Ali Ekber Avcı

Sosyal Bilgiler, bütün çeşitliliğiyle yeryüzüne bağlı olayları tanıtan, bunların oluş sebeplerini açıklayan, vatandaşlık hak ve ödevlerinin, sorumluluklarının neler olduğunu belirten, kısaca insan ve onun sosyal/fiziki çevresiyle geçmişte, günümüzde ve gelecekteki etkileşimini ortaya koyan bilgilerdir(Oruç, Ulusoy, 2008, s.123). Sosyal bilgiler dersi kapsamında coğrafya öğretimininin önemi büyüktür. Türkiye'de Sosyal bilgiler dersi tarihine baktığımızda da bir dönem milli coğrafya milli tarih ve vatandaşlık olarak işlenmiştir. Coğrafya Sosyal bilgiler dersini kapsayan 3 temel disiplinden biridir. Coğrafya, Şahin (1998, s.27)'in ifadesiyle, "insanın içinde yaşadığı çevrenin doğal özelliklerini, insan-doğal çevre etkileşimini ve bu etkileşim sonucu insanın ortaya koyduğu beşeri ve ekonomik etkinlikleri kendi prensipler Sosyal bilgiler ders içeriğinin önemli bir kısmını coğrafya öğretimi kapsamaktadır..Coğrafya yaşamın kendisidir.Yaşadığımız çevre gezdiğimiz yerler sokağımızdan tutun evimizin bahçesine kadar üzerinde yaşadığımız topraklar ve ülkemiz, ülkemizin dünyada üzerindeki konumu ve dünyanın evrendeki konumunu ve bunu kapsayan her türlü etkinlik süreci coğrafyadır.Burada asıl amaç bu bilgileri ortaokul öğrencisine nasıl verebileceğimizdir. Öğrencinin içinde bulunduğu şartlar öğretmenin durumu okul konumu maddi sıkıntılar güvenlik vb. faktörler etkili olur Sosyal bilgiler ders kapsamında coğrafya öğretimini içeren kazanımları inceleyeceğiz daha sonra incelediğimiz bu kazanımların olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerini değerlendireceğiz. Bununla birlikte coğrafya öğretiminde yaşanan problemler ve problemlere ilişkin çözüm önerileri sunacağız. SOSYAL BİLGİLER DERSİNDE COĞRAFYA ÖĞRETİMİNİN MEVCUT DURUMU. Sosyal bilgiler dersinde coğrafya öğretimi ilgilendiren öğrenme alanları kazanımlar, değerler ve beceriler vardır. Sosyal bilgiler ders programı 1968'den günümüze kadar 1972, 1976, 1997, 2005 ve son olarak da 2017 yılında taslak olarak hazırlanarak 2018 yılında uygulamaya konulmuş ve değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Öğrenme alanı "birbiri ile ilişkili beceri, tema, kavram ve değerlerin bir bütün olarak görülebildiği, öğrenmeyi organize eden yapı" şeklinde tanımlanmıştır (MEB, 2005). Öğrenme alanları öğrenciye dersin içeriği ile ilgili olan beceri, değer, kazanım ve bilgileri içerisinde bulunduran yapılardır. Sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programında "Birey ve toplum", "Kültür ve miras", "İnsanlar, yerler ve çevreler", "Bilim,

ABSTRACT New poly(azomethine-urethane)s (PAMU)s were prepared to investigate the effects of different four diisocyanates on some physical properties such as thermal stability, optical and electrochemical properties. First, the fluorene Schiff base was synthesized as in the literature. Then, this Schiff base was converted to poly(azomethine-urethane)s using diisocyanates (2,4-toluenediisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, methylene-di-p-phenyl-diisocyanate, and hexamethylene-diisocyanate) via condensation reaction. Second, the structures of PAMUs were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR, and UV-Vis spectral analyses. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the electrochemical oxidation reduction characteristics of (PAMU)s. The CV results of PAMUs compounds showed to have an electrochemical band gap below such as 2.0 eV. The PAMUs were characterized by TGA, DSC, SEM, SEC and AFM techniques. TGA analysis results of compounds showed considerable increasing of the thermal stability of polymers, because of finding of azomethine bond in the main chain.

