The document discusses software processes and iterative process models. It describes incremental delivery and spiral development as two iterative process models. Incremental delivery breaks development into increments with each delivering part of the functionality. Spiral development represents the process as a spiral with phases addressing objectives, risks, development and planning. Both models allow for iteration and incorporate user feedback earlier.
This document provides an overview of software construction. It begins with definitions of software construction and discusses why the construction phase is important. It describes the key activities in construction as developing the design model and implementation. The document focuses on developing the design model, including ensuring traceability to the analysis model and adapting the design for the implementation environment. It provides examples from a sample recycling machine system to illustrate traceability between models and handling inheritance and associations in the design model.
Agile Development | Agile Process ModelsAhsan Rahim
Agile Development | Agile Process Models
Here you are going to know What is Agile Development & What are Agile Process Models for the development of Software Product.
What are different types of Agile Development, steps involve in Agile Development, XP, Scrum, Traditional Process Models with full text and animated description.
Software Process Models defines a distinct set of activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work products that are required to engineer high-quality software...
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This document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) systems. It describes six main components of an SQA system: pre-project, project life cycle, infrastructure for error prevention/improvement, management, standards/certification/assessment, and organization. It also discusses SQA considerations like software complexity, classification of SQA components, and factors to consider when constructing an organization's SQA system.
Case tools(computer Aided software Engineering)Self-employed
CASE stands for Computer Aided Software Engineering and refers to the development and maintenance of software projects using various software tools to increase speed and handle changing market demands. There are classic CASE tools like debuggers and compilers as well as real CASE tools that support multiple phases of development from analysis and design to coding. Real CASE tools include diagramming, process modeling, project management, documentation, analysis, design, configuration management, change control, programming, prototyping, web development, quality assurance, and maintenance tools.
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying systematic and technical approaches to develop reliable and efficient computer software. It describes various software development models including waterfall, prototyping, RAD, spiral and evolutionary models. It also discusses software engineering layers, characteristics, applications, and process models. Finally, it covers concepts like fourth generation techniques, software project management, estimation techniques, and risk management.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
The document describes the waterfall model of software development. It begins by listing the presenters and defining sequential and incremental software development models. It then discusses the waterfall model in more detail, describing it as a linear sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The document outlines the history, use cases, diagram, phases and advantages/disadvantages of the waterfall model.
Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is a process that emphasizes designing and building systems using reusable software components. It emerged from failures of object-oriented development to enable effective reuse. CBSE follows a "buy, don't build" philosophy where requirements are met through available components rather than custom development. The CBSE process involves identifying components, qualifying them, adapting them if needed, and assembling them within an architectural design. This leverages reuse for increased quality, productivity, and reduced development time compared to traditional software engineering approaches.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The document discusses architectural design, including software architecture, architecture genres, styles, and design. It covers topics such as what architecture is, why it's important, architectural descriptions, decisions, genres like artificial intelligence and operating systems, styles like layered and object-oriented, patterns, organization/refinement, representing systems in context, defining archetypes, refining into components, describing instantiations, and assessing alternative designs.
Waterfall Model in SDLC system development life Cycle this model is used to developed software according to the requirement of the Users.... in any business this model is using commonly
The document discusses various aspects of requirements engineering including processes, techniques, challenges, and importance. It describes requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management. Key points covered include feasibility studies, types of requirements, characteristics of good requirements, requirements traceability and evolution. Diagrams like use cases, activity diagrams and data flow diagrams are presented as examples of requirements specification outputs.
The document discusses the prototype model in software development. It defines a prototype model as building a working prototype of the system before full development to allow users to evaluate proposals. The key steps are requirements analysis, quick design, building the prototype, getting customer evaluation and feedback, and refining the prototype iteratively until the user is satisfied. Prototype models have advantages like early assessment, clarifying requirements, and ensuring user requirements are met. However, they can also be time-consuming and expensive if multiple prototypes are needed before finding the perfect fit.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
The document discusses the origins and drivers of software engineering as a discipline. It arose in response to frequent software project failures in the late 1960s, termed the "software crisis". Key points:
- Software engineering aims to apply systematic and quantifiable principles to software development and maintenance to improve quality, productivity and job satisfaction.
