Sara Keshkar

Sport and Media, an Applied Approach" is a book for physical education students and sports communication enthusiasts, written by Hamid Ghasemi and Loghman Keshavarz. The research method was a critical philosophical exploration based on the critique of educational criticism. The experience and expertise of the authors guarantee readers' confidence in the book's content. The book is valuable for readers and most undergraduates of physical education. Comprehensible and simple text with suitable sentence structure, which helps to convey the message to the readers, is the most valuable point of the book. The book's contents, beginning with the introduction of basic concepts, definitions, and foundations and gradually leading to specialized and applied content and ultimately to the effects of the environment, including culture, rules, and policymakers on media performance, indicate a desirable order and logical relevance of the book's contents. There are some writing problems in Persian grammar due to the poor technical performance of the publisher and the book's editor. It can be a unique book, not only for the students but also for all who are interested in sports and media, just if the form and grammatical structure are reviewed and corrected.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of educational innovation of physical education teachers. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in which the qualitative part was done through content analysis. The statistical population in the qualitative section included people aware of the subject of the research that using the purposive sampling method, 13 people were identified as the sample. The statistical population also included a small number of physical education teachers in Tehran. The research tools included quasi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative section, to evaluate the validity, reliability, transferability and verifiability, the specialized committees were used. In order to analyze the data, coding and structural equation methods were used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS and MaxQda softwares. The results showed that the factors affecting the improvement of educational innovation of physical education teachers involved eight areas including social factors, motivation, supervisory aspects, infrastructure, specialized knowledge, government support, supportive and managerial laws and regulations. In the meantime, paying attention to the factors of specialized

The elderly have the fastest growth among the population groups with increasing life expectancy. One of the most important aspects of active aging is physical activity participation. This study sought to identify the challenges and strategies for promoting exercise in the elderly using a goal-based strategic marketing model. This study is applied in terms of purpose. This qualitative research used thematic analysis to analyze the data. The statistical population of this study was people specializing in different university majors (i.e., physical education, urban planning, psychology, social sciences and medicine). The subjects were selected through the purposive snowball sampling method. The saturation criteria was a concept that was achieved after 11 interviews. The four final categories identified were individual, societal, program-based / governance, and environmental challenges. Individual challenges refer to all kinds of physical disabilities and diseases, all kinds of mental problems, fears and feelings of loneliness. Social challenges indicate a lack of knowledge of team sports and social exclusion. Program / governance challenges, non-practical strategies of institutions, environmental challenges emphasize the non-standard nature of places and shortcomings of the urban environment. Based on the goal-oriented strategic marketing model, the necessity of adopting four main strategies has been emphasized: grounding, audience analysis, social system analysis, and policy coordination. Therefore, the need for macro-management strategies to promote sports for the elderly will be effective from several perspectives, including improving their social and personal status and reducing the heavy costs of treatment for the government.

The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between quantum skills and educational innovation among sports science professors, with the mediating role of organizational commitment. Methods: he research was conducted using an applied purpose and descriptive-correlational implementation. The statistical population comprised 140 members of academic staff from 8 faculties of physical education at national universities in Tehran, during the academic year 1400-1401. The data was collected using standard questionnaires for quantum management, educational innovation, and organizational commitment. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed through content and structure analysis. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 software, through descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Findings: The research findings showed that the average of each component of the seven quantum skills, educational innovation, and organizational commitment is higher than the hypothetical average, and the desire for educational innovation increases with an increase in the seven quantum skills. The results also indicated a positive and significant relationship between quantum skills and educational innovation, as well as between organizational commitment and educational innovation among sports science professors. Additionally, there was a positive and significant relationship between quantum skills and organizational commitment, as well as between quantum skills as a predictor and educational innovation as a criterion. Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that quantum skills and organizational commitment play a significant role in educational innovation among sports science professors. The results suggest that enhancing quantum skills and organizational commitment can foster a higher desire for educational innovation among sports science professors. These findings may be useful for educational policymakers and sports science institutions to improve the quality of education in this field.

