- ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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V pregled in obdelavo smo prejeli 58 arheobotaničnih vzorcev rastlinskih makroostankov (semen, plodov, oglja). Pridobljeni so bili z mokrim sejanjem vzorcev sedimenta in ročnim prebiranjem semen, plodov in oglja iz posušenih frakcij,... more
V pregled in obdelavo smo prejeli 58 arheobotaničnih
vzorcev rastlinskih makroostankov (semen, plodov, oglja).
Pridobljeni so bili z mokrim sejanjem vzorcev sedimenta
in ročnim prebiranjem semen, plodov in oglja iz posušenih
frakcij, ujetih na sitih. Vzorci sedimenta so bili odvzeti po subjektivni
presoji izkopavalca, in sicer z mest, kjer so bili že na
terenu vidni žganina, večje jame ali npr. ohranjene posode,
napolnjene s sedimentom.
Tla na najdišču so bila izjemno suha, tako tudi arheobotanični
vzorci. Ohranjeni so predvsem zogleneli makroostanki,
ki so bili vsi pregledani pod stereomikroskopom Leica MZ75
z do 50-kratno povečavo. Identifikacija je potekala s pomočjo
slikovnih ključev (npr. Anderberg 1994; Cappers et al.
2006; Berggren 1981) in lastne referenčne zbirke semen in
plodov. Strokovna nomenklatura (tj. poimenovanje rastlinskih
vrst) sledi Mali flori Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 1999).
vzorcev rastlinskih makroostankov (semen, plodov, oglja).
Pridobljeni so bili z mokrim sejanjem vzorcev sedimenta
in ročnim prebiranjem semen, plodov in oglja iz posušenih
frakcij, ujetih na sitih. Vzorci sedimenta so bili odvzeti po subjektivni
presoji izkopavalca, in sicer z mest, kjer so bili že na
terenu vidni žganina, večje jame ali npr. ohranjene posode,
napolnjene s sedimentom.
Tla na najdišču so bila izjemno suha, tako tudi arheobotanični
vzorci. Ohranjeni so predvsem zogleneli makroostanki,
ki so bili vsi pregledani pod stereomikroskopom Leica MZ75
z do 50-kratno povečavo. Identifikacija je potekala s pomočjo
slikovnih ključev (npr. Anderberg 1994; Cappers et al.
2006; Berggren 1981) in lastne referenčne zbirke semen in
plodov. Strokovna nomenklatura (tj. poimenovanje rastlinskih
vrst) sledi Mali flori Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 1999).
Research Interests:
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Textile remains from Iron Age settlement Most na Soči
Plant macroremains from Iron Age settlement Most na Soči
The article discusses the results of archaeological research at the sites of Črnelnik and Devce at Ljubljansko barje in 2014. These are two newly-discovered sites from the period when Ljubljansko barje was inhabited by pile-dwellers.... more
The article discusses the results of archaeological research at the sites of Črnelnik and Devce at Ljubljansko barje in 2014. These are two newly-discovered sites from the period when Ljubljansko barje was inhabited by pile-dwellers. Based on interdisciplinary analyses, the pile-dwelling at Črnelnik is assigned to the beginning of the 4 th millennium BC. Less data was gathered from the site of Devce, therefore its character cannot yet be determined. It is set in the time between the 4 th and 2 nd millennia BC.
Plant macroremains from Iron age settlement at Molnik, Slovenia
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Remains of yarn from the Eneolithic pile-dwelling settlement Stare gmajne near Verd indicate that it was probably spun of fibre, which can be found in fruits and stems of plants from the family of grasses (Poaceae). Textile or yarn finds... more
Remains of yarn from the Eneolithic pile-dwelling settlement
Stare gmajne near Verd indicate that it was probably spun of fibre,
which can be found in fruits and stems of plants from the family
of grasses (Poaceae).
Textile or yarn finds are rare in Slovenia; consequently, we
do not have much experience with working with such material
and therefore the collaboration with natural sciences becomes
vital. Findings of analysis form a base for further arrangements
for preserving the artefact, regardless of whether the artefact is
conserved.
The question of transportation of such a sensitive artefact
to a museum and its protection while in storage, is emphasised.
Besides permanent monitoring of relative humidity, temperature
and light, the artefact also needs to be protected from soiling.
Stare gmajne near Verd indicate that it was probably spun of fibre,
which can be found in fruits and stems of plants from the family
of grasses (Poaceae).
Textile or yarn finds are rare in Slovenia; consequently, we
do not have much experience with working with such material
and therefore the collaboration with natural sciences becomes
vital. Findings of analysis form a base for further arrangements
for preserving the artefact, regardless of whether the artefact is
conserved.
The question of transportation of such a sensitive artefact
to a museum and its protection while in storage, is emphasised.
Besides permanent monitoring of relative humidity, temperature
and light, the artefact also needs to be protected from soiling.