- It draws on computer science, management science, economics and other fields. Processes and models help manage complex software projects.
- Early process models included waterfall and prototyping. Later agile models like spiral emphasize iterative development and risk management over rigid phases.
The software engineering process involves key activities to help create high-quality software in a timely manner. It provides structure, control, and organization. The process depends on the specific software but generally involves communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Additional umbrella activities like risk management, quality assurance, and configuration management help manage the process. The goal is to deliver software that satisfies stakeholders and users.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
The document discusses various aspects of the software process including software process models, generic process models like waterfall model and evolutionary development, process iteration, and system requirements specification. It provides details on each topic with definitions, characteristics, advantages and diagrams. The key steps in software process are specified as software specifications, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. Generic process models and specific models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and incremental delivery are explained.
Software Engineering- Requirement Elicitation and SpecificationNishu Rastogi
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering for software development. It involves four main steps:
1) Feasibility study to determine if the project is possible.
2) Requirements gathering by communicating with clients and users to understand what the software should do.
3) Creating a software requirements specification (SRS) document that defines system functions and constraints.
4) Validating requirements to ensure they are clear, consistent, and can be implemented.
The Spiral Model is an iterative software development process that is used for large, complex projects where requirements are not fully known. It consists of loops called phases that each have four quadrants - identification, design, construction, and evaluation. This allows for risk analysis, prototyping, customer evaluation and feedback at each phase of development. The Spiral Model supports risk handling, changing requirements, and customer involvement throughout the life cycle, making it well-suited for complex projects, though it is more complex and expensive than other models.
The document discusses software processes and introduces various process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and explains process activities such as requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. The document also introduces computer-aided software engineering tools that can support different activities in the software development process.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering processes. It discusses that a software process involves a series of defined activities that lead to the development of a software product. The key activities include specification, design, validation, and evolution. It also describes the requirements engineering process, software design process, programming and debugging, validation through testing, and evolution of software systems.
The document discusses several software development process models including:
- The waterfall model which separates development into distinct phases but is inflexible to change.
- Evolutionary development which interleaves specification, development and validation but can lack structure.
- Component-based development which focuses on reuse but requires component standards.
- Iterative models like incremental delivery and spiral development which incorporate feedback loops and risk analysis to accommodate changing requirements.
This document discusses various process models for software engineering:
- The waterfall model defines sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It is inflexible to change.
- Iterative models allow repetition of phases to incrementally develop software. The incremental model delivers functionality in increments.
- Evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral development use iterative evaluation and refinement of prototypes to evolve requirements and manage risk.
- Other models include component-based development, formal methods, aspect-oriented development, and the Unified Process with iterative development of use cases. Personal and team software processes focus on self-directed teams, planning, metrics, and process improvement.
1. The document discusses software processes and models including plan-driven and agile processes. It describes common process activities like specification, design, implementation, validation, and evolution.
2. Specific process models are examined, including the waterfall model, incremental development, and reuse-oriented processes. The waterfall model involves separate sequential phases while incremental development interleaves activities.
3. Process descriptions cover products, roles, and pre/post conditions. Activities include requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and system evolution to handle changing needs.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC process - preliminary investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, software development, system testing, implementation and evaluation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, with its sequential phases of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
The document discusses different software development process models including waterfall, evolutionary development, incremental development, and spiral models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. However, it does not handle changes well. Evolutionary and incremental models incorporate feedback loops and iterative development. The spiral model is risk-driven and guides teams to adopt elements of other models based on a project's risk assessment.
Software life cycle model: The descriptive and diagrammatic representation of the software life cycle
It represent all the activities performed on software product from the inception to retirement
It also depicts the order in which these activities are to be undertaken
More than one activity can be carried out in a single phase
The primary advantage of adhering to a life cycle model is that it encourages development of software in a systematic and disciplined manner
When a program is developed by a single programmer ,he has the freedom to decide the exact steps through which he will develop the program
Iterative Linear Sequential Model
The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
The document discusses the V-model of the system development life cycle (SDLC). It begins by defining the SDLC as a structured process or framework for developing software. It then describes the key phases of the V-model - requirements analysis, design, implementation, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Each phase in the development process (left side of the V) has a corresponding testing phase (right side of the V) to validate the work. The V-model aims to ensure quality at each stage and prevent defects from propagating through the lifecycle.
