility study establishes if a project's requirements can be met within timeline and resource constraints. It helps assess demand, resources, impact, and timeline to determine a project's likelihood of success.
This document provides an overview of topics related to industrial project management, including human resource management, project cost estimating, financial principles, investment analysis, and project financing and budgeting. It discusses developing a human resource management plan, estimating project costs using different methods, the importance of investment analysis, and creating a project budget by breaking the project into tasks and milestones and estimating costs. The document is intended to educate students in an MSc program on key aspects of managing industrial projects.
A project is a unique venture with a well-defined beginning and end that consists of interrelated tasks performed within a set time period and budget to meet specific objectives. Project management involves planning, controlling, and completing the project activities to deliver the project outputs while meeting its constraints of time, budget, and technical performance. Key decisions in project management include selecting which projects to implement, choosing a project manager and team, planning and designing the project, and managing resources and progress. A project progresses through conceptualization, planning, implementation, and termination stages over its finite lifecycle.
This document discusses the importance of monitoring and evaluation in ensuring successful project completion. It defines monitoring as assessing progress against plans and evaluation as analyzing project effects and impact. The document outlines key roles of monitoring and evaluation such as identifying issues, facilitating decision making, and assessing goals. It also discusses challenges like overreliance on external consultants and not incorporating lessons learned. The document emphasizes that monitoring and evaluation are important project management tools that should be applied appropriately to improve outcomes.
BPP Training on Project Management - Day 1Imoh Etuk
This training was about exposing the employees of the Lagos State Public Service to the Contemporary Project Management Practices they can adopt to Enhance Project Delivery in the Pandemic Era for the Lagos State Public Service.
Upon successful completion of the training, participants s were to apply the generally recognized practices of project management acknowledged by the Project Management Institute (PMI) to successfully manage projects by:
• Getting started with project management fundamentals.
• Identifying organizational influences and project life cycle.
• Working with project management processes.
• Initiating a project.
• Planning a project.
• Planning for project time management.
• Planning project budget, quality, and communications.
• Planning for risk, procurements, and stakeholder management.
• Executing a project.
• Managing project work, scope, schedules, and cost.
• Controlling a project.
• Closing a project.
This document discusses various models for project selection and considerations for risk in project selection. It outlines both numeric and non-numeric models that are used to evaluate and select projects, including payback period, internal rate of return, and comparative benefit models. It also discusses collecting project data, assessing resource availability, prioritizing projects, and selecting projects to fund or hold in reserve. Finally, it covers implementing the project selection process and outlining key components of effective project proposals.
This document discusses project financial management and cost estimation. It begins by defining key financial terms like finance, financial management, and budgets. It emphasizes the importance of detailed financial policies and budgets for project implementation and control. The document then covers topics like project cost management, cost estimation inputs, and techniques for developing cost estimates. The overall message is that thorough financial planning and cost estimation are crucial for successful project implementation and closure.
The document discusses project management and the project life cycle. It defines a project and project management, outlining the key processes involved - initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. It then describes each phase of the project life cycle in detail - initiation, planning, execution, and closure. For each phase, it provides examples of common project management steps and activities. Finally, it discusses factors that can impact the project environment such as political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental considerations.
This document discusses various aspects of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, and controlling projects. It describes the key components of the project initiation stage including developing a project charter and stakeholder analysis. Planning involves creating a project management plan to outline processes, work execution, controls, and closure. Execution entails performing the planned work, including quality assurance. Monitoring and controlling ensures work aligns with the plan, and issues are addressed. Requirements are established through stakeholder input to ensure project success. Earned value management, forecasting, variance analysis and performance reviews are used to monitor and control projects.
The document discusses project management processes and software project planning. It describes the five basic phases of directing and controlling a project: conception and initiation, definition and planning, launch or execution, performance and control, and close. It also outlines the key responsibilities of a project manager, including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Finally, it details the various activities involved in software project planning such as scope definition, quality planning, time and resource estimation, risk identification, schedule development, and cost estimation.
Software Project Management | An Overview of the Software Project ManagementAhsan Rahim
Management is the process of getting things done through others, it is the process of coordinating people & other resources to achieve the goals of the organization. A project is a set of related tasks that are coordinated to achieve a specific objective in a given time limit. A project is well-defined task, which is a collection of several operations done in order to achieve a goal. Software is the program & all associated documentation & configuration data which is needed to make these programs operate correctly.
A Software Project is the complete procedure of software development from requirement gathering to testing & maintenance, carried out according to the execution methodologies, in a specified period of time to achieve intended software product.