Research Interests:
Between 2004 in 2007, archaeological researches of the pile-dwelling settlement Stare gmajne near Verd at the Ljubljansko barje, revealed new discoveries of wooden objects. In 2004, remains of a handle made of cornel (Cornus sp.) were... more
Between 2004 in 2007, archaeological researches of the
pile-dwelling settlement Stare gmajne near Verd at the Ljubljansko
barje, revealed new discoveries of wooden objects. In 2004,
remains of a handle made of cornel (Cornus sp.) were found in
a shaft-hole of a stone axe. Two wooden artefacts were found in
trench in 2006; entirely preserved children’s bow of yew (Taxus
baccata) and cornel handle (Cornus sp.). In 2007, somewhat longer
fragment of a handle made of ash (Fraxinus sp.) was found in a
shaft-hole of an antler axe.
With the choice and use of wood, these finds confirm that
over 5000 years ago people had good knowledge of wood properties
and knew how to optimally choose and use different species
of wood.
pile-dwelling settlement Stare gmajne near Verd at the Ljubljansko
barje, revealed new discoveries of wooden objects. In 2004,
remains of a handle made of cornel (Cornus sp.) were found in
a shaft-hole of a stone axe. Two wooden artefacts were found in
trench in 2006; entirely preserved children’s bow of yew (Taxus
baccata) and cornel handle (Cornus sp.). In 2007, somewhat longer
fragment of a handle made of ash (Fraxinus sp.) was found in a
shaft-hole of an antler axe.
With the choice and use of wood, these finds confirm that
over 5000 years ago people had good knowledge of wood properties
and knew how to optimally choose and use different species
of wood.
Research Interests:
In 2006, we discovered remains of a pile-dwelling settlement Veliki Otavnik Ib during underwater survey of the riverbed of the Bistra stream at the Ljubljansko barje, not far from the foot of the mountainous Karstic fringe.... more
In 2006, we discovered remains of a pile-dwelling settlement
Veliki Otavnik Ib during underwater survey of the riverbed of the
Bistra stream at the Ljubljansko barje, not far from the foot of
the mountainous Karstic fringe. Dendrochronological analysis
of wooden foundation piles showed that the settlement dates to
the horizon of pile-dwellings from 4th millennium BC and that is
contemporary with the settlement Stare gmajne.
Veliki Otavnik Ib during underwater survey of the riverbed of the
Bistra stream at the Ljubljansko barje, not far from the foot of
the mountainous Karstic fringe. Dendrochronological analysis
of wooden foundation piles showed that the settlement dates to
the horizon of pile-dwellings from 4th millennium BC and that is
contemporary with the settlement Stare gmajne.
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We present the results of dendrochronological and radiometric researches on the pile-dwelling settlements Stare gmajne and Blatna Brezovica, both located at the Ljubljansko barje. The pile-dwelling settlements date to c. 3100 BC. The... more
We present the results of dendrochronological and radiometric
researches on the pile-dwelling settlements Stare gmajne and Blatna
Brezovica, both located at the Ljubljansko barje.
The pile-dwelling settlements date to c. 3100 BC. The research
has also showed that they were contemporary or that Blatna Brezovica
existed somewhat later.
researches on the pile-dwelling settlements Stare gmajne and Blatna
Brezovica, both located at the Ljubljansko barje.
The pile-dwelling settlements date to c. 3100 BC. The research
has also showed that they were contemporary or that Blatna Brezovica
existed somewhat later.
Research Interests:
Zgodovinska, arheološka, geoarheološka, arheozoološka in GIS analiza srednjeveškega gradu.
Historical, archaeological, geoarchaeological, archaeozoological and GIS analysis of a Medieval castle.
Historical, archaeological, geoarchaeological, archaeozoological and GIS analysis of a Medieval castle.
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V okviru delovnega programa Skupine za podvodno arheologijo in pod okriljem ljubljanske območne enote Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije je v letih 2005 in 2006 potekalo sistematično rekognosciranje potokov Ljubija in Bistra... more
V okviru delovnega programa Skupine za podvodno arheologijo in pod okriljem ljubljanske območne enote Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije je v letih 2005 in 2006 potekalo sistematično rekognosciranje potokov Ljubija in Bistra na Ljubljanskem barju z name nom, da se evidentira, dokumentira in poda preliminarna ocena potenciala arheoloških najdišč v omenjenih desnih pritokih Ljubljanice, ki v okviru arheološkega raziskova nja Ljubljanskega barja do nedavnega nista bila deležna večje pozornosti (sl. 6.1). Tako je bil izveden intenziven terenski pregled izpostavljenih delov glinene podlage s kolekcijo značilnih najdb, zaradi močnega erozivnega delovanja potoka pa smo se odločili tudi za preventiven odvzem vzorcev lesenih navpičnih kolov. Lokacije najdb in kolov ter morfološke značilnosti korita z bregovi so bile izmerjene z elektronskim teodolitom in umeščene v dr žavni koordinatni sistem. Arheološke najdbe in terensko dokumentacijo v skladu z Odločbo Ministrstva za kulturo začasno hrani ZVKDS OE Ljubljana, dendrokronološke Izvleček
Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne leži na jugoza hodnem delu Ljubljanskega barja v bližini Ljubljanice nasproti osamelca Blatna Brezovica. V primerjavi z drugimi kolišči Ljubljanskega barja so bile Stare gmajne odkrite relativno pozno,... more
Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne leži na jugoza hodnem delu Ljubljanskega barja v bližini Ljubljanice nasproti osamelca Blatna Brezovica. V primerjavi z drugimi kolišči Ljubljanskega barja so bile Stare gmajne odkrite relativno pozno, šele leta 1992. Leta 1995 so na najdišču potekale prve arheolo ške terenske raziskave, vzorci lesa za dendrokronološke raziskave na Starih gmajnah pa so bili odvzeti v štirih etapah med letoma 2002 in 2007.1
V članku so predstavljeni rezultati interdisciplinarnih raziskav naselbine v Stopercah, ki je bila raziskana leta 2009 ob gradnji vzporednega plinovoda v Halozah. V pozni neolitik je opredeljena jama (SE 128) s keramičnim inventarjem... more
V članku so predstavljeni rezultati interdisciplinarnih raziskav naselbine v Stopercah, ki je bila raziskana leta 2009 ob gradnji vzporednega plinovoda v Halozah. V pozni neolitik je opredeljena jama (SE 128) s keramičnim inventarjem savske skupine lengyelske kulture, večina mlajših ostalin pa pripada naselju lasinjske kulture iz zgodnje bakrene dobe. Naselje je obsegalo v raziskanem delu vsaj štiri hiše, grajene s stojkami, zemljanko z ognjiščem in šest manjših lesenih objektov. Analiza najdb in rezultati datiranja z metodo radioaktivnega ogljika 14C po postopku AMS kažejo, da je poznoneolitska jama iz sredine 5. tisočletja pr. n. št., naselje lasinjske kulture pa iz konca 5. ali začetka 4. tisočletja pr. n. št. Arheobotanične analize kažejo, da so v zgodnji bakreni dobi za gradnjo uporabljali pretežno les venčasto poroznih listavcev, analize semen pa na gojenje vsaj dveh vrst pšenic (Triticum monococcum in T. dicoccum). Maloštevilni živalski ostanki pripadaj...
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The second volume on the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soci evaluates from various aspects the structures and small finds that has been presented in the first book. The first section of the book opens with the chronology of the... more
The second volume on the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soci evaluates from various aspects the structures and small finds that has been presented in the first book. The first section of the book opens with the chronology of the settlement and the architecture in Posocje. The following chapter present the small finds. These include metal artefacts that mainly consist of jewellery, but also tools and other objects that the inhabitants of Most na Soci used in their everyday activities. Pottery is also numerously represented and presented here as to the composition of the fabrics, the typology of forms and their chronological spans. The second section presents the analyses of some of the raw materials that the artisans used in their work: clay temper, bronze, iron and stone. The results reveal their composition and the origin of the raw materials, which is significant as there are no major ore deposits in the area of Most na Soci. The third section presents the organic remains. Firstly, there are the remains of the structural wood used in house construction. The settlement also yielded crop plants, mainly cereals, but also fruit that they either gathered locally or imported from areas with a warmer climate. A special study presents the scarce remains of textile. This section is rounded off with the discussion on the remains of animals that were reared and consumed in this part of Posocje during the Iron Age. The results and findings of these expertises are brought together in the introductory study that also provides a broader cultural and historical context of the site and underlines its place among the most important centres of the south-eastern Alpine Hallstatt culture.
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Research Interests: Geography and Alternator
Zaščitna raziskovanja leta 2007 so potekala na bregu reke Ljubljanice in v jugozahodnem vogalu rimske naselbine Nauportus na Dolgih njivah na Vrhniki. Iz časa od 4./3. st. do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. je bilo na bregu reke ugotovljenih pet... more
Zaščitna raziskovanja leta 2007 so potekala na bregu reke Ljubljanice in v jugozahodnem vogalu rimske naselbine Nauportus na Dolgih njivah na Vrhniki. Iz časa od 4./3. st. do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. je bilo na bregu reke ugotovljenih pet faz človekove dejavnosti (faze 1 A–E), ki so vidne v neurejeno odloženih kosih lesa s sledmi obdelave (sekanje, klanje, žaganje). V fazi 1 A je prišlo do izsekavanja gozda, verjetno tudi do utrjevanja brega z lesnim odpadom. Breg je bil ponovno utrjen z lesom v fazi 1 C. V predavgustejskem ali avgustejskem obdobju so območje tlakovali s kamnito podlago in peščenim nasutjem, kar je potekalo sočasno z gradnjo postojanke na Dolgih njivah (faza 2 A). Tlakovanje je bilo kmalu dvakrat popravljeno (fazi 2 B–C). V tlakovanju smo prepoznali urejeno nabrežje rečnega pristanišča v Navportu. Območje naselbine in pristanišča je bilo opuščeno kmalu po avgustejskem obdobju.Rescue excavation was conducted in 2007 in the Roman vicus of Nauportus, i.e. present-day Vrh...
