Francis, J . Amofa

The flow state theory has been used in the field of psychology to explain the flow experience of people. This paper extends it to other fields and gives you a simple and more concise notes that will help you to understand the application of flow state in our everyday life.

The youth who form the most actively and potential manpower of every nation seem not to be playing their expected roles in national development. They are expected to replace the ageing labour force and take up responsible roles in the transformation and modernization of the economy. Unfortunately, some of them do not have the requisite skills and appropriate attitudes needed for development. This poses serious problems for the future development of the country. The paper seeks to bring to the general public ways we can move the youth in the motivation zone to meet the expectation zone.

Errors are found everywhere, but there is a need for the teacher and the researcher to have more in-depth knowledge of them to produce a suitable instrument. This article gives you all that you need to know, as it has combined both classical test theory and generalizability theory to help readers have adequate knowledge of the error analysis to increase the reliability of their tests.

The study investigated how confidence and age mediate and moderate the relationship between the frequency of changing answers and academic performance. METHOD: The study dwelt on a descriptive survey design and recruited 72 freshmen students from two senior high schools in the Volta Region of Ghana using stratified random sampling techniques. Data was collected with strict ethical adherence. A test made up of 20 multiple-choice questions was given to the students. The scores of the test and the frequency of changing responses to each other were taken. A self-developed level of confidence in responding to an item was designed with a reliability coefficient of.89 to collect data on students' level of confidence in responding to an item. The data was analyzed using R version 4.4.0. RESULTS: The results show that the frequency of changing responses has a significant negative influence on academic performance (B =-1.00, SE = 0.220, p = <.001). Thus, for every unit increase in the frequency of changing answers, it tends to decrease students' academic performance by an average of 1 mark. Also, it was revealed that the indirect effect of frequency of changing answers on academic performance through level of confidence was found not to be significant (B = 0.0833, SE = 0.513, P = 0.871, %Mediation = 7%). In addition, the effect of the frequency of changing answers on academic performance through the interaction of age was found not to be significant (B = 0.380, SE = 0.373, p = 0.309). However, post-hoc simple slope analysis revealed a steeper and negative gradient for younger (B =-1.504, SE = 0.547, p = 0.006) and average age students (B =-1.070, SE = 0.271, p <.001) as compared to older age students (B =-0.636, SE = 0.427, p = 0.136). Lastly, it was found that there was no moderate mediation effect of age on the relationship between frequency of changing responses and academic performance through level of confidence. Implying that no matter the level of age, whether young, average, or old, the indirect effect of the frequency of changing responses on academic performance through level of confidence is not significant. CONCLUSION: The more students change their responses, the more their results are affected. This behavior led them to switch from correct answers to incorrect ones. Based on this, there is a need for teachers to exercise their time when teaching to help the fresh students, particularly the young students, understand concepts better.

Background: Drug abuse is a significant public health concern in Ghana. It has adverse consequences for individuals and society as a whole. It becomes pertinent to study the underlying causes of drug abuse to help in the development of effective preventive and intervention strategies tailored to mitigate the persistent rise of cases of drug abuse. Hence, the study explored the underlying causes of drug abuse in Ghana based on a systematic review. Method: The study employed a rigorous and comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant studies ranging from 2006 to 2024 on the causes of drug abuse in Ghana from various electronic databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to rigorously screen studies. Quality assessment tools were used to ensure the quality and relevance of the included studies. Data extraction, quality assessment, and synthesis were conducted following established guidelines. Results: A total of six studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. It was found that the major causes of drug abuse in Ghana include peer pressure, imitation from elderly siblings, family members, and role models, relief from stress and frustration, loss of job, and curiosity. In categorizing the findings into factors, it was found that individual factors, socio-cultural factors, and economic factors are the major prevailing factors accounting for the causes of drug abuse. Also, subgroup analysis revealed that youth are at higher risk for drug abuse. Conclusion: The systematic review provided a valuable insight into the multifaceted nature of substance abuse in Ghana. There is a need for robust intervention and preventive measures to address the current state of drug abuse in Ghana.