The document discusses various aspects of project planning and management including:
1. The planning process which involves project identification, formulation, and preparation including market analysis, technical factors, and project appraisal.
2. Methods of project budgeting, cost estimation, and risk management.
3. Tools used in project planning such as the work breakdown structure, scheduling, budgeting, and forecasting.
4. The importance of market analysis and demand forecasting in the planning process.
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3. Project planning
It is an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action; also a process of
drawing layouts for some project or enterprise. The following are the importances of project
plans;
• Use project plans to coordinate rather than to control.
• Make use of different personalities within the project
environment.
• Prescheduled frequent revisions to project plans.
• Empower workers to estimate their own work.
• Describe value-creating tasks rather than activities.
• Define specific and tangible milestones.
• Use check lists, matrices, and other supplements to project plans
Planning is an ongoing process that is conducted throughout the project life cycle.
The basic components of a project plan are discussed below:-
Outline of Project Plan-
This is a brief description of what is planned
Approach-
The managerial and technical methodologies of implementing the project should be
specified
Objectives-
The objectives should be very detailed in outlining what the project is expected to
achieve
Policies and Procedures-
Development of a project policy involving general guidelines for carrying out project
Contractual Requirements-
The portion of the project plan should outline reporting requirements
Project Schedule-
The project schedule signifies the commitment of resource against time in pursuit of
project objectives
Resource Requirements
Project resources, budget, and costs are to be documented in this section of the project
plan
Performance Measures-
Measures of evaluating project progress should be developed
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4. Contingency Plans-
Courses of actions to be taken in the case of undesirable events should be
predetermined
Tracking, Reporting, and Auditing-
These involve keeping track of the project plans, evaluating tasks, and scrutinizing the
records of the project
Project planning process
1. Develop Project Management Plan: is the process of documenting the actions necessary
to define, prepare, integrate, and coordinate all subsidiary plans. The project management
plan becomes the primary source of information for how the project will be planned,
executed, monitored and controlled, and closed.
2. Collect Requirements: is the process of defining and documenting stakeholders’ needs to
meet the project objectives
3. Define Scope: is the process of developing a detailed description of the project and
product.
4. Create Work Breakdown Structure: is the process of subdividing project deliverables
and project work into smaller, more manageable components.
5. Define Activities: is the process of identifying the specific actions to be performed to
produce the project deliverables.
6. Sequence Activities: is the process of identifying and documenting relationships among
the project activities.
7. Estimate Activity Resources: is the process of estimating the type and quantities of
material, people, equipment, or supplies required to perform each activity.
8. Estimate Activity Durations: Estimate Activity Durations is the process of approximating
the number of work periods needed to complete individual activities with estimated
resources.
9. Develop Schedule: Develop Schedule is the process of analyzing activity sequences,
durations, resource requirements, and schedule constraints to create the project schedule.
10. Estimate Costs: Estimate Costs is the process of developing an approximation of the
monetary resources needed to complete project activities.
11. Determine Budget: Determine Budget is the process of aggregating the estimated costs
of individual activities or work packages to establish an authorized cost baseline.
2 | P a g e
5. 12. Plan Quality: Plan Quality is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or
standards for the project and product, and documenting how the project will demonstrate
compliance.
13. Develop Human Resource Plan: Develop Human Resource Plan is the process of
identifying and documenting project roles, responsibilities, and required skills, reporting
relationships, and creating a staffing management plan.
14. Plan Communications: Plan Communications is the process of determining project
stakeholder information needs and defining a communication approach
15. Plan Risk Management: Plan Risk Management is the process of defining how to
conduct risk management activities for a project.
16. Identify Risks: Identify Risks is the process of determining which risks may affect the
project and documenting their characteristics.
17. Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis: Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis is the process of
prioritizing risks for further analysis or action by assessing and combining their probability of
occurrence and impact
18. Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis: Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis is the process
of numerically analyzing the effect of identified risks on overall project objectives.
19. Plan Risk Responses: Plan Risk Responses is the process of developing options and
actions to enhance opportunities and to reduce threats to project objectives.
20. Plan Procurements: Plan Procurements is the process of documenting project
purchasing decisions, specifying the approach, and identifying potential sellers.
Project Feasibility Analysis
The most important step in any project after a project plan should be determining the
viability of the idea. This is called Feasibility study /analysis.