Research Interests: Wood, Animal Bones, Slovenia, Nauportus, La Tène period, and 5 moreLES, Slovenija, Augustan Period, River Port, and Vrhnika
V članku so predstavljeni rezultati arheobotaničnih raziskav s kolišč Strojanova voda in Maharski prekop. Gre za eneolitski kolišči iz okvirno sredine 4. tisočletja pr. n. št. z jugovzhodnega dela Ljubljanskega barja. Metodološka pristopa... more
V članku so predstavljeni rezultati arheobotaničnih raziskav s kolišč Strojanova voda in Maharski prekop. Gre za eneolitski kolišči iz okvirno sredine 4. tisočletja pr. n. št. z jugovzhodnega dela Ljubljanskega barja. Metodološka pristopa arheobotaničnih raziskav na koliščih se precej razlikujeta. Na Strojanovi vodi je vzorčenje potekalo leta 2012 z odvzemom stratigrafskih stolpcev sedimenta ter pripravo in pregledovanjem arheobotaničnih vzorcev z nežno metodo mokrega sejanja manjših količin sedimenta v laboratoriju. Maharski prekop je bil vzorčen leta 2005 s površinskim odvzemom večjih količin sedimenta iz kulturne plasti in pripravo vzorcev z grobo metodo spiranja na terenu ter pregledovanjem posušenih frakcij s sit. Rezultati obeh raziskav ponudijo nekaj skupnih zaključkov o prehranskih navadah eneolitskih koliščarjev. Nabirali so užitne rastlinske dele v naravi, predvsem gozdne sadeže in oreške, gojili so enozrno in dvozrno pšenico, ječmen, grah, mak in lan, morda tudi oljno ogr...
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V članku obravnavamo rezultate arheoloških raziskav na najdiščih Črnelnik in Devce na Ljubljanskem barju v letu2014. Gre za dve novoodkriti najdišči iz obdobja, ko so na Ljubljanskem barju živeli koliščarji.Na podlagi interdisciplinarnih... more
V članku obravnavamo rezultate arheoloških raziskav na najdiščih Črnelnik in Devce na Ljubljanskem barju v letu2014. Gre za dve novoodkriti najdišči iz obdobja, ko so na Ljubljanskem barju živeli koliščarji.Na podlagi interdisciplinarnih analiz uvrščamo kolišče na Črnelniku na začetek 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. Manj podatkov jepridobljenih z najdišča Devce, zato njegov značaj še ni ugotovljen. Postavljamo ga v čas med 4. in 2. tisočletjem pr. Kr.The article discusses the results of archaeological research at the sites of Črnelnik and Devce at Ljubljansko barjein 2014. These are two newly-discovered sites from the period when Ljubljansko barje was inhabited by pile-dwellers.Based on interdisciplinary analyses, the pile-dwelling at Črnelnik is assigned to the beginning of the 4th millenniumBC. Less data was gathered from the site of Devce, therefore its character cannot yet be determined. It is set in the timebetween the 4th and 2nd millennia BC
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We investigated 932 samples of wood from the prehistoric pile-dwelling site Stare gmajne at Ljubljansko barje. With the help of dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating and wiggle matching method we established that the dwelling was settled... more
We investigated 932 samples of wood from the prehistoric pile-dwelling site Stare gmajne at Ljubljansko barje. With the help of dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating and wiggle matching method we established that the dwelling was settled in two periods from approximately 3350 until 3330, and from 3160 until 3110 cal. BC. We introduced an archaeobotanical method which is widely used in other European laboratories and identified macrobotanical remains (seeds and fruits) from both settlement periods. Most important cultural plants were: einkorn, emmer, barley, opium poppy, flax and peas. Most frequent gathered plants were: apples, pears, strawberries, blackberries, bladder cherries, cornelian cherries, hawthorns, blackthorns, grapes, dog-rose berries and nuts (acorn, hazel nut and water chestnut). While a widely accepted method was used, we identified for the first time flax and einkorn / emmer wheat on the basis of chaff remains at a Slovenian prehistoric site. We compared plant econom...
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Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceumL.) is not one of the founder crops domesticated in Southwest Asia in the early Holocene, but was domesticated in northeast China by 6000bc. In Europe, millet was reported in Early Neolithic contexts... more
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceumL.) is not one of the founder crops domesticated in Southwest Asia in the early Holocene, but was domesticated in northeast China by 6000bc. In Europe, millet was reported in Early Neolithic contexts formed by 6000bc, but recent radiocarbon dating of a dozen 'early' grains cast doubt on these claims. Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millenniumbc, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred broomcorn millet grains from 75 prehistoric sites in Europe. Our Bayesian model reveals that millet cultivation began in Europe at the earliest during the sixteenth centurybc, and spread rapidly during the fifteenth/fourteenth centuriesbc. Broomcorn millet succeeds in exceptionally wide range of growing conditions and completes its lifecycle in less than three summer months. Offering an additional harvest and thus ...