The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of investigating the role of professional sports development on the indicators of social development in Iran. The present study is of the mixed researches which was done qualitatively and quantitatively. The statistical population included elites and experts in the social and sports fields who were familiar with the research topic. Based on the purposive sampling method, 13 people were identified as participants in the qualitative research part. In addition, all of these individuals were examined as a research sample in the quantitative part. The data collection tools consisted of an interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, coding was used in the qualitative part and structural equation method was used in a small part. All the process of data analysis was performed through the SPSS software, version 20 In the qualitative part, 42 characteristics were extracted through interviews, which were classified into 7 general indicators of social development, including justice, social capital, social vitality, social welfare, social development ethics, social security, and social health. The results showed that the development of professional sports on the social capital index (effect = 0.857, sig = 0.001), social welfare (effect = 0.748, sig = 0.001) and social health (effect = 0.718, sig = 0.001) is more effective than other indicators of social development.

Religion plays an essential role in people's lives in today's societies, but its function is not limited to individuals at all. Religion affects the relationships of individuals, societies, and even governments; therefore, it is effective in all areas of human life. The level of religiosity of people also differs from each other, but each level of religiosity has a direct effect on people's behavior, attitude, feelings, and thoughts. Women's participation in sports is another topic that sociologists and sports researchers have focused on in the last few decades. To identify any kind of relationship between religiosity and women's participation in sports in the countries of the world is of fundamental importance. With the knowledge of this topic, the present essay is dedicated to the physical activity of women in two Abrahamic religions, Christianity and Judaism, with a descriptive method. According to the findings of the research, both of the aforementioned religions place great value on the human body and have assigned rules and regulations to take care of and protect this divine ability; however, in the field of equality between men and women in physical activity and sports, especially in the contemporary era, they have a different approach. The statistics of Christian and Jewish women participating in the Olympic Games are a testimony to the difference in the views of the gender equality of these two religions in sports and physical activities.

Writing effective and persuasive manuscripts for submission to the high-indexed Iranian and international English-medium journals for the purpose of publication deserves having to-the-point knowledge and proficiency, which the Non-Native English writers of the non-English speaking countries seem to be lacking. Therefore, researchers need to identify problems and challenges that the group of writers encounter in the field of English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP). Therefore, this study aims to identify the ERPP needs of the Physical Education Ph.D. students and writers. Hence, interviews were conducted with a group of Physical Education content experts and Ph.D. students to identify the writers’ problems and challenges. The interviews were tape recorded as the participants had already been informed of the recordings and research aim. The tape recordings were then transcribed and analyzed in the thematic analysis and the grounded theory methods. The data analysis came up wit...

News streaming in sport is one of the main axes of news activity in social media, which despite the great impact of economic, social and sports dimensions in the scientific community of the country has not been considered. This study is an applied research and in terms of purpose is descriptive survey. The statistical population of this research includes theoretical experts (professors of sports management) and experimental (managers of the physical education organization). Sampling was performed using non-probability method and purposeful and finally 16 people participated in this study. grounded theory was used to analyze interviews. Research data were analyzed using MaxQDA20 software. According to the paradigm model of research, content preparation and sharing is an underlying factor in sports management and sports branding on social media. In this regard, it is necessary to implement and monitor the strategic document of social media marketing with a focus on sports marketing goals. In implementing this strategic document, the power of sports clubs to bring about change must be taken into account, as large clubs can act as a barrier or facilitator to achieve strategic goals. On the other hand, the culture and media literacy of the fans should be taken into account in drafting the strategic document. In this way, it is expected that in the shadow of the implementation of the adopted strategy, it will be possible to streamline social media in sports.

The aim of this qualitative research was to present an educational program pattern to achieve gender equality and violence prevention against women in sports and using grounded theory based on the Strauss-Corbin approach. The participants consisted of women sports experts including professors of sports management, researchers in the field of women's sports, managers and authorities of sports organizations, coaches, athletes, sociologists and psychologists (N=21) who were selected by using judgement sampling method and participated in the interview. Open, axial and selective coding methods were used to analyze the data. In a semi-structured interview with experts, a set of basic themes was collected during the coding process, and categories were extracted from them. In the axial coding stage, relationships between categories under the heading of causal conditions including motivational skills, the main phenomenon including gender awareness, strategies including anger management skills and environmental education, intervening conditions including gender and culture, contextual factors including participatory learning, and outcomes including cognitive skills and social skills were identified in the coding paradigm. In the selective coding stage, all components of the coding paradigm were described; the model was drawn and the theory was formulated and presented. The research results extracted 8 main components and 21 sub-components presented in the form of a theoretical frame based on the grounded theory. Results indicates that the factor of training coaches and athletes is an essential factor to achieve gender equality and prevent violence against women.

