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Charles R Ortloff
University of Chicago, Anthropology, Archaeology, Department Member
This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "John Victor Murra (August 24, 1916 - October 16, 2006): An Interpretative Biography" by Monica Barnes with a "Bibliography of Works by and about John Victor... more
This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "John Victor Murra (August 24, 1916 - October 16, 2006): An Interpretative Biography" by Monica Barnes with a "Bibliography of Works by and about John Victor Murra" by David Block and Monica Barnes; "Introduction to John Victor Murra: A Mentor to Women" by Heather Lechtman and Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "Anthropology is My Village" by Heather Lechtman; "Mentors as Intellectual Parents" by Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "an Extraordinary Teacher Who Taught All the Time" by Patricia Netherly; "Kicking Off a New Perspective in Ethnohistory" by Ana Maria Lorandi; "The Ability to Bestow Confidence and Stimulate New Ideas" by Victoria Castro; "The Green Pachwork Paper" by Rolena Adorno; "Do Anthropology the Way Poets Write Poetry" by Inge Maria Harman; "Eight Thousand Solutions to the Same Problem" by Silvia Palomeque; "Kinsmen Resurrected: John Victor Murra and the History of Anthropology" by Frank Solomon; "Costanza Di Capua Di Capua (December 17, 1912 - May 5, 2008) by Karen Olsen Bruhns; "Reconstruction of the Burial Offering at Punkuri in the Nepena Valley of Peru's North-central Coast" by Victor Falcon Huayta; "An Analysis of the Isabellita Rock Engraving and Its Archaeological Context, Callejon de Huaylas, Peru" by Victor Manuel Ponte R.; "Strange Harvest: A Discussion of Sacrifice and Missing Body Parts on the North Coast of Peru" by Catherine M. Gaither, Jonathan Bethard, Jonathan Kent, Victor Vasquez Sanchez, Teresa Rosales Tham, and Richard Busch; "A Design Analysis of Moche Fineline Sherds from the Archaeological Site of Galindo, Moche Valley, Peru" by Gregory D. Lockard; "More than Meets the Eye: A Study of Signs in Nasca Art" by Ana Nieves; "Early Cotton Network Knotted in Colored Patterns" by Grace Katterman; "Climate, Agricultural Strategies, and Sustainability in the Pre-Columbian Andes" by Charles R. Ortloff and Michael E. Moseley; "Experiences with the Institute of Andean Research 1941-42 and 1946" by Gordon R. Willey with an "Introduction" by Richard Daggett; "Archaeological Investigations at Antumpa (Jujuy): Contributions to the Characterization of the Early Ceramic Period in the Huamahuaca Region" by Juan B. Leoni; "San Pedro de Atacama" by Carolina Aguero, Muricio Uribe, and Carlos Carraso; "Tarapaca Region" by Mauricio Uribe, Leonor Adan, Carolina Aguero, Cora Moragas, and Flora Viches; "New Archaeological and Rock Art Projects in Bolivia" by Matthias Strecker, Freddy Taboada, and Claudia Rivera; "Exchange at Chavin de Huantar: Insights from Shell Data" by Matthew P. Sayre and Luisa Lopez Aldave; "La Forteleza at Ollantaytambo" by J. Lee Hollowell.
Research Interests: Forensic Anthropology, Climate Change, Andean Archaeology, Textiles, Climate Change Adaptation, and 21 moreRock Art (Archaeology), Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Andean Prehistory (Archaeology), Inca Archaeology, History of Archaeology, Nasca culture, Fishing, Incas, The Moche of northern Peru, Nasca, Late Intermediate Period, Bolivian Archaeology, Nepeña Valley, Chavin, Moche Archaeology, John Murra, Peruvian Archaeology, Nazca, REGION DE TARAPACA, Ecuadorian Archeology, and Julio C Tello
Between ≈5,800 and 3,600 cal B.P. the biggest architectural monuments and largest settlements in the Western Hemisphere flourished in the Supe Valley and adjacent desert drainages of the arid Peruvian coast. Intensive net fishing,... more
Between ≈5,800 and 3,600 cal B.P. the biggest architectural monuments and largest settlements in the Western Hemisphere flourished in the Supe Valley and adjacent desert drainages of the arid Peruvian coast. Intensive net fishing, irrigated orchards, and fields of cotton with scant comestibles successfully sustained centuries of increasingly complex societies that did not use ceramics or loom-based weaving. This unique socioeconomic adaptation was abruptly abandoned and gradually replaced by societies more reliant on food crops, pottery, and weaving. Here, we review evidence and arguments for a severe cycle of natural disasters—earthquakes, El Niño flooding, beach ridge formation, and sand dune incursion—at ≈3,800 B.P. and hypothesize that ensuing physical changes to marine and terrestrial environments contributed to the demise of early Supe settlements.