Research Interests: Geography, Archaeology, Archaeobotany, Agriculture, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), and 14 moreBronze Age Archaeology, Medicine, Prehistory, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Radiocarbon Dating, Crop Science, Domestication, Prehistoric agriculture, Palaeoethnobotany, Panicum miliaceum, History of Agriculture, Euroasian Studies, Millet, and Archaobotany
Research Interests: Biology and Domestication
Research Interests: Geography, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Environmental History, Unesco, and 13 moreDendrochronology, Landscapes in prehistory, Balkan prehistory, Underwater Archaeology, Prehistory, Prehistoric Archeology, Copper age, Wood science and technology, Slovenia, Pile Dwellings, Pile, Slovenija, and Ljubljansko Barje
V prispevku so objavljeni rezultati bioarheoloških (tj. antropoloških, arheozooloških in arheobotaničnih) raziskav grobišča Marof na Igu, kjer je bilo odkritih 28 grobov iz časa od druge polovice 1. st. do konca 3. oziroma začetka... more
V prispevku so objavljeni rezultati bioarheoloških (tj. antropoloških, arheozooloških in arheobotaničnih) raziskav grobišča Marof na Igu, kjer je bilo odkritih 28 grobov iz časa od druge polovice 1. st. do konca 3. oziroma začetka 4. st. Izsledki ponujajo vpogled v nekatere populacijske parametre in v pogrebne običaje antičnih Ižancev. Antropološka analiza je postregla z ugotovitvami o starostni in spolni strukturi pokojnikov, pa tudi o načinu sežiganja trupel. Analiza živalskih ostankov je pokazala domnevne primere obredno žrtvovanih in/ali pridanih (delov) živali, tako v smislu grobne popotnice/grobnega pridatka kot morda tudi stavbne daritve. Rezultati arheobotanične študije nedvoumnih sledi obrednih praks niso pokazali (razen morda prisotnosti ostankov fig), so pa ponudili vpogled v nabor tedanjih gojenih rastlin in v naravno rastje v okolici najdišča.
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Numerous fragments of Cornus sanguinea (dogwood) fruit stones were found in the cultural layer of the Late Neolithic pile dwelling site Strojanova voda at Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia, which indicate the Late Neolithic use of dogwood... more
Numerous fragments of Cornus sanguinea (dogwood) fruit stones were found in the cultural layer of the Late Neolithic pile dwelling site Strojanova voda at Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia, which indicate the Late Neolithic use of dogwood fruits. While these fruits are considered to be inedible, the research question about their use arose. Ethnobotanical and archaeobotanical sources were examined and experimental work on processing and using fresh C. sanguinea fruits was done, followed by chemical analyses of modern fruits (endocarps, mesocarps and exocarps) and archaeological fruit stones from the site. All these various approaches together suggest some possible uses. Fresh dogwood fruits can be crushed to give a soapy, creamy and oily emulsion with an exfoliant effect on the skin, which proved to be applicable, besides for oil, for cleaning and washing bodies, clothes and/or dishes. It can be concluded that Late Neolithic pile dwellers had a great knowledge of wild plants and their properties, and not only for food, and that the use of C. sanguinea fruits, at least south of the Alps, has been undervalued until now.
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More than 5000 years old dog's coprolite was found during rescue excavation at Črnelnik pile-dwelling site in Slovenia. Although human and dog diets may overlap considerably, the content of the consumed and digested food, consisting of... more
More than 5000 years old dog's coprolite was found during rescue excavation at Črnelnik pile-dwelling site in Slovenia. Although human and dog diets may overlap considerably, the content of the consumed and digested food, consisting of plant and/or animal remains biologically diverse. While the investigated fossil excrement contained many fish head bones, scales and teeth of Cyprinidae family, we believe that we are dealing with an individual that had only eaten fish heads, that is why it was suggested to be of dog. Beside the origin and the daily diet of the individual together with the nutritional habits of the dog in the Late Neolithic, the analyses of coprolite provide more important information, for example: the time of year of the deposit, the environmental conditions there, the size and the health of the animal as well as care (or the status) of domesticated animal for humans. The discovery confirms again that animal dung should be an important part of archaeological investigations, specially at waterlogged sites.
The results of plant macroremains studies of the Eneolithic (c. 3160–3100 cal BC) lakeshore settlement at Stare gmajne on the Ljubljansko barje in Slovenia are presented. Archaeobotanical material was collected in two different ways: (1)... more
The results of plant macroremains studies of the Eneolithic (c. 3160–3100 cal BC) lakeshore settlement at Stare gmajne on the Ljubljansko barje in Slovenia are presented. Archaeobotanical material was collected in two different ways: (1) systematic surface sampling from the cultural layer, and (2) judgement sampling from an incompletely burnt large loom-weight. The preservation state and the spectra of plant macroremains were different in both types of samples. The first study primarily deals with the waterlogged plant remains of various types and taxa, while the second deals with carbonised and half-carbonised cereal macroremains, mostly chaff. Both studies confirm the cultivation of main crops: emmer, einkorn and barley.
