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Focusing on the figure of Diego Velázquez, this article examines the significance of the notion of ingenio in early modern Spanish writings about painting. First, it considers its relevance to discussions about natural talent, including... more
Focusing on the figure of Diego Velázquez, this article examines the significance of the notion of ingenio in early modern Spanish writings about painting. First, it considers its relevance to discussions about natural talent, including the links with treatises like Examen de ingenios. Second, it shows how the adoption of ingenio as a motif in two biographies of the young Velázquez contributed to the crafting of a contrived narrative on the artist, privileging his giftedness and independence. Third, it considers other articulations of this rhetoric of ingenio in relation to Velázquez’s art, particularly regarding matters of practice and skill.
This paper explores the interconnections between early modern natural history and European visual culture by focusing on the representation of a single motif, the bird of paradise, in one of Peter Paul Rubens's most celebrated paintings:... more
This paper explores the interconnections between early modern natural history and European visual culture by focusing on the representation of a single motif, the bird of paradise, in one of Peter Paul Rubens's most celebrated paintings: the Adoration of the Magi (1609; 1628–29), now in the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid. Portrayed as an aigrette in the Black Magus's headwear, the bird of paradise is interpreted as a symbol of exoticism and geographical diversity, in a painting of unmistakable Counter-Reformist facture, produced in a context of tense religious and political disputes and conflicting commercial interests. By considering the representation of this motif in the Prado Adoration as well as in other works by Rubens and his contemporaries, this paper studies the contribution of artists and paintings to the dissemination of natural knowledge, and examines early modern visual culture as part of a wider context shaped by religiosity, political interests, the cult of the exotic and global trade.
monograph, coauthored with Alexander Marr, Raphaële Garrod, José Ramón Marcaida
Ingenuity in the Making: Materials and Technique in Early Modern Art and Science, edited by Richard J. Oosterhoff, José Ramón Marcaida, and Alexander Marr (Pittsburgh University Press, 2021)
TDR - Tesis Doctorales en Red - 10 años 2001 · 2011. Búsqueda avanzada. Restringir a TDR. ...
Disegni spagnoli e italiani del Cinquecento della Biblioteca Nacional de España è il risultato di un primo approccio d’insieme all’importante patrimonio grafico del Cinquecento di questa istituzione, realizzato nell’ambito del progetto di... more
Disegni spagnoli e italiani del Cinquecento della Biblioteca Nacional de España è il risultato di un primo approccio d’insieme all’importante patrimonio grafico del Cinquecento di questa istituzione, realizzato nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca Har2017-86804-P del Ministero della Scienza e dell’innovazione di Spagna, diretto dai professori Benito Navarrete Prieto e Gonzalo Redín Michaus. Lo studio intrapreso ha voluto tenere in considerazione l’indiscutibile relazione che legava italia e Spagna nel Cinquecento, intesa come parte di un’identità mediterranea comune, frutto di scambi, flussi, ibridazioni e influenze degli artisti spagnoli e italiani.