Feasibility analysis (FA, also called feasibility study) is used to assess the strengths and
weaknesses of a proposed project and present directions of activities which will improve a
project and achieve desired results. The nature and components of feasibility studies
depend primarily on the areas in which analyzed projects are implemented.
Feasibility literally means whether some idea will work or not. It knows before
hand whether there exists a sizeable market for the proposed product/service, what
would be the investment requirements and where to get the funding from, whether
and wherefrom the necessary technical know-how to convert the idea into a tangible
product may be available, and so on. In other words, feasibility study involves
3 | P a g e
6. an examination of the operations, financial, HR and marketing aspects of a business
on ex ante (Before the venture comes into existence) basis. Thus, you may
simultaneously read this lesson and the lessons on marketing, finance etc. to have a
better idea of the issues involved. What we present hereunder is a brief outline of
the issues impinging upon the various aspects of the feasibility of the proposed
project.
Feasibility is a multivariate concept; that is, a project has to be viable not only in
technical terms but also in economic and commercial terms too.
A feasibility study is essentially a process for determining the viability of a proposed
initiative or service and providing a framework and direction for its development and
delivery. It is a process for making sound decisions and setting direction. It is also a process
which:
i. Is driven by research and analysis
ii. Usually involves some form of consultation with stakeholders, community, users, etc.
iii. Focuses on analyzing, clarifying and resolving key issues and areas of concern or
iv. uncertainty
v. Very often involves basic modeling and testing of alternative concepts and
approaches
There is no universal format for a feasibility study. Feasibility studies can be adapted and
shaped to meet the specific needs of any given situation.
A feasibility study is designed to provide an overview of the primary issues related to a
business idea. The purpose is to identify any "make or break" issues that would prevent your
business from being successful in the marketplace. In other words, a feasibility study
determines whether the business idea makes sense.
A thorough feasibility analysis provides a lot of information necessary for the business plan.
For example, a good market analysis is necessary in order to determine the project's
feasibility. This information provides the basis for the market section of the business plan.
Because putting together a business plan is a significant investment of time and money, you
want to make sure that there are no major roadblocks facing your business idea before you
make that investment. Identifying such roadblocks is the purpose of a feasibility study.
A feasibility study looks at three major areas:
a) Market issues
4 | P a g e
7. b) Organizational/technical issues
c) Financial issues
Again, this is meant to be a "first cut" look at these issues. For example, a feasibility study
should not do in-depth long-term financial projections, but it should do a basic break-even
analysis to see how much revenue would be necessary to meet your operating expenses.
Why Do Feasibility Studies?
Developing any new business venture is difficult. Taking a project from the initial idea
through the operational stage is a complex and time-consuming effort. Most ideas, whether
from a cooperative or an investor owned business, do not develop into business operations. If
these ideas make it to the operational stage, most fail within the first 6 months. Before the
potential members invest in a proposed business project, they must determine if it can be
economically viable and then decide if investment advantages outweigh the risks involved.
Many cooperative business projects are quite expensive to conduct. The projects involve
operations that differ from those of the members' individual business. Often, cooperative
businesses' operations involve risks with which the members are unfamiliar. The study allows
groups to preview potential project outcomes and to decide if they should continue. Although
the costs of conducting a study may seem high, they are relatively minor when compared
with the total project cost. The small initial expenditure on a feasibility study can help to
protect larger capital investments later.
Feasibility studies are useful and valid for many kinds of projects. Evaluation of a new
business ventures, both from new groups and established businesses, is the most common, but
not the only usage. Studies can help groups decide to expand existing services, build or
remodel facilities, change methods of operation, add new products, or even merge with
another business.
A feasibility study assists decision makers whenever they need to consider alternative
development opportunities.
Feasibility studies permit planners to outline their ideas on paper before implementing them.
This can reveal errors in project design before their implementation negatively affects the
project. Applying the lessons gained from a feasibility study can significantly lower the
project costs.
The study presents the risks and returns associated with the project so the prospective
members can evaluate them. There is no "magic number" or correct rate of return a project
needs to obtain before a group decides to proceed. The acceptable level of return and
appropriate risk rate will vary for individual members depending on their personal situation.
5 | P a g e
8. The proposed project usually requires both risk capital from members and debt capital from
banks and other financers to become operational. Lenders typically require an objective
evaluation of a project prior to investing. A feasibility study conducted by someone without a
vested interest in the project outcome can provide this assessment.