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This paper presents the results of multi-proxy palaeo-ecological research (luminescence and radiocarbon dating, grain size measurement, loss-on-ignition, pollen, microcharcoal and plant macrofossil analysis), with the aim of... more
This paper presents the results of multi-proxy palaeo-ecological research (luminescence and radiocarbon dating, grain size measurement, loss-on-ignition, pollen, microcharcoal and plant macrofossil analysis), with the aim of reconstructing palaeo-environmental conditions and the impact of prehistoric people on the vegetation in Ljubljana (central Slovenia). The results of luminescence dating and pollen analysis suggest that the Late Copper Age (ca. 2500 cal. BC) archaeological settlement at Špica, which is located on the embankment of the Ljubljanica River, was built directly on silty sediment, which was deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 20 ka). Late glacial and early/middle Holocene sediment, which is missing, was presumably removed by fluvial processes. Therefore, only environmental conditions in the late prehistory after ca. 2500 cal. BC were reconstructed. The results of palynological research suggest that mixed forests with beech, fir, oak, and hornbeam were g...
V letu 2016 smo v obdelavo prejeli vzorce rastlinskih makroostankov (tj. lesa, oglja, tekstila ter redkih ostankov semen/plodov), ki jih je hranil Mestni muzej Ljubljana z izkopavanj v osemdesetih in devetdesetih letih 20. stoletja na... more
V letu 2016 smo v obdelavo prejeli vzorce rastlinskih makroostankov (tj. lesa, oglja, tekstila ter redkih ostankov semen/plodov), ki jih je hranil Mestni muzej Ljubljana z izkopavanj v osemdesetih in devetdesetih letih 20. stoletja na Molniku. V večini so bili zogleneli, nekaj je bilo tudi nezoglenelih. Slednji so prepojeni z laku podobno substanco, s čimer je sicer bila pridobljena daljša obstojnost predmeta, vendar hkrati izgubljena možnost natančnejše identifikacije rastlinske vrste (glej tu Grömer, Tolar, Kostajnšek, poglavje o ostankih tkanine in živalskih dlak).
Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millennium bc, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred... more
Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millennium bc, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred broomcorn millet grains from 75 prehistoric sites in Europe.
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Analizirali smo uzorke drva različitog stanja (ugljen, vlažno drvo, mokro ili vodom natopljeno drvo), s tri arheološka nalazišta u Hrvatskoj. Predstavljamo metode pripreme drva za identifikaciju i dendrokronološka mjerenja te rezultate... more
Analizirali smo uzorke drva različitog stanja (ugljen, vlažno drvo, mokro ili vodom natopljeno drvo), s tri arheološka nalazišta u Hrvatskoj. Predstavljamo metode pripreme drva za identifikaciju i dendrokronološka mjerenja te rezultate identifikacije drva. Izradili smo 14 uzoraka jele (Abies alba Mill.), 4 uzorka bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) i 10 uzoraka hrasta (Quercus sp.). Na 16 uzoraka koji su imali više od 45 godova izmjerili smo širine godova za dendrokronološko datiranje sa slovenskim referentnim kronologijama. Dendrokronološka datacija ni u jednom primjeru nije bila uspješna, jer je bilo premalo uzoraka s pojedinog nalazišta, imali su premalo godova ili su bili preslabo sačuvani. Datiranje malog broja slabo sačuvanih uzoraka malo je vjerojatno, osobito bez lokalnih kronologija koje za Hrvatsku još ne postoje. Dajemo upute kako uzimati uzorke, pripremati i spremati drvo iz arheoloških ili kulturno-povijesnih nalazišta za istraživanja da bismo što bolje iskoristili njihov istraž...
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The vegetation history, human impact on the environment and plant economy (cultivated and gathered plants) in the second half of the 4th millennium BC at the southern part of Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia will be presented. The aim of this... more
The vegetation history, human impact on the environment and plant economy (cultivated and gathered plants) in the second half of the 4th millennium BC at the southern part of Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia will be presented. The aim of this presentation is to compare the results of archaeobotanical and palynological researches at the pile-dwelling sites called Maharski prekop and Strojanova voda. The sites are close one to another (no more than 300 metres apart) and are dendrochronologically precisely dated. Maharski prekop was occupied for more than 20 years and ended around 3489±10 cal BC (Čufar et al. 2010), while Strojanova voda settlement seems to be some older (cca. 50 years) (unpublished, personal communication). At Maharski prekop a trench was excavated in 2005. Profile column of the sediment sample was taken for palynological analysis. For other biological (also archaeobotanical) analyses the sediment samples were taken systematically from the top to the bottom of the excavate...
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The results of archaeobotanical research at the pile-dwellings of Strojanova voda and Maharski prekop are presented. The Eneolithic sites are located at the southeastern part of the Ljubljansko barje marshes, Slovenia and are dated to... more
The results of archaeobotanical research at the pile-dwellings of Strojanova voda and Maharski prekop are presented. The Eneolithic sites are located at the southeastern part of the Ljubljansko barje marshes, Slovenia and are dated to around the mid-4 th millennium BC. The methodological approaches to archaeobotanical research at the two sites vary considerably. At Strojanova voda, profile sampling was carried out in 2012. Waterlogged archaeobotanical samples were treated and examined with fine wet sieving in the laboratory. At the Maharski prekop, the samples were surface sampled in 2005. Large quantities of sediment samples from the cultural layer were rough washed over sieves on the field; organic fractions caught on the sieves were dried and then examined. In addition to methodological applications, some common conclusions about the nutrition habits of the Eneolithic pile-dwellers can be made on the basis of the results of both studies. In addition to gathering edible wild plants, especially forest fruits and nuts, the inhabitants also grew einkorn, emmer, barley, peas, opium poppy and flax, and possibly also turnip. At Strojanova voda, numerous remains of crushed red dogwood seeds/fruits were found. Red dogwood is a plant with inedible fruits, the purpose of which is still being explored. Plant remains also contribute to the reconstruction of ecological conditions in the immediate vicinity of pile-dwellings.