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Raised field systems of agriculture in seasonally or perennially inundated landscapes have received increasing attention from scholars involved in the analysis of prehistoric agricultural intensification in the New World. This paper... more
Raised field systems of agriculture in seasonally or perennially inundated landscapes have received increasing attention from scholars involved in the analysis of prehistoric agricultural intensification in the New World. This paper discusses the morphology and function of raised fields associated with the Tiwanaku civilization on the southern rim of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. The thermal properties, and specifically, the heat storage capacity of raised fields in this high altitude environment are analysed by means of an ANSYS finite element computer model. The analysis concludes that enhanced heat storage capacity was an essential design element of raised field agriculture in the Andean altiplano, and that this thermal effect served to mitigate the chronic hazard of frost damage to maturing crops in this rigorous environment. An experimental verification of this conclusion based on the performance of reconstructed raised fields subjected to severe sub-freezing conditions is briefly described.
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The 300 BCE- CE 1100 precolumbian site of Tiwanaku located on the high altiplano of Bolivia demonstrated an advanced use of hydrologic and hydraulic science for urban and agricultural applications that is unique in the Andean world. From... more
The 300 BCE- CE 1100 precolumbian site of Tiwanaku located on the high altiplano of Bolivia demonstrated an advanced use of hydrologic and hydraulic science for urban and agricultural applications that is unique in the Andean world. From recently discovered aerial photos taken of the site in the 1930’s, new perspectives of the water system of the ancient city, beyond previous interpretations of a major drainage canal as a dividing ‘moat’ between ceremonial and secular parts of the city, are now possible from new discoveries of a network of water channels not previously known. Surrounding the ceremonial core structures of urban Tiwanaku was a large encompassing drainage canal that served as the linchpin of an intricate network of spring-fed supply and drainage channels to control both surface and groundwater aquifer flows. The drainage canal served to: (1) collect and drain off rainfall runoff into the nearby Tiwanaku River to limit flood damage; (2) accelerate post-rainy season ground drying by collecting aquifer seepage from infiltrated rainwater into the drainage canal to promote health benefits for the city’s population; (3) provide water from a newly discovered spring-fed channel to two subterranean channels to flush human waste from elite structures to the nearby Tiwanaku River, (4) maintain the groundwater level constant through both rainy and dry seasons to stabilize the foundation soil underneath massive pyramid structures to limit structural deformation; (5) facilitate rainy season water accumulation drainage from the floor of a semi-subterranean temple into the stabilized, groundwater layer to rapidly dry the temple floor and (6) provide drainage water to inner city agricultural zones. The sophistication of the water control network in Tiwanaku city is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of transient surface and groundwater aquifer flows to illustrate the function of the drainage canal in both rainy and dry seasons.