Software Process in Software Engineering SE3koolkampus
The document introduces software process models and describes three generic models: waterfall, evolutionary development, and component-based development. It also covers the Rational Unified Process model and discusses how computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support software development processes.
The document introduces software process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and discusses key process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. Computer-aided software engineering tools are introduced as a way to support various activities in the software development process.
The document introduces software process models and describes three generic models: waterfall, evolutionary development, and component-based development. It also outlines the software development process including requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. The Rational Unified Process model is introduced as a modern iterative process model. Computer-aided software engineering tools are discussed as a way to support software process activities.
The document introduces software process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and discusses key process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. Computer-aided software engineering tools are introduced as a way to support various activities in the software development process.
The document introduces software process models and describes three generic models: waterfall, evolutionary development, and component-based development. It also covers the Rational Unified Process model and discusses how computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support software processes. Key activities like requirements, design, implementation, testing, and evolution are defined.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including different types of software, software classification, software attributes, and common software development process models. It describes system software and application software, and distinguishes between generic/off-the-shelf software and custom software. Popular process models covered include waterfall, prototyping, and rapid application development (RAD). The waterfall model and its stages are explained in detail.
Software Process Models, The Linear Sequential Model, The Prototyping Model, The RAD Model, Evolutionary Process Models, Agile Process Model, Component-Based Development, Process, Product and Process.
A brand new catalog for the 2024 edition of IWISS. We have enriched our product range and have more innovations in electrician tools, plumbing tools, wire rope tools and banding tools. Let's explore together!
A brief introduction to quadcopter (drone) working. It provides an overview of flight stability, dynamics, general control system block diagram, and the electronic hardware.
A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
Here is a detailed description of its parts and how to use it.
Response & Safe AI at Summer School of AI at IIITHIIIT Hyderabad
Talk covering Guardrails , Jailbreak, What is an alignment problem? RLHF, EU AI Act, Machine & Graph unlearning, Bias, Inconsistency, Probing, Interpretability, Bias
Social media management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project "Social Media Platform in Object-Oriented Modeling" aims to design
and model a robust and scalable social media platform using object-oriented
modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
have become indispensable for connecting people, sharing content, and fostering
online communities. However, their complex nature requires meticulous planning
and organization.This project addresses the challenge of creating a feature-rich and
user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
content interactions, and notifications, are meticulously established.The project
emphasizes encapsulation to maintain data integrity, inheritance for shared behaviors
among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
a seamless and secure online social experience while facilitating future enhancements
and adaptability to changing user needs.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
2. In Ch4 Lec 5 – Part 1 we discuss:
1- Generic software process model
a. waterfall model
b. evolutionary model
c. Formal systems
d. reuse- based component model
In Ch4 Lec 5 – Part 2 we discuss:
2- Iterative process model
a. Incremental development (delivery)
b. Spiral development
3- software process
4- CASE tools
3. Process iteration
• process iteration where earlier stages are
reworked in response to change request is always
part of the process for large systems
• The iteration process models that have been
designed to support process iteration??
– 1- Incremental development (delivery)
– 2- Spiral development
4. 1- Incremental delivery
• It is an in between approach which combines the
advantages of waterfall and evolutionary models.
• Rather than deliver the system as a single
delivery, the software specification, design and
implementation is broken down into increments
with each increment delivering part of the required
functionality.
5. Incremental delivery
• User requirements are prioritized and the
highest priority requirements are included in
early increments
• Once the development of an increment is
started, the requirements are frozen though
requirements for later increments can
continue to evolve
7. Incremental delivery advantages
• Customer can gain value from the system with each
increment so system functionality is available earlier
• Early increments act as a prototype to help elicit
requirements for later increments
• Lower risk of overall project failure
• The highest priority system services tend to receive the
most testing
• it is useful when staffing is unavailable for a complete
implementation.