Il volume si apre con un’introduzione storiografica a cura di Marzia Faietti che fa il punto sugli studi sui disegni italiani conservati in Spagna effettuati fino agli anni ottanta. a questa fa seguito il saggio di elena Santiago Páez e Beatriz Hidalgo Caldas sulla provenienza delle collezioni di disegni acquisite nell’ottocento dall’istituzione spagnola, essenzialmente quelle di valentín Carderera, José de Madrazo e Manuel Castellano. Da questo punto di vista, lo studio calligrafico delle iscrizioni e dei marchi di collezione è stato fondamentale per tracciare il percorso delle raccolte più antiche, come quella del pittore spagnolo del Seicento Francisco de Solís oppure, nel secolo successivo, quella di padre Sebastiano resta, oggetto dell’approfondimento di Francesco Grisolia. Benito Navarrete Prieto affronta il tema dell’identità e dell’appropriazione culturale del disegno spagnolo e italiano analizzando i legami tra Spagna e italia e successivamente Gonzalo Redín Michaus fa un bilancio delle nuove attribuzioni dei disegni italiani della Biblioteca Nacional. Federica Mancini si occupa dei disegni genovesi e dei problemi di attribuzione, avanzando nuove proposte d’indagine, mentre Carlos Plaza fa luce sulle collezioni di disegni di architettura, riflettendo sulla ricchezza di queste raccolte e sul modo di studiarle. Manuel arias Martínez si concentra sull’importanza dei disegni per i retabli di Gaspar Becerra e sul loro rapporto con i modelli italiani, infine José ramón Marcaida López analizza in termini metodologici le possibilità di studio per la storia della scienza offerte dai due manoscritti di Leonardo da vinci che fanno parte del patrimonio della Biblioteca Nacional. Il volume include un catalogo di disegni selezionati a seguito della ricerca e studiati da specialisti della materia: Manuel Arias Martínez, Antonella Chiodo, Elisabetta Fadda, Marzia Faietti, Mauro Vincenzo Fontana, Carmen García Frías-Checa, Antonio Geremicca, Francesco Grisolia, Federica Mancini, Giorgio Marini, Manuela B. Mena Marqués, Francisco Merino rodríguez, Carmen Morte García, Benito Navarrete Prieto, Elena Parma, Carlos Plaza, Gonzalo Redín Michaus e Patrizia Tosini.
El congreso celebrado en la ciudad de Sevilla entre los días 19 y 22 de marzo de 2018 impulsado por el Ayuntamiento de la ciudad en colaboración con la Universidad de Sevilla, tenía como punto fundamental revisar la obra de Murillo en el... more
El congreso celebrado en la ciudad de Sevilla entre los días 19 y 22 de marzo de 2018 impulsado por el Ayuntamiento de la ciudad en colaboración con la Universidad de Sevilla, tenía como punto fundamental revisar la obra de Murillo en el cuarto centenario de su nacimiento, prestando especial interés a la valoración historiográfica de su fortuna y al mismo tiempo abrirlo a nuevos enfoques que dieran nueva luz a su obra. En este sentido, enmarcar su estudio dentro de una perspectiva ambiciosa y transversal era uno de los objetivos prioritarios que nos marcamos desde el principio todos los responsables del proyecto Año Murillo; una iniciativa surgida desde lo público y que pretende convertirse en una memoria intelectual para rendir tributo al pintor y legarlo desde una mirada innovadora a las generaciones futuras.
Los trabajos se dividen en nueve grandes secciones que responden a la radiografía de los aspectos que mejor ayudan a entender su pintura y la trascendencia de su obra a lo largo del tiempo: Los dibujos de Murillo y la reproducción de sus obras. Es precisamente aquí donde se ha conseguido definir el corpus de obra gráfica pero también el poder de difusión que tuvieron tanto los grabados sobre sus propias pinturas y las primeras fotografías que se hicieron de sus lienzos, auténticas responsable también del poder viajero de sus imágenes a lo largo del tiempo.
La técnica de Murillo es una parcela en el estudio del artista que ha avanzado notablemente en los últimos años gracias a los principales gabinetes técnicos de instituciones públicas que se han constituido en referenciales para el estudio de su obra y proceso creativo. Entre estos se encuentran los del Museo Nacional del Prado, Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico (IAPH), Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla y la Walker Art Gallery de Liverpool, todos ellos representados por reputadas investigadoras en este campo que presentaron sus más recientes investigaciones.
La mesa dedicada a Murillo y Sevilla fue especialmente rica desde el punto de vista del carácter indisociable entre el artista y su ciudad, su sociedad, los saberes, el mundo de la fiesta, la interconexión con la escultura y la arquitectura lígnea o el mecenazgo y la clientela que tuvo el artista en Sevilla, tanto desde el mundo eclesiástico, capitular como nobiliario.