هدف از انجام این پژوهش، تحلیل محتوای جدول پخش برنامه‌های شبکه سه سیما، با تأکید بر برنامه‌های ورزشی بوده است. نمونه آماری این تحقیق، تمام برنامه‌های پخش شده در ماه‌های اردیبهشت و خرداد را در بر می‌گیرد که از طریق نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شده‌اند. ابزار مورد استفاده در این تحقیق برگه کدگذاری بوده و واحد آن، زمان پخش شده بر مبنای دقیقه است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که بین نحوه پخش زنده و تولیدی برنامه‌های ورزشی و میزان زمان پخش مسابقات انفرادی و تیمی، اختلاف معناداری وجود دارد. بر همین اساس، بین حجم زمانی تمام خرده مقیاس‌های زمان پخش برنامه های ورزشی در طول روز، اختلاف معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین، بین تمام خرده مقیاس‌های نوع برنامه ورزشی پخش شده، اختلاف معناداری وجود دارد. علاوه بر این، اختلاف معناداری نیز بین خرده مقیاس‌های روزهای پخش برنامه‌های ورزشی به چشم می‌خورد.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to profound changes at various levels of society, and sports is not immune to this. It is very important to study and identify the consequences of COVID-19 in different parts of the sports in Iran. The aim of the present study was to identify the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on Iranian student sports with emphasis on beneficiaries. Methods: This qualitative study was an exploratory research and in terms of purpose was considered as applied research. The statistical population of the study included sports teachers, professors of Farhangian University, managers of the General Office of Physical Education and sports experts of the Ministry of Education which were selected through purposive sampling method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants to collect information and theoretical saturation was obtained with 17 interviews. To analyze the data, the thematic analysis method was used. Findings: The consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on physical education and sports education consist of four main concepts which include "creating a passive lifestyle, behavioral and social harms, technological-digital development, and family sports". Conclusion: Considering the results and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to develop appropriate programs to use the opportunities and manage the challenges of the post-COVID-19 era in the field of physical education and sports education for students in Iran.

Football stadiums are the main infrastructures of this popular sport in the
society. The purpose of this study is to provide a Pattern for cultural promotion in football fans in stadiums in Iran, which was done by qualitative research method and using grounded theory approach. Through snowball sampling and by conducting 21 semi-structured interviews with university professors and experts in football and culture
theoretical saturation was achieved. The results of data analysis in 3 stages of open coding, axial-coding and selective coding indicate 28 categories that these findings are within the framework of the final model including: Hooliganism, behavioral factors, media, managerial challenges, infrastructural factors and Juridical and legal as causal factors; the nature of football, advocacy and government actions and policy making as context factors; Celebrities, social contexts, economic conditions, Trends and interest, cultural and social and technology as an intervener; manpower, education and training, media, cyberspace, structural strategies and Infrastructural strategies as appropriate ways to promote the level of culture in football fans in stadiums as strategies. According
to the proposed pattern, promoting the cultural level of the spectators, marketing development, Exercise promotion, financial development, social progress, the growth of moral security and growth of behavioral security in Iran can be mentioned as positive consequences of promoting cultural levels in football fan in stadiums.