8. Advice: when you encounter a difficult deadline that
cannot be changed, the incremental model is a good
one to consider.
Increments should be relatively small and each
increment should deliver some system functionality.
So it is difficult to map the customer’s requirement
with the right size of the increment.
A recent evolution of this increment approach called
extreme programming (XP).
9. Extreme programming (XP)- a new
evolution of incremental approach.
• New approach based on the development and
delivery of very small increments of
functionality
• Relies on user involvement in the development
team (planning) and pair programming (Coding)
10. 2- Spiral development
• Process is represented as a spiral rather than as a
sequence of activities with backtracking from one
activity to another.
• Each loop in the spiral represents a phase in the
software process.
• The inner loop might be connected to feasibility, next
loop with requirements definitions and so on.
• Risks are explicitly assessed and resolved throughout
the process
11. Spiral model of the software
process
Risk
analysis
Risk
analysis
Risk
analysis
Risk
analysis Proto-
type 1
Prototype 2
Prototype 3
Opera-
tional
protoype
Concept of
Operation
Simulations, models, benchmarks
S/W
requirements
Requirement
validation
Design
V&V
Product
design Detailed
design
Code
Unit test
Integration
testAcceptance
testService Develop, verify
next-level product
Evaluate alternatives
identify, resolve risks
Determine objectives
alternatives and
constraints
Plan next phase
Integration
and test plan
Development
plan
Requirements plan
Life-cycle plan
REVIEW
12. Spiral model loop sectors
• Objective setting
– Specific objectives for the phase are identified
– constraints on the process and the product are
identified, also project risks are identified.
• Risk analysis (assessment) and reduction
– Risks are assessed and activities put in place to
reduce the key risks
– Example: if there is a risk that the requirements
are inappropriate, a prototype system may be
developed.
13. Spiral model loop sectors
• Development and validation (engineering)
– A development model for the system is chosen
which can be any of the generic models
– Example: if user interface risk are dominant
, an appropriate development model might
be evolutionary prototyping
• Planning
– The project is reviewed and the next phase of
the spiral is planned
14. Spiral model
• The main different between the Spiral model and other
Software process model:
is the explicit recognition of the risk (something that
can be go wrong)
16. 1- Software specification (RE)
• It is the process of establishing what services are required
from the system and the constraints on the system’s
operation and development
17. 1- Software specification (RE)
• Software specification or Requirements Engineering process
phases:
– Feasibility study (is the proposed system cost-effective, is it
within the budget constraints)
– Requirements elicitation and analysis, this may involve
observation of existing system, task analysis, and may need
to development of system model an prototype.
– Requirements specification, translate info gathered to set of
requirements (document), it include:
User requirement and system requirements (more detail)
– Requirements validation, realism, consistency and
completeness.
19. 2- Software design and implementation
• The process of converting the system
specification into an executable system
• Software design, is a description of the structure
of the software, the data, the interfaces, and
algorithms.
• Implementation, translate this structure into an
executable program
• The activities of design and implementation are
closely related and may be inter-leaved
20. Design process activities (phases)
• Architectural design, the sub systems making the system and their
relationship are identified.
• Abstract specification, for each sub system, an abstract specification
of its services and constraints is produced.
• Interface design, for each sub system, its interfaces with others is
designed.
• Component design: services are allocated to the component and the
interfaces for this component is designed
• Data structure design: the data structure used in this system are
designed in detail.
• Algorithm design: the Algorithm used in this system are designed in
detail.
21. The software design process
Architectural
design
Abstract
specification
Interface
design
Component
design
Data
structure
design
Algorithm
design
System
architecture
Software
specification
Interface
specification
Component
specification
Data
structure
specification
Algorithm
specification
Requirements
specification
Design activities
Design products
22. Programming and debugging
( Implementation)
• Translating a design into a program and removing errors
from that program
• Programming is a personal activity - there is no generic
programming process
• Programmers carry out some program testing to discover
faults in the program and remove these faults in the
debugging process
• The debugging process are consisted of locate errors, design
error repair, repair errors, and re-test program.