Determining the cognitive ability of ancient civilizations to conceptualize, design and build water supply systems for agricultural use is examined through mathematical models that predict the optimum use of land, water, labor... more
Determining the cognitive ability of ancient civilizations to conceptualize, design and build water supply systems for agricultural use is examined through mathematical models that predict the optimum use of land, water, labor and technology resources to maximize food production. From the archaeological record of agricultural systems used by several precolumbian societies of ancient Peru and Bolivia, knowledge of agricultural system configurations permits comparison of actual to theoretically optimum agricultural systems. This comparison permits evaluation of the agro-engineering knowledge achieved by societies subject to different ecological conditions and provides insight into their technical achievements produced by evolutionary trial-and-error empirical observation of system improvements and/or engineering foresight to conceptualize an optimum design and put it into use. Use of a basic equation derived from similitude methods provides the basis to replicate the thought process and logical decision making of ancient agricultural engineers albeit in a format different from western science notational conventions. Examples of agricultural system designs from coastal Peru canal-supplied (900-1450 AD) Chimu irrigation systems, groundwater based raised -field agricultural systems of the (300 BC- 1100 AD) Tiwanaku society of Bolivia and later (1400-1532 AD) Inka terrace systems are used to illustrate conclusions derived from a first application of similitude methods to archaeological analysis.
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Research Interests: Archaeology and Antiquity
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The attenuation of a blast wave passing through a layer of bubbly water is investigated under assumptions that permit an acoustic analysis. The presence of a small amount of air in water reduces the speed of sound drastically, often two... more
The attenuation of a blast wave passing through a layer of bubbly water is investigated under assumptions that permit an acoustic analysis. The presence of a small amount of air in water reduces the speed of sound drastically, often two orders of magnitude. For example, it is found that in a mixture of air and water at STP, the speed of sound is between 100 and 170 ft/ sec for an air to mixture volume ratio of 5 to 15 percent. It is shown that this phenomenon can be used to harden underwater structures to fairly sizable compression waves (or nearly equal to 5000 psi) and to produce a possible order of magnitude reduction in the overpressure for a single bubble layer. Further attenuation may then be obtained by a sequence of bubble layers.
Spray cooling of high temperature surfaces subject to large internal heat generation is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to determine heat transfer coefficients and the micro-physical details of coolant dropletheated... more
Spray cooling of high temperature surfaces subject to large internal heat generation is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to determine heat transfer coefficients and the micro-physical details of coolant dropletheated surface interactions governed by evaporative processes. A high speed, high magnification digital camera (6000 frames/sec) is used to provide test data for micron scale spray droplet size distribution and droplet velocity from a spray nozzle for different supply pressures for HFE 7100 and water coolants. Droplet test data are then applied to construct FLOW-3D CFD models [1] of numerous translating spherical droplets impacting a heated surface with internal volume heat generation and the transient, free-surface fluid dynamics and heat transfer processes computed. Transient, expanding/collapsing, chaotic coolant vapor regions generated by evaporative processes during successive multiple droplet impacts on flat and roughened surfaces sustaining large heat fluxes (from 30 to 300 W/cm 2 ) are generated from the CFD solutions and shown to reproduce qualitative phase transition features observed from test photography. A computer program is provided to calculate heat transfer coefficients for different combinations of coolant droplet size, droplet velocity, droplet spatial distribution in nozzle sprays, heat flux magnitude, evaporation temperature and coolant flow rate incorporating the thermophysical coolant and wall properties for both flat and surface roughness cases. CFD results for a wide variety of droplet sizes, translation velocities, magnitudes of heat flux for flat and surface roughness patterns, coolant flow rates, coolant types and prescribed wall surface temperatures are used to provide physical insights into best ways to achieve maximum spray cooling heat transfer coefficients and avoid surface flooding and dry spotting. Use of high speed photographic micro-details of droplet impingement and evaporation structures on heated walls is made to qualitatively substantiate the CFD methodology by comparison of computed to test observations.
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ABSTRACT Rosen's restricted variational principle representation of the Boltzmann equation is applied to the problem of determining the transitional-regime, low-density, hypersonic flow over slender, conical vehicles with... more
ABSTRACT Rosen's restricted variational principle representation of the Boltzmann equation is applied to the problem of determining the transitional-regime, low-density, hypersonic flow over slender, conical vehicles with diffusely reflecting surfaces. If the trial distribution function is suitably chosen, the Euler-Lagrange equations associated with Rosen's functional result in a semilinear hyperbolic system amenable to solution by classical characteristics methods. Sample calculations are given and compared with the low-density cone flow experiments of Hickman to assess the accuracy of the method presented. It is believed that the present method constitutes the first solution method for boundary value problems in the low-density transitional flow regime.