General requirements and potential benefits of conducting feasibility study include:
i. Developing any new business venture is difficult.
ii. Taking a project from initiation of idea to operational stage is a complex and time
consuming effort.
iii. It minimizes project failure -Most ideas, whether from cooperative or investor-owned
businesses, do not develop into business operations. If these ideas make it to the
operational stage, majority of them fail within first six months.
iv. Projects involve business operations that differ from Individual business.
v. Feasibility study allows groups developing a business idea to preview potential
project outcomes and decide if they want to continue developing the project.
vi. Though the cost of conducting a study can seem high, almost always, these costs are
relatively minor when compared to the total project cost.
vii. Small initial expenditure on a feasibility study by a group can help to protect larger
capital investments later.
viii. Feasibility study is a useful tool and is valid for many kinds of projects
ix. An effective feasibility analysis will provide the client with a solid foundation upon
which a project is built.
x. A feasibility study provides concept identification, estimates of supportable market,
design parameters, attendance estimates, revenue projections, and net warranted
investment.
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9. xi. It essentially becomes a road map for your project
An Overview of the Study
The feasibility study involves;
Appraisal of existing systems and manual processes.
Troubleshooting.
Process re-engineering.
Risk analysis and assessment.
Risk management.
Cost-benefit analysis.
Impact analysis.
Integration of existing and new systems.
Resource requirements planning and timings.
Implementation strategy.
Infrastructure assessment and requirements.
Dependencies and requirements.
Support requirements and logistical analysis
The elements of feasibility analysis for a project should be
covering the below:
1) Need Analysis
2) Process Work
3) Engineering & Design
4) Cost Estimate
5) Financial Analysis
6) Project Impacts
7) Conclusions and Recommendations
A feasibility report should have the following structure:
1.Executive Summary:
It provides a quick overview of the main points of the assessment, helping to form a
picture of the proposal along with the recommendations. It should be concise and
include the major findings covered in the main body of the report.
2. Need Analysis
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10. Need Analysis information provide a context to the business proposition. It
analyzes the justification of the idea, with a study of possible alternatives. It links
the business idea to the current circumstances and helps to inform evaluation of the
business idea.
3. Engineering:
Description of the technical aspects of the business idea, including any changes needed
to be made to existing processes or the need to add items to existing range of products
and services.
4) Cost Estimate-
This involves estimating project cost to a suitable level of accuracy.
-Levels of around -5% to +15% are common at this level of a project plan.
-Estimates of capital investment, recurring and nonrecurring costs must be there
-Sensitivity analysis can be carried out on the estimated cost values to see how
sensitive the project plan is to the estimated cost values
5) Financial Analysis-
This involves an analysis of the cash flow profile of the project
-The analysis should consider rates of return, inflation, sources of capital, payback
periods, breakeven point, residual values, and sensitivity
-This is a critical analysis since it determines whether or not and when funds will be
available to the project
6) Project Impacts-
This portion of the feasibility study provides an assessment of the impact of the
proposed project
-Environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic impacts may be some of the
factors that will determine how a project is perceived by the public
7) Conclusions and Recommendations-
The feasibility study should end with the overall outcome of the project
-This may indicate an endorsement or disapproval of the project.
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11. -Recommendations on what should be done should be included in this section of the
feasibility report.
A feasibility study is a management-oriented activity. After a feasibility study,
management makes a “go/no-go” decision. It helps examine the problem in the
context of broader business strategy
Types of feasibility
Feasibility is of the following types:
Technical Feasibility:
This area reviews the engineering feasibility of the project, including structural, civil and
other relevant engineering aspects necessitated by the project design. The technical
capabilities of the personnel as well as the capability of the projected technologies to be used
in the project are considered. In some instances, particularly when projects are in third world
countries, technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs to be analyzed
to understand productivity loss (or gain) and other implications due to differences in
topography, geography, fuels availability, infrastructure support and other issues.
Economic Feasibility:
Economic feasibility is the process of identifying the financial benefits and costs associated
with a development project. It involves the feasibility of the proposed project to generate
economic benefits. A benefit-cost analysis (addressing a problem or need in the manner
proposed by the project compared to other, the cost of other approaches to the same or similar
problem) is required. A breakeven analysis when appropriate is also a required aspect of
evaluating the economic feasibility of a project. (This addresses fixed and variable costs and
utilization/sales forecasts). The tangible and intangible aspects of a project should be
translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent basis for evaluation. Even when a
project is non-profit in nature, economic feasibility is critical
Schedule Feasibility
How long will it take to get the technical expertise?
• We may have the technology, but that doesn't mean we have the skills required
to properly apply that technology.