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In the last few decades, studies on organic finds increased, especially in Germany, Switzerland and Austria; some finds from Slovenia have also been recorded so far. The discussion of a find from the site of Molnik near Ljubljana, in... more
In the last few decades, studies on organic finds increased, especially in Germany, Switzerland and Austria; some finds from Slovenia have also been recorded so far. The discussion of a find from the site of Molnik near Ljubljana, in central Slovenia, adds important information to our basic knowledge of textile culture in the Eastern Hallstatt area.
The textile from Tumulus 1/Grave 6 is a twill, woven with a single yarn and spin pattern and thus comparable to other textile finds from the same period and region. The fine threads, the spin pattern and the balanced, regular appearance points to a skillful person who made it.
In general textiles – similar to other items of ma¬terial culture from the Hallstatt period – served basic needs as well as representative ones. Grave finds are an especially good hint of such behaviour.
It is difficult to understand the value of textiles in the Iron Age, but in the case of Molnik it has to be stated that the fineness and quality of the item is outstanding. Even the amount of time needed to make such a fine textile with 30 threads per cm is higher than for an average quality textile. The fine quality, the spin pattern and the advanced twill type (diamond twill) place the fabric from Molnik among the extraordinary ones within the Hallstatt culture.
The textile from Tumulus 1/Grave 6 is a twill, woven with a single yarn and spin pattern and thus comparable to other textile finds from the same period and region. The fine threads, the spin pattern and the balanced, regular appearance points to a skillful person who made it.
In general textiles – similar to other items of ma¬terial culture from the Hallstatt period – served basic needs as well as representative ones. Grave finds are an especially good hint of such behaviour.
It is difficult to understand the value of textiles in the Iron Age, but in the case of Molnik it has to be stated that the fineness and quality of the item is outstanding. Even the amount of time needed to make such a fine textile with 30 threads per cm is higher than for an average quality textile. The fine quality, the spin pattern and the advanced twill type (diamond twill) place the fabric from Molnik among the extraordinary ones within the Hallstatt culture.
Research Interests: Textiles, Material Culture Studies, History of Textiles, Woven Textiles, Death and Burial (Archaeology), and 20 moreSlovenian History, Material Culture, Iron Age, Textile Technology, Archaeology of burials, History of weaving, Archaeological textiles, Weaving, Archaeology of death and burial, Archaeological textiles and clothing, Hallstatt period, Hallstatt and Latene Period, Hallstatt and Latene period Middle Europe, Hallstattzeit, Prehistoric Textiles, Dyeing, Weaving, Hallstatt culture, Eastern Hallstatt Culture, Hand Weaving, Slovenian Archaeology, and History of Textiles Textile Archaeology Archaeological textiles and clothing Medieval Textiles and Clothing
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Na koliščarski naselbini Stare gmajne na Ljubljanskem barju je bila najdena kamnita kladivasta sekira iz druge polovice 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. z ostankom lesenega toporišča. Ker je bila kamnina za sekiro ali morda že izdelana sekira... more
Na koliščarski naselbini Stare gmajne na Ljubljanskem barju
je bila najdena kamnita kladivasta sekira iz druge polovice 4.
tisočletja pr. Kr. z ostankom lesenega toporišča. Ker je bila
kamnina za sekiro ali morda že izdelana sekira prinesena od
drugod, je bila pomembna natančna identifikacija lesa toporišča.
Anatomska preiskava je pokazala, da gre za les drena
(Cornus sp.), ki je uspeval tudi v okolici kolišča. Les drena je
zelo trd in trden ter ima visoko udarno žilavost, zato je bila
njegova uporaba za toporišče velike in težke kamnite sekire zelo
smiselna. To ponovno potrjuje, da je bil prazgodovinski človek
dober poznavalec lastnosti lesa. Razpravljamo tudi o pomenu
referenčnega materiala (vzorcev lesa in mikroskopskih preparatov
sodobnih dreves in grmov) za razlikovanje lesa drena in pušpana
(Buxus sempervirens). Slednji ima podobno anatomsko zgradbo
lesa vendar kot sredozemska vrsta v prazgodovini domnevno
ni uspeval v bližini kolišč.
je bila najdena kamnita kladivasta sekira iz druge polovice 4.
tisočletja pr. Kr. z ostankom lesenega toporišča. Ker je bila
kamnina za sekiro ali morda že izdelana sekira prinesena od
drugod, je bila pomembna natančna identifikacija lesa toporišča.