The purpose of this research was to study the managerial performance of world sports organizations in the corona virus crisis and exploit superior experiences for the future similar situations. For this, a comparative study method was used. This research sought to answer the question of how the sport organizations acted during the pandemic in Iran and other countries. The study population was public and private sports organizations of the top 20 countries in the field of sports industry in addition to Iran (N = 21) whose performance during the pandemic era was published in the world media. For this purpose, all relevant news and reports published in the world news agencies were analyzed. All collected data were categorized, and interpreted using George Brady's four-step model. The results showed that the performance of sports organizations was divided into two general parts: a) activities related to sports and b) activities related to social responsibility of organizations. The findings showed that there were similarities and differences between countries in the performance of their sports organizations. Meanwhile, Iranian sports organizations did not perform well in most aspects of support activities compared to other countries, so in the future, the managers of these organizations need to use the world experience in crisis management and develop flexible and responsive planning to deal with future crises. In this regard, managers need to put the possibility of training their staff to deal with future crises on their agenda .

The purpose of this research was to study the managerial performance of world sports organizations in the corona virus crisis and exploit superior experiences for the future similar situations. For this, a comparative study method was used. This research sought to answer the question of how the sport organizations acted during the pandemic in Iran and other countries. The study population was public and private sports organizations of the top 20 countries in the field of sports industry in addition to Iran (N = 21) whose performance during the pandemic era was published in the world media. For this purpose, all relevant news and reports published in the world news agencies were analyzed. All collected data were categorized, and interpreted using George Brady's four-step model. The results showed that the performance of sports organizations was divided into two general parts: a) activities related to sports and b) activities related to social responsibility of organizations. The findings showed that there were similarities and differences between countries in the performance of their sports organizations. Meanwhile, Iranian sports organizations did not perform well in most aspects of support activities compared to other countries, so in the future, the managers of these organizations need to use the world experience in crisis management and develop flexible and responsive planning to deal with future crises. In this regard, managers need to put the possibility of training their staff to deal with future crises on their agenda .

Background: Evaluatingof the correlation between news management components and gender orientation in sport newspapers in Iran was the main purpose of the present research. Method: The research method was content analysis. Statistical population of the research was five Iranian highly published sport newspapers in 2017. The sample (4290 news) was selected using cluster sampling method. Results: The results showed that news about women covered small parts of the newspapers’ pages compared with news regarding men. Conclusions: According to the results of the research, most parts of sport news in the journals focused on athletes, and this focus was in favor of men. In addition, the focus of sport print media was mainly on authorities, coaches and trainers of men’s sports.

Competency of managers plays a critical role in the success of the organizations. The aim of this study was to investigate the competency of managers of Sports and Youth Offices in Alborz, Iran. 134 managers and staff of Sport and youth offices completed the researcher-developed questionnaire. Two questionnaires with 50 questions were used to get the research data, one questionnaire completed by managers and the other completed by staff. For validity, the questionnaires content were approved by 10 sports management experts, and their reliability were confirmed by Cronbachs alpha, respectively, 0.83 for the managers questionnaire and 0.90 for the staff questionnaire. Friedman, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and t-test were conducted to test the research hypotheses. Result of the study shows that there is a significant difference between managers and Staff concerning communication skills, decision-making, encouragement, business communication, leadership, team development, and deployment of posi...

This article was aimed to describe the life style and postural status in students of Alzahra University and the relationship between them. All the , students (n=261) who had the physical education course(J) at second semester 2003-2004 at Al-zahra University were selected purposely; ...

The purposive of this study was content analysis of the Iranian sport books. The methodology was descr iptive and text analysis by coding sheet and it's instruction which made by researcher. The validity improved by some experts and the objectivity approved by P sqat(0.91). The p opulation was all of the sport books from beginning till 2012 which introduce on national library and home book sThe sample was all of the population. The find ings showed more books (69.3) had general topic. The books abou t recreational sport were in minimum (0.5). There w ere significant relationship between sport components a nd publishers and tirage. The football and footsall had most pubish (11.4) between other sports. The most educat ional book published by non related sport publisher .