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ABSTRACT Rosen's restricted variational principle representation of the Boltzmann equation is used to determine the free-molecular mixing of two initially parallel streams of differing temperature and speed ratio. Mixing is... more
ABSTRACT Rosen's restricted variational principle representation of the Boltzmann equation is used to determine the free-molecular mixing of two initially parallel streams of differing temperature and speed ratio. Mixing is accomplished by means of thermal and convective motions of the gas particles. It is shown that the variational method leads to a rapid calculation scheme for number density and velocity; the results of the method compare closely to the exact special function solutions of the collisionless Boltzmann equation.
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For low-viscosity foods, in a piston filler (FMC PN010), power-law relationships were found between the number of cycles/minute at which splashing occurred on the rim of a container versus viscosities of the test fluids. Splashing was due... more
For low-viscosity foods, in a piston filler (FMC PN010), power-law relationships were found between the number of cycles/minute at which splashing occurred on the rim of a container versus viscosities of the test fluids. Splashing was due to either the breakup of a discharge ...
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... for their technical innovations regarding urban water distribution systemshere computer analysis techniques examine Roman, Greek, Israelite ... Lake Popo Wankarani Tiwanaku Lukurmata Taraco Koani Pajchiri PUNO Pukara Lake Titicaca... more
... for their technical innovations regarding urban water distribution systemshere computer analysis techniques examine Roman, Greek, Israelite ... Lake Popo Wankarani Tiwanaku Lukurmata Taraco Koani Pajchiri PUNO Pukara Lake Titicaca Quelccaya(Q) Cerro Baul Omo Wari ...
ABSTRACT The dependence upon plate temperature and free‐stream speed ratio of the number density distribution about a diffusely reflecting flat plate under free‐molecule flow conditions is determined.
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Abstract: The major intravalley canals of the Moche Valley in Peru built during the Late Intermediate Period (ca. 9001400 AC) are analyzed for their engineering design content and design philosophy. An historical overview of the canals... more
Abstract: The major intravalley canals of the Moche Valley in Peru built during the Late Intermediate Period (ca. 9001400 AC) are analyzed for their engineering design content and design philosophy. An historical overview of the canals reveals successive ...
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ABSTRACT The water supply and distribution systems of Nabataean Petra (300 BCE–300 CE) possibly incorporate traces of hydraulic engineering knowledge gathered through interaction with cities of the ancient Mediterranean and the Orient.... more
ABSTRACT The water supply and distribution systems of Nabataean Petra (300 BCE–300 CE) possibly incorporate traces of hydraulic engineering knowledge gathered through interaction with cities of the ancient Mediterranean and the Orient. While the degree of utilization of available knowledge is not known, the rough mountainous terrain interlaced with many deep wadis, distant spring water sources and low seasonal rainfall availability (Laureano, 2005) presented water supply problems requiring unique innovations from Nabataean engineers to maintain year-round water supply for Petra's population. From water transport solutions developed over centuries as well as technology possible borrowings from outside sources, successful hydraulic design choices were made by Nabataean engineers to optimize water transport to the city's urban core. This paper explores a number of design choices available to Nabataean engineers for the design and construction of the Wadi Mataha pipeline system prior to its construction. Given that the final design choice had sophisticated features indicative of advanced hydraulic knowledge, there is indication of a well-developed knowledge base supporting the final design choice. To explore aspects of several design options and provide insight into the Nabataean use of hydraulic design principles, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are used to model several pipeline design options to visualize hydraulic phenomena occurring for different pipeline system design options. CFD refers to finite-difference, numerical solutions of the governing fluid mechanics equations applied to water flow within pipeline networks. The CFD results demonstrate fluid mechanics phenomena, presumably known to Nabataean engineers through prior observation or borrowed knowledge, supporting their final design choice. CFD results then provides insight into the civil engineering knowledge available to their engineers. Given that the Wadi Mataha pipeline design is close to a design obtained using western technology developed 2000 years later, observation of water flow patterns and flow rates under different pipeline slope conditions must have been a vital part of their engineering knowledge base given its importance to the life of the city. Given the limited survival rate of documents related to ancient water technology, the present paper provides an alternate path of discovery of the decision process behind ancient Nabataean engineering decision making and adds a chapter to the history of hydraulic science.