ABSTRACT In this study, the novel thermally stable poly(urethane-imide)s (PUIs) were synthesized. The structures of the obtained polymers were confirmed by FT-IR and NMR techniques. The molecular weight distribution parameters of the synthesized PUIs were determined by the size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The synthesized PUIs were also characterized by solubility tests, solution viscosity, TG-DTA, and DSC analyses. Cyclic voltammetry measurements were carried out, and HOMO–LUMO energy levels and electrochemical band gaps () were calculated from their absorption edges. Additionally, optical band gaps (Eg) were determined by using UV–vis spectra of the materials. Fluorescence measurements were carried out in various concentrated DMSO solutions to determine the optimum concentrations to obtain the maximal PL intensities. Also, morphological characterizations were made by scanning electron microscopy technique.

Oligophenol-based poly(azomethine-urethane)s (PAMUs) were newly synthesized in two steps. At the first step, the prepolymers including the phenol and oligophenol based-Schiff bases were prepared by a condensation reaction of o-dianisidine with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde/3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and the polycondensation reactions of the corresponding Schiff bases in an aqueous alkaline media. At the second step, the PAMUs were obtained by copolymerization of the prepolymers with

ABSTRACT In this study, the influence of the visbreaking agent (DAP) on mechanical, physical, thermal and morphological properties of PP has been studied. For this reason, isotactic polypropylene (PP) matrices containing 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 wt% of dialkylperoxide [2, 5- dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butyl peroxy)-hexane, (DAP)] were prepared by using a single-screw extruder. As a result of DAP addition, the crystallinity ratio of the PP matrices has changed between 2.67–7.80%. Mechanical properties of the matrices have been improved. Particularly, the mechanical tests of PP have given interesting results when compounded with 0.02 wt.% dialkyl peroxide. The microstructure of isotactic polypropylene matrix was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From SEM analysis, it was observed that the surface disorder increased by the increasing amount of DAP. Thermal analyses of the matrices were investigated using thermogravimetry in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates. The Flynn-Wall- Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger and master plots method were employed to determine the kinetic model and kinetic parameters of the decomposition processes under non-isothermal conditions. It was found that the thermal stability, activation energy and thermal decomposition processes were all changed by increasing amount of DAP in the matrix structure.

ABSTRACT A new and selective fluorescent sensor based on poly(azomethine-urethane) (PAMU) is synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) techniques. The new sensor shows a high selectivity for Zn(II) over other metal cations in DMF/deionized H2O (1:2, v/v). The fluorescence sensor gives a linearly and highly stable response to Zn(II) as an increasing emission peak at 595 nm. The sensitivity limit of the new sensor is found to be 11.4 � 10�3 mol L�1. The results show that the proposed sensor can be efficiently used as a simple method for the detection of Zn(II) ions.

Zona zoster infection is often associated with painful erythematous vesicular eruptions of the skin or mucous membranes. Varicella zoster virus which stays latent in the sensorial root ganglia causes zona zoster infection. The most recognized feature of zona zoster is the dermatomal distribution of vesicular rashes. In the present case report, we state an unusual presentation of sacral zona zoster with urinary retention, erectile dysfunction and meningitis.

ABSTRACT New poly(azomethine-urethane)s (PAMU)s were prepared to investigate the effects of different four diisocyanates on some physical properties such as thermal stability, optical and electrochemical properties. First, the fluorene Schiff base was synthesized as in the literature. Then, this Schiff base was converted to poly(azomethine-urethane)s using diisocyanates (2,4-toluenediisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, methylene-di-p-phenyl-diisocyanate, and hexamethylene-diisocyanate) via condensation reaction. Second, the structures of PAMUs were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR, and UV-Vis spectral analyses. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the electrochemical oxidation reduction characteristics of (PAMU)s. The CV results of PAMUs compounds showed to have an electrochemical band gap below such as 2.0 eV. The PAMUs were characterized by TGA, DSC, SEM, SEC and AFM techniques. TGA analysis results of compounds showed considerable increasing of the thermal stability of polymers, because of finding of azomethine bond in the main chain.