Murillo y los géneros de la pintura trató el amplio registro en el que se desarrolla su obra y sobre todo las capacidades ingeniosas para idear sus composiciones, quizás lo más significativo, aportando evidencias basadas en el contexto de la historia de la ciencia, así como sus capacidades como pintor de bocetos, retratos, paisajes y lo conectada que estaba su pintura con la literatura.
Murillo y la santidad es uno de los aspectos claves de su obra, tanto por el significado y simbolismo que tuvieron sus pinturas y los antecedentes iconográficos para determinados temas como el caso concreto del Cristo abrazando a San Francisco de Francisco Ribalta, o su trabajo para franciscanos, agustinos y capuchinos, órdenes que mayormente le confiaron la iconografía de sus santos, beatos y venerables, precisamente por el poder de convicción y realidad que tuvieron sus imágenes y por cómo éstas colaboraban en su función propagandística.
El coleccionismo y la estimación de Murillo fue uno de los temas centrales del congreso, precisamente por el círculo de amistades que lo introdujeron y potenciaron, pero también por la presencia de sus pinturas en las colecciones reales, el aprecio de su obra tanto por Isabel Farnesio como Isabel II, y sobre todo el coleccionismo de su pintura en el siglo XIX tanto por familias nobiliarias como por especuladores. Quizás esta labor especulativa se advierte con mucha mayor presencia en El descubrimiento de Murillo en Europa y América, donde por diferentes razones su pintura se convirtió en una auténtica inversión siendo el momento de mayor pérdida patrimonial para nuestro país, llegando incluso a ser pasto del contrabando, el pillaje y las falsificaciones de sus pinturas con fines fraudulentos.
Sugestiones, intercambios y mutaciones entre el arte y la literatura es el título de una de las secciones que mostró el enorme poder retórico de su pintura y sobre todo la simbiosis que existió entre su pintura y la literatura, pero también su capacidad de aprendizaje e influencia en sus contemporáneos. Este influjo llegó también al mundo virreinal donde su proyección fue también importante tanto por la llegada de alguna de sus obras al nuevo mundo como por lo pronunciada que fue su estela precisamente en esas latitudes.
Finalmente La fortuna crítica y estética de Murillo en el siglo XVIII, XIX y XX supuso un auténtico repaso historiográfico con importantes aportaciones que explican la construcción de un mito desde el propio Antonio Palomino a la ilustración con Antonio Ponz y Juan Agustín Ceán Bermúdez, llegando a mitificarse su figura en el romanticismo e incluso a contaminarla por el uso que hizo la política de su pintura que quería utilizar la religión como elemento adoctrinador e ideologizante, siendo sus pinturas meros instrumentos al servicio del poder.
José Ramón Marcaida, “El ave del paraíso. Historia natural y alegoría”, in María Tausiet (ed), Alegorías. Imagen y discurso en la Edad Moderna (Madrid: CSIC, 2014), pp. 93-108.
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review by José Marcaida of a book by Klaus Hentschel which appeared Oxford University Press, Oct 2014; 516 pp., 126 b&w, 16 color pl.
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Focusing on the second half of the long eighteenth century, this special issue explores the concepts and practices of accumulation and management in ways that work to de-center the history of science and empire. Particular attention is... more
Focusing on the second half of the long eighteenth century, this special issue explores the concepts and practices of accumulation and management in ways that work to de-center the history of science and empire. Particular attention is paid to four intertwined elements: 1) the networked location of centres of accumulation around the world; 2) (natural) knowledge as a tool, object and consequence of accumulation; 3) the complex interactions between management and governance; and 4] the geographically dispersed processes of ascribing value. Following an extended introduction, four essays examine accumulation and management in New Granada, the Dutch East Indies, the Isle de France (Mauritius) and the networks that connected France to the western portions of the Ottoman Empire.