24. 3- Software validation
• Verification and validation (V & V) is intended to
show that a system conforms to its specification
and meets the requirements of the system’s
customer
• System testing involves executing the system with
test cases that are derived from the specification
of the real data to be processed by the system
25. The stages of testing process
Sub-system
testing
Module
testing
Unit
testing
System
testing
Acceptance
testing
Component
testing
Integration testing User
testing
26. Testing Process stages
• Unit(Component) testing, individual components
are tested to insure that it is work correctly
• Module testing, related collections of dependent
components are tested
• Sub-system testing, modules are integrated into
sub-systems and tested. The focus here should be
on interface testing
27. Testing Process stages, cont…
• System testing, testing of the system as a whole.
integrate the component then make testing * to find the
errors result from integration and interface problems for
this component. This test is used * to validate the system
to meet the functional and non-functional requirement
and * to check the emergent properties.
• Acceptance testing, testing with customer data to
check that it is acceptable. System is tested using a
real data supplied by the user. This test reveals
requirement problems and if the system performance is
not acceptable.
28. 4- Software evolution
• Software is inherently flexible and can change.
• As requirements change through changing business
circumstances, the software that supports the business
must also evolve and change
• Although there has been a split between development and
evolution (maintenance) .
• Software maintenance cost is several times the
development cost.
30. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
• CASE is software to support requirement, design, software
development and evolution processes.
• Activity automation- can be used by CASE:
– Graphical editors used for system model development
– Data dictionary that holds information about entities and
relations of design. Used to understand design.
– Graphical User Interface builder used for user interface
construction
– Debuggers to support program fault finding
– Automated translators to generate new versions of a
program from old one. (ex COBOL)
31. CASE technology
• Case technology has led to significant improvements in the
software process and saving in the cost of software
process.
• CASE is available for most routine activities of software
process.
• The improvement from the use of CASE are limited by two
factors:
– Software engineering requires creative thought-
(Artificial intelligent technology ) - this is not easily
automatable.
– Software engineering is a team activity and, for large
projects, much time is spent in team interactions. CASE
technology does not really support these
32. CASE Tool classification
Classification helps us understand the different types of
CASE tools and their support for process activities:
• Functional perspective, tools are classified according to
their specific function
• Process perspective, tools are classified according to
process activities that are supported
• Integration perspective, tools are classified according to
how they are organised into integrated units that provide
support for process activity.
33. Functional tool classification
Tool type Examples
Planning tools PERT tools, estimation tools,
spreadsheets
Editing tools Text editors, diagram editors, word
processors
Change management tools Requirements traceability tools, change
control systems
Configuration management tools Version management systems, system
building tools
Prototyping tools Very high-level languages,
user interface generators
Method-support tools Design editors, data dictionaries, code
generators
Language-processing tools Compilers, interpreters
Program analysis tools Cross reference generators, static
analysers, dynamic analysers
Testing tools Test data generators, file comparators
Debugging tools Interactive debugging systems
Documentation tools Page layout programs, image editors
Re-engineering tools Cross-reference systems, program re-
structuring systems
35. CASE Classification Categories:
• Tools: support individual process activity such as design
consistency checking, text editing.
• Workbenches: support a set of related process phases and
activities such as specification or design.
Normally include a number of integrated tools.
• Environments: support all or most part of an entire
software process activities. Normally include several
integrated workbenches
37. Key points
• Software processes are the activities involved in producing
and evolving a software system. They are represented in a
software process model
• General activities are specification, design,
implementation, validation and evolution
• Generic process models describe the organization of
software processes such as waterfall, evolutionary and
reuse-component.
• Iterative process models describe the software process as
a cycle of activities. Such as incremental delivery and
spiral model.
The main advantage of iteration process model is to avoid
the commitment to specification and design.
38. Key points
• Requirements engineering is the process of developing a
software specification
• Design and implementation processes transform the
specification to an executable program
• Validation involves checking that the system meets to its
specification and user needs
• Evolution is concerned with modifying the system after it is
in use
• CASE technology supports software process activities