In this study, our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the mucosal flap barrier (MFB) upon the incompetent ureteral orifice of an experimentally produced rabbit reflux model. The rabbit reflux model was done in the first stage of the study. This method is a new and original procedure which is different from Bischoff's and Witherington's osteoplasty techniques. We performed the mucosal flap procedure in eight 2-2.5 kg male New Zealand rabbits with experimentally produced refluxing ureters. The first stage of our study was to create refluxing ureters. Due to the upward and inward 'J' fishhook course of the intravesical ureter of rabbits, we performed two deep 12- and 4-o'clock incisions by suturing the edges of the intravesical ureter apart with catgut sutures. Additionally, to stop the tilting action of the trigonum during micturition, we performed two parallel incisions between the ureteral meatus. These parallel incisions were the authors' modifications for the rabbit reflux model and which gives long-lasting reflux for the rabbit. We checked the reflux at the end of the 3rd month and performed our new MFB antireflux procedure. This mucosal flap made a cover on the incompetent ureteral orifice. This technique is completely different from the osteoplasty techniques described by Bischoff and Witherington. Four months after the MFB application, we performed intravenous urography, cystometry and cinefluorography. There was no obstruction or reflux. Two rabbits were sacrificed at the 4th month. Both flaps were fully intact without any fixation at the medial side causing obstruction. At present, 3 rabbits are still alive. We did cinefluorography and cystometry at the 15th month and there was no obstruction or reflux. We are trying to keep them alive till the end of their natural lifespan. During the formation of the rabbit reflux model, we observed that spontaneous reflux even at high intravesical pressures did not have high percentages as previously mentioned in the literature. But it is possible and enough to produce an experimental reflux model by using meatotomy and interureteric incisions. Moreover, in rabbits with vesicoureteral regurgitation produced by ureteral meatotomy and interureteral incisions, reflux can be eliminated the MFB procedure. This method is an easy procedure for small bladders or dilated ureters after any kind of open reimplantation applications and it could be used by pneumovesical applications in the future.

A series of pyridine based Schiff bases (3-MAPDHB, 4-MAPDHB, and 6-MAPDHB) which differ from each other by the position of methyl group were synthesized. Obtained Schiff bases were converted to their polyphenol species (P-3-MAPDHB, P-4-MAPDHB, and P-6-MAPDHB) by oxidative polymerization reaction (OP) using NaOCl as the oxidant. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by solubility tests, FT-IR, UV–vis,

Oligophenol-based poly(azomethine-urethane)s (PAMUs) were newly synthesized in two steps. At the first step, the prepolymers including the phenol and oligophenol based-Schiff bases were prepared by a condensation reaction of o-dianisidine with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde/3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and the polycondensation reactions of the corresponding Schiff bases in an aqueous alkaline media. At the second step, the PAMUs were obtained by copolymerization of the prepolymers with

This study was designed to investigate whether Foxp3( +) regulatory T (Treg) cells play a role in the histopathologic changes of primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS) and to evaluate other factors possibly associated with Foxp3(+) Treg cells in pSS patients. The number of FoxP3-expressing T cells in peripheral blood (PB) of 39 patients with pSS, 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 28 healthy controls was measured by flow-cytometer analysis. FoxP3-expressing CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells were analyzed in minor salivary gland (SG) tissues of 39 pSS patients. Histopathologic changes were examined by light microscopy according to Chisholm's classification. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to assess the Foxp3(+) Treg in SG biopsy specim-ens. The numbers of CD4(+) T cells and FoxP3-expressing CD4(+) T cells in PB were similar in all groups. Expression of CD25 on CD4(+) T cells in PB of patients with pSS and RA was significantly higher than in healthy controls, especially for RA patients. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that FoxP3(+) Treg were enriched in the SGs of pSS patients, with a positive correlation between the increase in FoxP3(+) Treg in SG and the Chisholm score in pSS (p < 0.001, r = +0.605). The increase of FoxP3( +) Treg cells in the SGs of pSS patients, which is correlated with gland infiltration, suggests that natural regulatory T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of pSS. Further studies are required to explore the mechanisms that mediate the relationship between Treg and the pathogenesis of pSS.

Neurological involvement is a well-documented issue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, little is known about the involvement of the autonomic nervous system. This study was conducted to investigate autonomic nervous system dysfunction in patients with RA and SLE. Twenty-six RA patients, 38 SLE patients and 40 healthy controls were recruited from our in- and out-patient departments. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters (the power of the high- [HF] and low-frequency [LF] band of haemodynamic time series, the ratio between low- and high-frequency components [LF/HF ratio], the power spectral density), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and beat-to-beat blood pressures were assessed by a novel non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring tool (Task Force Monitor [TFM], CNSystems Medizintechnik GmbH, Graz, Austria). Autonomic nervous system dysfunction was determined according to classical Ewing autonomic test battery. Furthermore, we implemented a secondary autonomic test score by modifying the Ewing test battery with additional criteria. Both the classical and modified Ewing test batteries have revealed that the frequencies of autonomic neuropathy were significantly higher in patient groups compared with controls (p < 0.001). Evaluation by TFM revealed that deterioration of sophisticated autonomic parameters (such as HRV and BRS) were more pronounced in the patient groups compared with controls. There was a significant association between BRS and Ewing test scores and abnormal BRS results were more frequent in patients with autonomic dysfunction according to Ewing test batteries. No relation was found between autonomic neuropathy and disease duration, disease activity and autoantibody positivity. Consequently, we believe that further large-scale studies investigating cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in rheumatic diseases should be carried out to verify our findings and manifest clinical consequences beyond these results.

1Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Chemistry, C¸ anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 C¸ anakkale, Turkey 2Kamil O¨ zdag˘ Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Karamanog˘lu Mehmetbey University, 70100 Karaman, Turkey 3Faculty of ...

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is the seventh most frequent cancer of women. The possible mechanisms of local tumor recurrence are seeding and multicentricity. Distant metastases are most frequently as a result of vascular or lymphatic spread and to a lesser extent by seeding of the tumor cells with urine or transurethral instrumentation. We report a clitoral metastasis of a TCC of the bladder, which is a very unexpected and extremely rare site for metatstasis and discuss whether the possible mechanism is vascular spreading or direct seeding. To our knowledge this is the third case in the literature.

Nonpalpable testicular masses are usually diagnosed during routine ultrasonography (US) examinations for other conditions. There are conflicting results on the final diagnosis and management of these lesions. In the present study we report the results of a large US series of 5104 patients on nonpalpable testicular masses and discuss the management of these patients. This retrospective observational study was performed in a secondary care military hospital. A total of 5104 patients underwent a US and 11 of them were diagnosed as having a nonpalpable testicular mass. These 11 patients also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two of them refused surgery and were excluded from the study. The remaining nine patients underwent intraoperative US-guided localization and excisional biopsy of the non-palpable testicular parenchymal mass. A radical orchiectomy was required in all of them. US and MRI findings, frozen and final pathology results were recorded. The median age of study subjects was 24 years. The final pathology revealed a malign tumor in eight patients and an inflammatory mass in one patient. There were inconsistent results in four patients between frozen section analysis and final pathology. MRI improved the definition of the solid masses in all patients. MRI enhances the certainty of the diagnosis of malignity in nonpalpable testicular masses, particularly in conditions that generally can not be diagnosed with ultrasonography alone. Frozen section analysis is not an accredited method in diagnosing malign lesions in non-palpable testicular masses.

Although prostatic calculi are relatively common, the etiology of these stones is not clear. We report a case with multiple prostatic calculi causing urinary obstruction and a concomitant bladder stone. We treated these stones endoscopically. We found a lot of different sized stones endoscopically, some protruding into the urethra, some filling different cavities on the prostate. So these cavities suggest prostatic calculi may occur related to intraprostatic reflux in the congenital or acquired diverticulum of the prostatic tissue. In addition, the stone composition of the bladder and prostatic stones was the same. All of these results show that the origin of bladder and prostatic stones can be the same. This case also supports a theory of intraprostatic reflux and urine stasis.

1. Int J Infect Dis. 2006 May;10(3):264. Epub 2006 Jan 31. Epidemiology of corynebacterial urinary infections. Duztas O, Erdem H, Pahsa A, Emekdas G, Avci A. PMID: 16448837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Publication Types: Letter. MeSH Terms. ...

ABSTRACT Schiff base monomers [2-(4-bromobenzylideneamino)phenol and 2-(4-bromobenzylideneamino)-5-methylphenol] were synthesized by the condensation reaction of 4-bromobenzaldehyde with aromatic aminophenols. Then, the monomers were converted to their polyphenol derivatives by oxidative polycondensation reactions (OP) in an aqueous alkaline medium. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by solubility tests, FT-IR, NMR, TG-DTA, DSC and SEC techniques. The HOMO-LUMO energy levels and electrochemical (E g ′) and optical (E g ) band gaps were calculated from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis measurements, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics. Optical properties were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence analyses. Solid state electrical conductivities were measured on polymer films by four point probe technique using a Keithley 2400 electrometer. The effects of electron-donating (−CH3) group at p-position of -NH2 group in aminophenol on electrochemical and thermal properties were also discussed. Photoluminescence (PL) properties of the synthesized materials were determined in solution forms using different solvents. Fluorescence measurements were carried out in various concentrated solutions to determine the optimum concentrations to obtain the maximal PL intensities.