Economics

Arterial complications have a major impact on survival after liver transplantation (LTx). The aim of this study was to examine arterial complications in adults and children after LTx. A total of 1000 consecutive primary LTx patients [mean age 40.5 years: 600 males, 400 females, 834 adults; 166 children (age <18 years)] were studied. Forty-two patients (4.2%; 31 adults, 11 children) developed hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT). Thrombosis in children occurred significantly early (mean 5.4 days) compared with adults (mean 418.7 days, P = 0.0001). Nonthrombotic complications occurred in 30 patients (29 adults, one child). Overall, 13-year patient survival after HAT was 43.2% (72.7% children, 32.9% adults). For nonthrombotic complications, 54.3% of adults died and 69.4% grafts were lost. An overall incidence of 4.2% thrombotic and 3.2% nonthrombotic complications was observed. Rate of HAT was higher in children, but survival was better compared with adults.

Abstract This paper argues that foreign investment is a second-best instru-ment that helps China to succeed in export-led growth by cir-cumventing the many distortions that discriminate against domes-tic private enterprises. China&#x27;s dependence on foreign investment for exports ...

ABSTRACT The paper focuses on the Hong Kong economy and attempts to measure the contribution of Hong Kong&amp;#39;s integration with mainland China to its GDP growth rate. Two linkages have received particular attention, namely, Hong Kong&amp;#39;s foreign direct investment (FDI) in China and immigrants from China. While the former is assumed to stimulate capital investment in Hong Kong but at the same time to reduce human capital formation (owing to a shrinkage of its domestic manufacturing sector), the latter is assumed to further reduce Hong Kong&amp;#39;s average human capital because immigrants tend to be less educated. By making some assumptions about the future trajectories of Hong Kong direct investment in China and Chinese immigrants into Hong Kong after its reversion to China, the paper offers some predictions about Hong Kong&amp;#39;s future economic growth.

The AFC (Asian Financial Crisis) revealed serious limitations in Hong Kong&#39;s growth strategy based on outward processing, or relocating labour-intensive manufacturing processes to China so that Hong Kong can concentrate on skill-intensive services. While the gain of outward processing is sizable, it is once-for-all as the reallocation of resources from manufacturing to services is close to completion. Hong Kong has

While Hong Kong&#39;s historic role as China&#39;s middleman rose to new prominence in the first 15 years of China&#39;s open-door era, Hong Kong&#39;s shares of China&#39;s foreign investment and trade have declined in recent years. It is alleged that, with China&#39;s full opening and integration into the world economy, there is no future for Hong Kong as China&#39;s middleman. This paper argues that the above prognosis on the future of Hong Kong as China&#39;s middleman is misconstrued theoretically as well as empirically. In theory, the demand for middleman services rises as a command economy decentralizes. Empirically, the decline in Hong Kong shares of China&#39;s trade and investment has been overstated as part of Hong Kong&#39;s investment in China has been channeled via the tax haven economies (mostly Carribean islands), and Hong Kong&#39;s China&#39;s-related entrepot trade has been increasingly diverted to offshore trade that does not touch Hong Kong but is still handled ...

Depuis une dizaine d&#x27;années, la Chine est le premier investisseur parmi les pays en développement, et Hong Kong la première destination des investissements chinois. Toutefois, en raison de la sous-déclaration liée à la fraude du contrôle des changes, les ...

The inauguration of the Individual Visit Scheme (IVS) in 2003, led to a surge of Mainland visitors, many of whom were Same-day visitors as the flexibility of IVS (as opposed to group tours) enabled Mainlanders in nearby areas to visit Hong Kong on frequent same-day trips, avoiding hotel costs. This depressed per capita visitor’s expenditure in Hong Kong. The surge also led to overcrowding and conflicts with locals. As a result, the government has tried to attract more Non-Mainland and Overnight visitors to avoid over dependence on the Mainland market.
Analysis of the economic benefits of tourism is important for policy making. Though official estimates of value added and employment generated by inbound tourism are available, the breakdown of these benefits into those of different types of visitors (Mainland vs. Non-Mainland, Overnight vs. Same-day), are not available. This paper estimates the breakdowns by types of visitors and also by the five sub-industries of tourism, namely, Retail Trade, Accommodation, Food Services, Cross-boundary Transportation, and Others. The results enable us to compare the contributions to value added and employment by types of visitors and by sub-industries.
Our estimations support the government’s focus on attracting Non-Mainland and Overnight visitors. To optimize the limited capacity to receive tourists in Hong Kong, it is rational to substitute high value-added visitors for low value-added ones.
This paper concludes with applying the above estimates by types of visitors to two simple policy exercises: The economic loss from the suspension of Multiple Entry Permits for Mainland visitors in April 2015, and the economic gains from easing Covid travel restrictions that would increase Non-Mainland visitors relative to Mainland visitors as few Mainlanders are allowed to leave the Mainland due to China’s strict Covid controls.