Anatomska preiskava je pokazala, da gre za les drena
(Cornus sp.), ki je uspeval tudi v okolici kolišča. Les drena je
zelo trd in trden ter ima visoko udarno žilavost, zato je bila
njegova uporaba za toporišče velike in težke kamnite sekire zelo
smiselna. To ponovno potrjuje, da je bil prazgodovinski človek
dober poznavalec lastnosti lesa. Razpravljamo tudi o pomenu
referenčnega materiala (vzorcev lesa in mikroskopskih preparatov
sodobnih dreves in grmov) za razlikovanje lesa drena in pušpana
(Buxus sempervirens). Slednji ima podobno anatomsko zgradbo
lesa vendar kot sredozemska vrsta v prazgodovini domnevno
ni uspeval v bližini kolišč.
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The results of plant macroremain studies of the Eneolithic (ca. 3160 – 3100 cal. BC) lakeshore settlement Stare gmajne at Ljubljansko barje in Slovenia are presented. Archaeobotanical material was collected in two different ways: 1.... more
The results of plant macroremain studies of the Eneolithic (ca. 3160 – 3100 cal. BC) lakeshore settlement Stare gmajne at Ljubljansko barje in Slovenia are presented. Archaeobotanical material was collected in two different ways: 1. systematic surface sampling from the cultural layer and 2. judgement sampling from the incompletely burnt large loom-weight. The preservation state (taphonomy) and the spectra of plant macroremains were different in both types of samples. The first study treats mostly waterlogged plant remains of various types and taxa, while the second one deals with carbonised and half-carbonised cereal macroremains, mostly chaff. Both studies confirm the cultivation of main crops: emmer, einkorn and barley.
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Izvleček Zaščitna raziskovanja leta 2007 so potekala na bregu reke Ljubljanice in v jugozahodnem vogalu rimske naselbine Nauportus na Dolgih njivah na Vrhniki. Iz časa od 4./3. st. do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. je bilo na bregu reke... more
Izvleček Zaščitna raziskovanja leta 2007 so potekala na bregu reke Ljubljanice in v jugozahodnem vogalu rimske naselbine Nauportus na Dolgih njivah na Vrhniki. Iz časa od 4./3. st. do sredine 1. st. pr. Kr. je bilo na bregu reke ugotovljenih pet faz človekove dejavnosti (faze 1 A–E), ki so vidne v neurejeno odloženih kosih lesa s sledmi obdelave (sekanje, klanje, žaganje). V fazi 1 A je prišlo do izsekavanja gozda, verjetno tudi do utrjevanja brega z lesnim odpadom. Breg je bil po-novno utrjen z lesom v fazi 1 C. V predavgustejskem ali avgustejskem obdobju so območje tlakovali s kamnito podlago in peščenim nasutjem, kar je potekalo sočasno z gradnjo postojanke na Dolgih njivah (faza 2 A). Tlakovanje je bilo kmalu dvakrat popravljeno (fazi 2 B–C). V tlakovanju smo prepoznali urejeno nabrežje rečnega pristanišča v Navportu. Območje naselbine in pristanišča je bilo opuščeno kmalu po avgustejskem obdobju. Abstract Rescue excavation was conducted in 2007 in the Roman vicus of Nauportus, i.e. present-day Vrhnika. It was located on the right bank of the Ljubljanica River and also comprised the southwestern corner of the Roman settlement at Dolge njive. Five phases of human activity (Phases 1 A–E) have been ascertained in the period between the 4 th /3 rd century BC and the middle of the 1 st century BC on the area of the riverbank. These activities could be recognised by the disorderly deposited pieces of wood, which showed traces of working (chopping, splitting, and sawing). Signs of deforestation in the surrounding area have been detected in Phase 1 A, while at the same time the riverbank was probably consolidated with wood waste. The bank was consolidated with wood waste once more in Phase 1 C. The same area was paved with a stone base and a sand layer (Phase 2 A) in the Pre-Augustan or Early Augustan period when the trading settlement at Dolge njive was constructed. Afterwards, the paving was renovated twice in a rather short period (Phases 2 B–C). The pavement of the riverbank has been interpreted as a landing stage of the river port at Nauportus. The settlement and the port were abandoned soon after the Augustan period.
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Abstract: We present new evidence of an intentional use of cereal by-products at Stare gmajne, a Late Neolithic (Eneolithic) pile-dwelling site in Slovenia (dated app. 3150 – 3100 cal. BC). The chaff material for tempering loam-weights... more
Abstract: We present new evidence of an intentional use of cereal by-products at Stare gmajne, a Late Neolithic (Eneolithic) pile-dwelling site in Slovenia (dated app. 3150 – 3100 cal. BC). The chaff material for tempering loam-weights was discovered inside one of the largest discovered weights, and analysed. Clay, which was used by the dwellers to make the weight, was tempered with cereal chaff to reinforce the object. The practice of tempering (not exactly for the weights) was already established at earlier settlements, mostly in arid areas where the availability of firewood, grazing and building material is scarce. In European prehistoric sites it is rarely considered. There are such examples also from e. g. Swiss Lake dwellings, but they never were systematically investigated. It is for the first time in Slovenia that such materials were detected. More than 1600 carbonised / half-carbonised identifiable cereal plant macroremains in less than 1 litre of waterlogged clayey materia...