Kathleen (Kate) A Moore

The incidence of depressive mood among people with Parkinson's disease (PD) is well documented, yet less is known about the biopsychosocial correlates of this low mood state. In this study, 82 people with PD (M age = 68 years, SD = 9.4) completed questionnaires related to the duration of their illness, social support, coping, relationship satisfaction, and depression. The authors entered variables that correlated significantly with depressive mood into a multiple regression analysis, and the variables in the final model explained 64% of the variance in depressive mood. Gross motor impairment (beta = .45), blaming self (beta = .41), avoidance (beta = .33), symptom severity (beta = .21), and recreational intimacy (beta = -.14) were strong predictors of depressive mood. The authors discuss the findings in terms of interventions aimed at reducing the use of emotion-focused strategies, encouraging recreational intimacy among people with PD and their partners, and educational programs that provide information on PD symptoms, to promote positive mood and adjustment among people with PD.

ABSTRACT This collection of peer-reviewed manuscripts brings together 23 chapters written by scholars and researchers from across the world specializing in diverse topics concerning stress, coping, and anxiety. The first part of the book is a selection of chapters addressing the impact of stressful circumstances and potentially traumatic life events on physical and psychological health. Featured next are papers examining different facets of subjective well-being in the context of work environments and occupational stressors. The final part of the volume collectivelly focuses on theoretical, methodological, and empirical complexities routinely faced by studies investigating anxiety and related outcomes.

Job stress has been suggested as a major contributor to the shortages of,and high job turnover among nurses (Grassi & Magnani, 2000). However, it is important to emphasize that nurses cannot be regarded as a homogenous
group. Despite the paucity of research in the area, there is some evidence to indicate that mental health nurses are more likely to experience both more job stress and negative consequences of this stress (e.g., physical and psychological illnesses) than other specialized nurses (Fagin, Brown, Bartlett, Leary & Carson, 1996; Humpel & Caputi, 2001; Kipping, 1998) and, even within mental
health nursing, there are diverse areas of patient care with their attendant demands. It is the aim in this paper to present the results of a series of focus groups investigating stressors common among mental health nurses and those specific to diverse areas of care.

Stress can have negative implications not only for the individual but also the family, organisation and society as a whole. The way in which individuals perceive their environment directly influences their coping response. The use of mindfulness in daily life may promote more adaptive coping styles by mitigating the rumination and overlay of habitual cognitions and behaviours. The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and levels of perceived stress and use of coping strategies in a sample from the general population. A total of 112 participants (41 males) were recruited via snowball sampling through the social network website
Facebook. All participants completed an online questionnaire consisting of the Mindfulness Attention Awareness
Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), the Perceived Stress Scale (Roth & Cohen, 1986), and the Deakin Coping Scale (Moore, 2003). Results using Multidimensional Scaling show that mindfulness was separate from perceived stress and use of avoidant coping strategies, while the positive coping strategies clustered between mindfulness and stress and avoidance. Correlational techniques add support to the finding that mindfulness is related to appraisal of the demand/situation while negatively related to avoidant coping and stress. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are discussed.

This paper reports on the psychometric properties of the Social Phobic lnventory (SoPhl) a 21-item scale that was designed to measure social anxiety according to the criteria of DSM-lV (American Psychiatric Association, APA, 1994). Factor analysis of the SoPhl using data from a clinical sample of respondents with social phobia revealed one factor which explained approximately 59% of variance and which demonstrated strong internal reliability (a = .93). The SoPhl demonstrated concurrent validity with the SPAl (r = .86) and convergent validity with the Fear of Negative Evaluations-Revised (r = .68). The predictive utility of the scale was demonstrated in a sample of university students classified as extroverted, normal, shy/introverted, and phobic/withdrawn (112 57%). MANOVA revealed that the combined university sample differed from the clinical sample on the summated scores on the SoPhl and that 43% (112) of this difference was attributable to group membership. This figure rose to 58% attributable to group membership when these same groups were compared for differences on the 21 individual items. Scores of the SoPhl that are indicative of concern and of possible diagnostic criteria, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed."