ُذیکچ ٕبـّبٌگٌس ٖٗبؾبٌق ،يؾ طث ٍُلاف زفطگ ضاطق ٖؾضطث زضَه ق٘تحس يٗا ضز ىبًظ ٖقظضٍ ٕبْش٘لبقف طث ضاصگ طثا نْه لهبف کٗ ىاٌَف ِث يؾ ضح َُحً طث ِک ىاطْس طْق ىبًظ ٖگسًظ ضز فلشره ضاطـق ِـقلبغه زضَه ق٘تحس يٗا ضز ،سًضاز ْٖجَس لثبق ط٘ثأس ٖقظضٍ ٕبْش٘لبقف ضز بًْآ ضَ ِـث ،زَث ُسق ُزبفشؾا ٖجضبذ ٍ ًٖاطٗا ربت٘تحس ضز ِک ْٖثبكه ٕبّ ِهبٌكؾطد ظا ؼبجشقا بث ٍ قتحه ظؾَس ِک ِهبٌكؾطد کٗ زؾا ِشفطگ زاسقس ِث ٍ زفطگ ضاطق ٕضازطث ُطْث زضَه ق٘تحس ضاعثا ىاٌَف 2000 ٕا ِلحطه ٕا ِقَذ ٕط٘گ ًَِوً ظؾَس ِک ىاطْس طْق ىبًظ ي٘ث ضز زسف زـ٘لبقف كطـس تجَه يؾ يشفض نبث ِک زاز ىبكً ق٘تحس يٗا ٗبشً زفطگ ضاطق ، سًسق ةبرشًا ٖفزبهس ضَغث ىاطْس طْق فلشره قعبٌه ظا ي٘ٗبد يٌ٘ؾ ِث زجؿً ز٘لبقف ؿًَ ٍ ضَضح ربقفز زاسقس بٌْس ٍ زَق ٖوً ٖقظضٍ طـث ضاصـگطثا ٕبـّضَشکبف يٗطـشوْه سـقبث ٖه رٍبفشه طس ٍ زهلاـؾ حغـؾ عـً٘ ٍ ٖـقظضٍ ربـًبکها ٍ بْؾلاک ٕبْث ٍ ٖقظضٍ ٕبْغ٘حه ٖگزَلآ ظا زَث رضبجف فلشره يٌ٘ؾ ضز ىبًظ ٖقظضٍ ز٘لبقف لبره ؽٌج ِجَس مسف عً٘ ٍ يٗطٗبؾ طرؿوس ظا ؼطس ظا سًزَث رضبجف لهاَف يٗطس ز٘وّا نک ٍ ىبًظ ٖشؾضسٌس ف : بّ ُصاٍ ذیلک ـظضٍ ،ىبًظ ، يؾ ،ُسًضازظبث له...

The purpose of this research is to examine the constraints that prohibit Iranian women who live in Tehran to participate in sport activities during their leisure time. The three-dimensional leisure constraints based on the Jackson, Crawford and Godbey’s (1993) Leisure Constraints Model, was used as the theoretical frame work for the study. The sample consisted of 1263 women who lived in Tehran city. The instrument of this research was a questionnaire which was designed to measure three types of constraints to sport participation: 1) structural, 2) interpersonal and 3) intrapersonal. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was approved. The results suggested that the subjects were constrained most by structural factors and this result is very different from what the original model claimed about the intrapersonal factors as being at the first place in the hierarchical model.

The purpose of this study was to design a model for managing barriers of sponsorship for Iranian women's championship sports, using Grounded theory method. The participants consisted of experts in the field of women's sports who were selected by purposive sampling following with theoretical sampling method. The interviews started with 10 people and continued until the theoretical saturation was reached, (N=22). Open, axial and selective coding were used to analyze the data. During the semi-structured interview with the experts, a set of basic concepts during the coding process was collected and categories were extracted from them. In the axial coding stage, the link between the categories under the headings of causal conditions of socio-cultural challenges, managerial-legal challenges, infrastructure conditions of media challenges and economic challenges, and intervening conditions of structural constraints was obtained following corrective interactions in Structural-executi...

Endorsements are one of the most important promotional activities used in sports. It has a special role in marketing products. Sports celebrities not only make commercials for various sports products, but also global brands use them to market their non-sports related products to the world.Despite the importance of endorsements in sports marketing, how endorsements are used depends on the culture of a target country. The manner in which cultures of the world differ can limit the way famous sports stars appear in advertisements and even can limit the effects of marketing activities. The different attitudes of people in different cultures towards using humans as advertising phenomena is an important factor in choosing promotional strategies.