The purpose of the study is to explore how the three elements of love (thinking, feeling, and behaviour) relate to the factor of love. Data collected from 800 youth was used for the analysis using the love scale. It was revealed that all the elements of love have a strong positive relationship with the factor of love. However, feeling serves as a mediator between thinking and love, but behaviour does not. It was further found that behaviour has a strong moderation effect on the relationship between thinking and love. Feeling was found to not have a main moderation effect but to have a conditional moderation effect at all levels (low, average, and high). It was concluded that the elements of love fully relate to love, and measuring love needs these three elements.

In our daily lives, we often judge others based on their appearance and actions, assuming that beauty equates to goodness. However, the Beauty-Ugly Principle challenges this notion, suggesting that appearances can be deceiving. This principle highlights that individuals who may not fit society's standards of beauty can possess admirable qualities such as kindness and ambition, while those who appear conventionally attractive may prioritize their own interests over others'. By delving into this theory, we uncover a deeper understanding of human character and the importance of looking beyond superficial traits. Through examples and analysis, we explore how this principle can reshape our perceptions, guiding us towards more authentic relationships and a more inclusive society. Ultimately, the Beauty-Ugly Principle reminds us that true beauty emanates from within, transcending outward appearances.

Understanding the phenomenon of love has long been a challenge, given its multifaceted nature and the inherent difficulty in measuring it. This article aims to demystify the complexities of love by introducing a simple model that provides insights into its dynamics. By employing basic mathematical concepts and statistical techniques, the model offers a framework for quantifying love and understanding its evolution over time. Through a straightforward definition and practical guidance, readers will learn how to utilize mathematics and statistics to gain deeper insights into the intricacies of love and its fluctuations over time.

Over the years, especially youth, have been into non-conforming behaviors, which have destroyed the beauty of acceptable social norms. The youth engage in behaviors that, in the long run, prevent them from achieving their aspirations. In high school, most students are addicted to sports betting, which they perceive as normal while it is not so. This article clearly explains how social norm theory (SNT) can be used to reduce such behaviors.

The Extreme Value Theory (EVT) serves as a transformative framework for enhanced comprehension of reality. Despite its inherent significance, a comprehensive elucidation of the theory has been lacking, hindering researchers from fully grasping its applicability in their respective fields. This article endeavors to augment the understanding of EVT by providing a clear and detailed explanation of its foundational concepts and establishing meaningful connections to everyday experiences. Such clarification is poised to greatly benefit readers, fostering an appreciation for the practical relevance of the theory in diverse contexts.

The "13 Level Power Principle" introduces a novel conceptual framework that transcends conventional understandings of success and effort in various life domains. Rooted in the metaphorical representation of life positions as clock numbers, the principle posits a distinctive negative correlation between one's position and the effort required to attain a "power level of 13." This article explores the major assumption that life positions significantly influence the dynamics of success, elucidating the principle's relevance in understanding the complexities of reality.

The principle categorizes life positions into zones, each marked by distinct challenges and support levels, offering a nuanced interpretation of the human experience. From adversity in lower zones to proximity to an optimum state at higher positions, the principle suggests that individuals closer to the optimum position require less effort to achieve significant success. This understanding has profound implications for comprehending the challenges and opportunities individuals encounter in their life journeys.

The "13 Level Power Principle" is applied across diverse contexts, including organizational settings, where it informs resource allocation, career development, and support mechanisms. In educational contexts, educators can leverage the principle to tailor approaches, providing individualized support for students with varying learning positions. Beyond work and education, the principle extends to behavioral understanding, enriching our comprehension of how life positions influence human behavior and motivation.

This article invites scholars and practitioners to explore the implications of the "13 Level Power Principle" in understanding and navigating the intricacies of life, work, and learning. As a thought-provoking conceptual framework, it encourages contemplation on the practical insights it may offer for a more comprehensive understanding of the human experience.