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This essay introduces a special issue dedicated to the theme ‘accumulation and management in global historical perspective’. The concepts and practices of accumulation and management are explored in ways that work to de-center the history... more
This essay introduces a special issue dedicated to the theme ‘accumulation and management in global historical perspective’. The concepts and practices of accumulation and management are explored in ways that work to de-center the history of science and empire. Particular attention is paid to four intertwined elements: 1) the networked location of centres of accumulation around the world; 2) (natural) knowledge as a tool, object and consequence of accumulation; 3) the complex interactions between management and governance; and 4] the geographically dispersed processes of ascribing value.
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The aim of this paper is to explore the complexities surrounding the preservation and transmission of natural and medical knowledge in seventeenth-century Spain, through the analysis of several features, both textual and visual, in the... more
The aim of this paper is to explore the complexities surrounding the preservation and transmission of natural and medical knowledge in seventeenth-century Spain, through the analysis of several features, both textual and visual, in the work of Juan Eusebio Nieremberg (1595-1658).

Mainly known for his religious writings, such as the extensively edited and translated On the difference between the temporal and eternal (Madrid, 1640), and regarded as one of the most eloquent exponents of Spanish Counter-Reformist thought, Nieremberg was also the first professor of natural history at the Reales Estudios of the Jesuit Colegio Imperial of Madrid, and the author of several books on natural knowledge, the most important being his Historia naturae, maxime peregrinae (Antwerp, 1635).

This paper focuses on Nieremberg’s treatment of a particularly relevant source for his lectures and treatises on natural history: the materials gathered by the Spanish physician Francisco Hernández during his expedition to New Spain in the 1570s. Comprising several volumes of texts as well as thousands of illustrations, these materials remained mostly unpublished, except for a few editing efforts, including the well-known edition, the so-called Mexican Treasury (Rome, 1651), by the Accademia dei Lincei.

As it will be argued, Nieremberg’s work not only offers a suggestive chance to enlarge and enrich the history of the reception and dissemination of these texts and illustrations; it also provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the appreciation of natural and medical knowledge in Spain during the first half of the seventeenth century.
By examining several works by the renowned Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, this paper studies the bird of paradise as a motif in seventeenth-century European painting. Its aim is not only to explore the contribution of artists and... more
By examining several works by the renowned Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, this paper studies the bird of paradise as a motif in seventeenth-century European painting. Its aim is not only to explore the contribution of artists and paintings to the dissemination of natural knowledge in early modern Europe but also to analyse early modern visual culture as part of a rich social and cultural context shaped by religiosity and political power as well as collecting and global trade.
Seventeenth-century Spanish still-life painting is commonly associated with contemporary religious doctrines about the caducity of existence and the vanity of earthly glories. And yet, when looking at the way things are depicted in these... more
Seventeenth-century Spanish still-life painting is commonly associated with contemporary religious doctrines about the caducity of existence and the vanity of earthly glories. And yet, when looking at the way things are depicted in these works, one perceives another sense of “vanity” being conveyed: a celebration of technical skill and artistic talent devoted to illusionism and visual trickery. This ability to blur the boundaries between fiction and reality would be much appreciated by Spanish Baroque culture –from poets and playwrights to intellectuals and patrons. This paper studies the representation of things in this context of fanciful creativity and intense cultural exchange.
By focusing on several images produced in the first half of the seventeenth-century, this paper examines the representation of the passion flower and the bird of paradise as natural objects invested with allegorical meanings and symbolic... more
By focusing on several images produced in the first half of the seventeenth-century, this paper examines the representation of the passion flower and the bird of paradise as natural objects invested with allegorical meanings and symbolic value, but also as coveted goods, subject to processes of commodification, circulation and display. In particular, it looks into the religious symbolism associated with these objects: in the case of the passion flower, the connection between the plant features and the Passion of Christ, from which its name derives; in the case of the bird of paradise, its association with God and heaven (manucodiata, “bird of God”), as well as with numerous Christian virtues. The aim is to explore the diversity of levels at which these depictions could operate -from natural history treatises and books of emblems to still life paintings and devotional works- in order to highlight both their versatility and the range of interests they could respond to, notwithstanding their association with either an allegorical, emblematic, mode of representation or a more naturalistic, closer to the object, approach.