May need to hire new people
Or re-train existing systems staff
Whether hiring or training, it will impact the schedule.
Assess the schedule risk:
• Given our technical expertise, are the project deadlines reasonable?
• If there are specific deadlines, are they mandatory or desirable?
If the deadlines are not mandatory, the analyst can propose several alternative
schedules.
What are the real constraints on project deadlines?
• If the project overruns, what are the consequences?
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12. Deliver a properly functioning information system two months late…
…or deliver an error-prone, useless information system on time?
Managerial Feasibility:
Demonstrated management capability and availability, employee involvement, and
commitment are key elements required to ascertain managerial feasibility. This addresses
the management and organizational structure of the project, ensuring that the proponent's
structure is as described in the submittal and is well suited to the type of operation
undertaken.
Financial Feasibility:
Financial feasibility should be distinguished from economic feasibility. Financial feasibility
involves the capability of the project organization to raise the appropriate funds needed to
implement the proposed project. In many instances, project proponents choose to have
additional investors or other sources of funds for their projects. In these cases, the
feasibility, soundness, sources and applications of these project funds can be an obstacle. As
appropriate, loan availability, credit worthiness, equity, and loan schedule still be reviewed
as aspects of financial feasibility analysis.
Also included in this area are the review of implications of land purchases, leases and other
estates in land.
Cultural Feasibility:
Cultural feasibility deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the cultural
environment of the project. In labor-intensive projects, planned functions must be integrated
with the local cultural practices and beliefs. For example, religious beliefs may influence
what an individual is willing to do or not do.
Social Feasibility:
Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may have on the social
system in the project environment. The ambient social structure may be such that certain
categories of workers may be in short supply or nonexistent. The effect of the project on the
social status of the project participants must be assessed to ensure compatibility. It should be
recognized that workers in certain industries may have certain status symbols within the
society.
Safety Feasibility:
Safety feasibility is another important aspect that should be considered in project planning.
Safety feasibility refers to an analysis of whether the project is capable of being
implemented and operated safely with minimal adverse effects on the environment.
Unfortunately, environmental impact assessment is often not adequately addressed in
complex projects.
Political Feasibility:
Political considerations often dictate directions for a proposed project. This is particularly
true for large projects with significant visibility that may have significant government inputs
and political implications. For example, political necessity may be a source of support for a
project regardless of the project's merits. On the other hand, worthy projects may face
insurmountable opposition simply because of political factors.
Political feasibility analysis requires an evaluation of the compatibility of project goals with
the prevailing goals of the political system.
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13. Environmental Feasibility:
Often a killer of projects through long, drawn-out approval processes and outright active
opposition by those claiming environmental concerns. This is an aspect worthy of real
attention in the very early stages of a project. Concern must be shown and action must be
taken to address any and all environmental concerns raised or anticipated. This component
also addresses the ability of the project to timely obtain and at a reasonable cost, needed
permits, licenses and approvals.
Market Feasibility:
This area should not be confused with the Economic Feasibility. The market needs analysis
to view the potential impacts of market demand, competitive activities, etc. And market
share available. Possible competitive activities by competitors, whether local, regional,
national or international, must also be analyzed for early contingency funding and impacts
on operating costs during the start-up, ramp-up, and commercial start-up phases of the
project.
Tangible and Intangible Benefits:
Estimating benefits and costs in a timely manner is very difficult. Benefits are often defined
as:
a. Tangible benefits for which money may be reasonably quantified and
measured. Examples are
i. Fewer processing errors
ii. Increased throughput (ratio of output to input)
iii. Decreased response time
iv. Elimination of job steps
v. Increased sales
vi. Reduced credit losses
vii. Reduced expenses
b. Intangible benefits that may be quantified in units other than money or may be
identified and described subjectively. Examples are;
i. Improved customer goodwill
ii. Improved employee morale
iii. Better service to community
iv. Better decision-making
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14. Costs are significantly more difficult to quantify, at least in a timely and inexpensive manner.
The minimum costs that must be determined are those that specifically are used for
comparison to the benefits. These include:·
i. The current operating costs or the cost of operating in today's circumstances.
ii. Future period costs that are expected and can be planned for.
Intangible costs that may be difficult to quantify. These costs are often omitted if
quantification would contribute little to the decision-making process.
There must be careful documentation of all known constraints and assumptions that were
made in developing the costs and the benefits. Unrealistic or unrecognized assumptions are
often the cause of unrealistic benefits. The go or no-go decision to continue with a project
could very well rest upon the validity of the assumptions.
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