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ABSTRACT The hydraulic characteristics of the 3rd century ce Roman inverted siphon system at Aspendos is subject to analysis using modern computational fluid dynamics methods. The 1·67 km long siphon consists of a header basin, two... more
ABSTRACT The hydraulic characteristics of the 3rd century ce Roman inverted siphon system at Aspendos is subject to analysis using modern computational fluid dynamics methods. The 1·67 km long siphon consists of a header basin, two separate elevated tower open basins and a receiving basin all interconnected by long piping segments. The receiving basin distributes water to the fountains, baths and housing structures of the ancient city of Aspendos. Based upon the Roman text of Vitruvius, transient pressure wave phenomena occurring during siphon start-up, if not counteracted by hydraulic and structural defensive design measures, can lead to pipeline breakage. The present study examines the hydraulic behaviour of the Aspendos siphon during start-up and steady state conditions for both impulsive and slow-filling water supply conditions. By revealing the underlying hydraulic behaviour of the siphon, the meaning of Vitruvius' text statements concerning siphon operation, albeit in prescientific terminology, can be interpreted in light of the computed physical behaviour of the system.Analysis results indicate that impulsive siphon start-up is characterized by fluid column oscillations in all siphon branches downstream of the header basin. Depending upon the internal wall roughness of the piping and the filling rate, oscillations can vary in periodicity and amplitude before being damped by fluid friction effects. Slowing the siphon infilling rate (as Vitruvius advises) is shown to reduce start-up oscillatory behaviour and reduce forces on the piping. The presence of the elevated tower open basins is shown to limit oscillations from propagating into the downstream branches of the siphon, i.e., the tower basins act as accumulators to dampen the transmission of fluid column oscillations and pressure waves past the first leg of the siphon. Several suggestions as to the enigmatic meaning of the term colliquiaria with respect to siphon operation are investigated to attempt to recover Vitruvius' original meaning.
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Examination of three of Petra’s water conveyance pipeline systems ( Siq, Wadi Mataha, Ain Braq) leading water to Petra's urban core using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis permits discovery of the rationale behind design... more
Examination of three of Petra’s water conveyance pipeline systems ( Siq, Wadi Mataha, Ain Braq) leading water to Petra's urban core using Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) analysis permits discovery of the rationale behind
design selections utilized by their hydraulic engineers. Solution of fluid dynamics equations through CFD
finite-difference means (Flow Science 2016) permits calculation of internal pipeline water flow patterns associated with the three distinct hydraulic pipeline structures for different design options to reveals hydraulic phenomena within pipelines that would be familiar to Nabataean engineers from past experience to guide
their ultimate pipeline design/selection process to avoid system failures. Many of the pipeline systems are designed to maximize flow rate, eliminate leakage at pipeline segment joints and produce stable flows while matching the output of their spring sources, .CFD results
demonstrating flow patterns within pipelines show what Nabataean hydraulic engineers intended (or avoided) in
their hydraulic designs and permits insight into their civil
engineering knowledge base.
(CFD) analysis permits discovery of the rationale behind
design selections utilized by their hydraulic engineers. Solution of fluid dynamics equations through CFD
finite-difference means (Flow Science 2016) permits calculation of internal pipeline water flow patterns associated with the three distinct hydraulic pipeline structures for different design options to reveals hydraulic phenomena within pipelines that would be familiar to Nabataean engineers from past experience to guide
their ultimate pipeline design/selection process to avoid system failures. Many of the pipeline systems are designed to maximize flow rate, eliminate leakage at pipeline segment joints and produce stable flows while matching the output of their spring sources, .CFD results
demonstrating flow patterns within pipelines show what Nabataean hydraulic engineers intended (or avoided) in
their hydraulic designs and permits insight into their civil
engineering knowledge base.