Although there are numerous self-report measures to assess social anxiety in adults, and an increasing number in adolescents, only one scale designed during the last decade, the Social Phobia Inventory (SoPhI; Moore & Gee, 2003) has included an item to tap DSM-IV criterion F of social anxiety disorder (i.e. social anxiety must be present for at least six months). However, questions remain regarding the validity of the SoPhI in other languages and cultures. To address this problem the SoPhI was administered in two studies: firstly, to 457 adolescents from a community sample in order to test the internal consistency and factor analysis of the scale; and secondly, to a clinical sample comprising 114 participants with a principal diagnosis of social anxiety disorder, and a control group consist-ing of 78 adolescents with no diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. The scale showed good psychometric properties, including test-retest reliability, convergent validity, internal consistency, and a single-factor structure similar to the original study. Together these findings support the use of the SoPhI in a language other than English and for this range of ages.

Resumen: A pesar de la existencia de numerosas escalas para evaluar ansiedad social en adultos, y un número creciente de ellas para medir esta psicopatología en adolescentes, sólo se dispone de una escala desarrollada durante la última década, Social Phobia Inventory (SoPhI; Moore & Gee, 2003), que ha incluido un ítem para examinar el criterio F del trastorno de ansiedad social de acuerdo con el DSM-IV-TR (el trastorno debe estar presente durante al menos seis meses). Pese a esto, no se ha examinado la validez del SoPhI en otras lenguas y culturas. Para cubrir esta laguna, se administró el SoPhI en dos estudios: en el primero de ellos, a 457 adoles-centes de una muestra comunitaria, con el fin de determinar su consisten-cia interna y estructura factorial; en el segundo caso, a una muestra clínica de 114 adolescentes con un diagnóstico clínico principal de trastorno de ansiedad social y a 78 adolescentes sin este trastorno. Los resultados reve-laron que la escala mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas, tanto al respecto de su fiabilidad test-retest, validez convergente, consistencia interna, y una estructura factorial similar a la obtenida en el estudio origi-nal. Por ello, todos estos datos apoyan el uso del SoPhI en un idioma diferente al inglés, y para otro rango de edad que el inicialmente desarro-llado.

The aim of this paper is to present The Deakin Coping"
"Scale, a scale grounded in theory and in the qualitative reports of nurses’ coping strategies. Data from 201 nurses working in public and private hospitals revealed four reliable factors: appraisal, challenge/commitment, use of social resources and avoidance, which together explained 57% of the variance. The factor structure was cross-validated among university students. A second-order factor analysis revealed these factors loaded onto a latent variable labelled management of demands that was stable across genders. Three factors contributed posi- tively to the management of demands, while avoidance contributed  negatively.  The  negative  contribution of avoidance suggests that emotion-based strategies are not effective in the management of demands. Further studies need to investigate the utility of these factors in mediating the impact of stressors on nurses’ wellbeing.

Objective We investigated elementary school children’s ability to use a variety of Likert response formats to respond to concrete and abstract items. Methods 111 children, aged 6–13 years, responded to 2 physical tasks that required them to make objectively verifiable judgments, using a 5-point response format. Then, using 25 items, we ascertained the consistency between responses using a ‘‘gold standard’’ yes/no format and responses using 5-point Likert formats including numeric values, as well as word-based frequencies, similarities to self, and agreeability. Results All groups responded similarly to the physical tasks. For the 25 items, the use of numbers to signify agreement yielded low concordance with the yes/no answer
format across age-groups. Formats based on words provided higher, but not perfect, concordance for all groups. Conclusions Researchers and clinicians need to be aware of the limited understanding that children have of Likert response formats.

The negative effects of unemployment on psychological health are well documented, yet Kasl’s (1982) reverse causation hypothesis is that positive psychological health, and in particular self-esteem, facilitates re-employment. The aim of this study was to investigate this proposal by assessing levels of self-esteem, cognitive appraisals and coping efforts among unemployed persons and relating these factors to their employment status six months later. Two hundred and one unemployed (49 per cent female, 51 per cent male; mean
age¼32.41
10.18 years) and 128 employed respondents (59 per cent female, 41 per cent male; mean age¼35.0
11.73 years) participated in the study. Participants completed the Adult Self-Perception Profile, Access to Categories of Experience, Locus of Control, Deakin Coping Scale, and the Meaningful Leisure Activities Questionnaire at baseline and at six-month follow-up using a mail-out survey. Comparison of baseline appraisals revealed that future re-employed participants rated their latent deprivation lower and their internal locus of control higher than those continuously unemployed, and they also derived more internal meaning from leisure activities. Overall, the results provide support for Kasl’s reverse causation hypothesis extended to these other domains of psychological health. Intervention strategies designed to incorporate the promotion of these factors are discussed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of meaningful leisure activity in reducing latent deprivation during unemployment. Samples of unemployed {N=201) and employed (N=I28) participants were asked to rate their levels of latent
deprivation using the Access to Categories of Experience Scale. They were also asked to complete the Profile of Mood States depression subscale. Adult Self-Perception Profile. Meaningful Leisure Activities Questionnaire, and to rate the frequency with which they engaged in social and solitary leisure activities- Results indicate that unemployed participants engaged in social leisure activities less frequently than employed participants and solitary leisure activities more frequently; and they reported higher perceived latent deprivation, higher depressive affect and lower self-esteem. Structural Equation Modelling revealed that a sense of latent deprivation contributed to depressive affect and reduced self-esteem in both unemployed and employed samples, although the impact cf latent deprivation upon depressive affect and self-esteem was significantly greater in the unemployed sample. The meaning attained through social and solitary leisure activities acted to reduce perceived latent deprivation, and thus psychological distress, in unemployed participants. However, only social leisure activities had an impact upon latent deprivation and psychological health in the employed sample. Overall, these findings suggest that
participation in leisure activities that are meaningful, rather than simply frequent, may be a constructive and readily achievable coping response during unemployment.