By examining examples from both the West and the East Indies, this paper will explore the world-encompassing dimensions of natural knowledge produced and exchanged within the Hispanic territories in the early modern period. It will cover... more
By examining examples from both the West and the East Indies, this paper will explore the world-encompassing dimensions of natural knowledge produced and exchanged within the Hispanic territories in the early modern period. It will cover various aspects of this long-distance knowledge-making enterprise: the accumulation and management of textual and visual sources, the role of merchants and sailors as information-transmitting agents, and the problem of preservation during voyages. In particular, it will focus on the works of Juan Eusebio Nieremberg (1595-1658) and his edition of the materials gathered by Francisco Hernández (c. 1515-1587) during the expedition to New Spain (1571-1577).
Scientific Committee: Sabina Brevaglieri (Humboldt University- Berlin; scientific Coordinator); Mariana Françozo (University Leiden), Federica Favino (La Sapienza Università di Roma), Matthijs Jonker (KNIR), José Pardo-Tomás (IMF-CSIC,... more
Scientific Committee: Sabina Brevaglieri (Humboldt University- Berlin; scientific Coordinator); Mariana Françozo (University Leiden), Federica Favino (La Sapienza Università di Roma), Matthijs Jonker (KNIR), José Pardo-Tomás (IMF-CSIC, Barcelona), Emma Sallent Del Colombo (University of Barcelona)


This exploratory workshop has been designed with a two-fold purpose. On the one hand, it aims to substantially contribute to the conceptualisation and design of a ground-breaking digital humanities project dedicated to the so-called Tesoro Messicano (Mexican Treasury) and its multiple production and circulation contexts between the old and new worlds. On the other hand, it introduces a series of working meetings that are expected to boost a highly innovative research agenda focusing on the complex relationships between cultural heritage and history. Thus, the potential of the concept of paper-heritage-making will be analysed, and thoroughly discussed at the analytical crossroad between a historical issue (heritage as a process), a conceptual resource (digital), and an impact strategy oriented towards the circulation of knowledge and know-how, interdisciplinary training-through research, and social participation. This multilevel approach will continuously return to Rome, meant as both a trans-local urban space, opened to further comparison and entanglement, and a complex global dimension materialised through scholarly, diplomatic and missionary networks as well as multiple contexts of plural confessional cultures.

The workshop argues for the Mexican Treasury as a paper-monument, i.e. a complex artefact made up of strict interconnections of textual, visual and material dimensions, fostering shifting entanglements of knowledge practices, multiple searches for legitimation, political claims, and competing memory production. As is well known, the Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus was published in 1651 as the late result of Francisco Hernández’s complex medical and natural-historical legacy. Though many actors participating in its plural and long-lasting making regarded this “monstrous” in-folio as a scientific failure, it was nevertheless published in Rome. While the Papal city was losing its political centrality in Europe and renegotiating its universal aurea, the Mexican Treasury was resumed, and a complex bulk of knowledge on the natural American world was made public after lengthy exposure to different appropriations, re-significations and sedimentations, thus reinventing spatial and temporal junctures with the earlier past.
In the last years, the apparently increasing scholarly attention towards such a “born-old” natural history of the new worlds invites us to reflect on its multiple material dimensions, plural contexts, and different uses. By opening up a collective reflection on this paper-monument, the time is now ripe to thematise the Papal city as a complex urban space of paper sedimentation, artefact entrapments, as well as a trans-local communicative arena where knowledge-making and competing processes of value-creation, resignification, oblivion and destruction, continuously renegotiate the future.
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