Loyalty is very important in any relationship. It tells us how committed, supportive, positive and appreciative our partners are. Assessing this construct is not easy, however, several psychometricians are making effort to measure this behaviour. To make things easy a scale has been made and have undergone all the scale development stages and proven to assess partners loyalty. It comes along with simple interpretation of scores to measure the gap in loyalty in relationship.

The concept linear regression has been misunderstood by so many people and its application in solving prediction problem has not been achieved. The article exposes you to the concept of linear regression and explains it in a easy way for you to understand using everyday real life situation.

This article delves into the utilization of custom metrics to augment the comprehension of data characteristics. We introduce a set of novel formulas, including Percentage Spread, Percentage Clustered, Range, Percentage Gap, Total Number Spread, Total Number Clustered, and Local Percentage of Values in Dataset. This formulas are specifically designed to provide nuanced insights into the distribution patterns of numerical variables.  This article presents a practical approach to enhancing data interpretation. This is a way to foster a deeper understanding of the underlying distribution characteristics within a dataset.

Traditionally, the use of observation to identify the existence of problems has not been the best. It is accompanied by a lot of biases. The use of a scientific or formal approach is the best way, as it helps to make your problem identification and detection free from biases. Hence, the article helps you understand the existence of problems, their detection, and ways of addressing them. It is recommended that educators and social scientists adhere to the usage of these formulars to write a problem statement supported by empirical evidence.

Opinions are diverse, but settling on what the majority of the participants are saying becomes difficult. Using a Likert scale to determine whether participants agree or disagree on a supposed variable contributing to the variability of a factor becomes difficult. The proposed formular, called the consensus formular, makes it easier to decide what opinions the majority is giving.

In the realm of education, the pursuit of academic excellence is a journey filled with aspirations and expectations. Our data story embarks on this journey, exploring the connection between students' expected scores and their actual performance in their main test. By analyzing a dataset encompassing regions, study hours, expected scores, and main scores, we unveil a narrative that delves into the heart of educational achievement. With the use of sampling techniques, 34 students' reading home economics data was collected before (expected scores) and after the test (main scores). Through the use of interesting visualization, it was revealed that there is a weak positive correlation between expectations and main scores. Further statistics like the t-test confirm that there is a significant difference between their expectations and the main scores. It is based on these revelations that we call on teachers, guidance counselors, and counseling coordinators to support the students through a mentorship program so they can set realistic expectations. Also, academic resources should be provided to them to bridge the gap between expectations and reality.

The South Dayi District (SDD) is one of the most important administrative districts in Volta Region. The district has diverse women working in different institutions. Their career choice and satisfaction have been significant factors that need to be explored, but no study has been conducted. The study aims to bridge this gap by providing empirical evidence through an in-depth exploration of the factors that influence career decisions among women in the SDD. This study used a quantitative strategy and a deductive approach to investigate 30 women working in the government sector using a closed-ended questionnaire. Five hypotheses related to the factors influencing women's career decision-making and satisfaction were examined. The results showed that the combined influence of personal and external factors did not significantly determine career choices among women. Again, there was a moderately positive correlation between career alignment and career satisfaction (r = 0.441; p-value =.015). Furthermore, the study discovered a positive-moderate relationship between supportive services and guidance and both career decisions and satisfaction. The findings of the study provide valuable insights into these factors and their implications for women's career choices and satisfaction in the South Dayi District. Based on the findings, the study suggests policy and practice to support women in career decision-making and satisfaction by raising awareness, strengthening support systems, fostering an inclusive workplace culture, and collaborating between educational institutions and industries.

Meta-analysis is the science of collecting multiple studies, screening and evaluating them in terms of their quality, analysing and summarizing findings of scholars in respond to a particular issue. The paper explains the key steps involved in conducting a meta-analysis study and how to interpret the output generated by Review Manager

The "Pig Fight Theory" was proposed by Francis Amofa Jemisiham in the year 2024. This theory was based on personal experience and inspiration from this widely recognized adage from an American writer called Mark Twain. He said, "Never wrestle with a pig. You both get dirty, and the pig likes it." This proverb serves as a foundational metaphor in this theory. This emphasizes the futility and negative outcomes of engaging in certain con icts.