The negative impact of unemployment on psychological health is well known. Less is known of the ways that people cope with the problems associated with unemployment, one of which is economic deprivation. This study examined the interrelationships between employment status (200 unemployed participants and 128 employed participants), economic deprivation, coping-efforts and psychological health. It also examined the moderating effect of coping on the relationship between economic deprivation (restriction of spending for material necessities and restriction of spending for meaningful leisure activity) and psychological health. The results suggest that economic deprivation is experienced differentially in terms of material necessities and meaningful leisure activities with unemployed respondents differing from employed on levels of deprivation for meaningful leisure activities but not for material necessities. Employment status, economic deprivation for meaningful leisure activity, solution-oriented coping and affective-based coping significantly predicted depressive affect and self-esteem. Depressive affect was also predicted by economic deprivation for material necessities. A number of significant two-way interactions show that the relationship between economic deprivation and psychological health was conditional upon the use of solution-oriented coping. Results also showed that the relationship between employment status and depressive affect was moderated by the use of affective-based coping. The incorporation of these findings into intervention programs for unemployed persons is discussed.

Imagery and verbal cognitive abilities appear to be differentially affected by psychopathology, yet research has failed to consider Paivio’s proposition that people have habitual cognitive styles. The aim of this study was to establish habitual cognitive style (verbalizer/visualizer) among depressed, anxious and control respondents and compare these to their imagery and verbal abilities in the state mode. A comparison of these groups confirmed that there were no differences in preferred habitual cognitive style. In the state mode, the anxious group demonstrated the highest imagery vividness and the depressed group the lowest. Both clinical groups demonstrated attenuated verbal reasoning and high levels of confusion. Within-groups comparisons confirmed the attenuation of verbal ability for both clinical groups while the control group remained stable. All three groups demonstrated enhanced state imagery ability over habitual visual preference. This change was greatest for the anxious group followed by the control and then the depressed groups. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed.

Two hundred and one unemployed men and women took part in a cross-sectional study that assessed self-esteem, financial deprivation, number of alternate roles, and use of social support. Financial deprivation, alternate roles, and social support each had a main effect on self-esteem. In addition, these variables
interacted with gender to affect self-esteem. Specifically, financial deprivation had a greater negative association with self-esteem in men as compared to women. In contrast, alternate roles and social support had a stronger positive relationship to self-esteem in women than in men. The incorporation of these findings into intervention programs for unemployed persons is discussed.

This paper reports on an investigation of the variables that may be predictive of intentions to leave a job, and tests a model that includes mediating variables. One hundred and seventythree
retail salespeople completed questionnaires measuring commitment to the organisation for which they worked, job satisfaction, stress, supervisor support, locus of control, self-esteem, the perceived stressors in the job and their intention to quit. Path analysis was used to test the relationships hypothesized in the model. The majority of hypotheses were supported, with the variables included accounting for 52% of the variance in intention to quit. Emotional support from supervisors and self-esteem mediated the impact of stressors on stress reactions, job satisfaction, commitment to the organization and intention to quit. It is suggested that to
ameliorate intention to quit and in turn reduce turnover, managers need to actively monitor workloads, and the relationships between supervisors and subordinates in order to reduce and manage stress. Managers also need to monitor both the extrinsic and intrinsic sources of job satisfaction available to employees. These activities could assist in maintaining and
increasing job satisfaction and commitment to the organization.