Michal Zlatoš

Diplomová práce "K problematice času" zvažuje koncepce chápání problematiky času a temporality u vybraných autorů napříč historií. V práci bylo vyloženo, že již Aristoteles měl aspoň hrubé ponětí o temporalitě, a nejen o čase počítaném vůči pohybu. Toto ponětí je však fragmentární, tedy vyžadovalo komplexnější vyložení jeho stanovisek. Augustinova změna perspektivy přinesla hlubší pochopení lidské temporality vůči vztahu duše a transcendentálního Boha. Další rozvinutí této myšlenky učinila Husserlova analýza vědomí času a poté Heidegger, který rozpracoval Husserlovo pojetí a založil svůj koncept na autenticitě založené na vědomí nezvratné konečnosti individuálního bytí. Bergsonovy a Sartrovy koncepty obdobně rozvinuly myšlenku vědomí času, ačkoliv se lišily v některých důrazech, například ve významu budoucnosti. Peirceova pozice, vnesena do diskuze, vykázala některé podobné znaky Husserlovu konceptu, navzdory odlišnému původu. Na Whiteheadově koncepci byl vyložen průsečík ...

The problem of time within synechism of C. S. Peirce. – Charles Sanders Peirce was an important original American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist also recognized as a father of Pragmatism. The intention of this article is, firstly, to introduce and sketch the way of thinking of this philosopher. One of the basic principles of Peirce’s philosophy – synechism – has been chosen as a starting point. Synechism is a philosophical tendency of attributing the highest philosophical importance to continuity – understanding the universe as dynamic evolving one. Synechistic aspect is crucial for the problem of time in Peirce’s thought. The primal reason for this is that time itself has features of continuity. Based on that, he regards time as allowing the existence. Albeit Peirce’s conception of time is understood from the continuity of the all, however it also requires to be grasped by some mind. The objective of this paper is to briefly outline the answer to the question of time; in what manner thus Peirce comprehends time and what place it has within his concept of synechism.

Michal Zlatoš - Individuální eschatologie v islámu Abstrakt v českém jazyce Práce "Individuální eschatologie v islámu" si klade za cíl popsat a utříbit představy o individuální eschatologii v islámu. Metodou používanou při psaní práce je zpracovávání informací z literatury a to jak primárního, tak sekundárního charakteru. V první části práce je představeno stvoření veškerenstva i člověka ve vztahu ke smrti. V druhé části práce je pak popsána událost smrti ze dvou perspektiv. Konkrétně z hlediska těla a z hlediska duše. Dále jsou v této kapitole představeni aktéři událostí následujících bezprostředně po smrti, tedy anděl smrti a postavy Munkara a Nákira. Kapitolu uzavírá pojednání o mezičase mezi smrtí a vzkříšením, tedy barzachu. Třetí kapitola se zabývá událostmi spojenými se Soudem, kde je zachována individuální perspektiva. Dále jsou v této kapitole pojednány prostředky tohoto Soudu, tedy souzení podle "knihy", "vah" a "mostu". V závěru tét...

The Existence in the work of C. S. Peirce: Firstness, Secondeness, and Thirdness as an Approximation of Existence (article) – The article focuses on the three crucial categories of the phenomenology of the American philosopher C. S. Peirce. The article briefly outlines the Peirce’s philosophical attitudes in general, and depicts the categories of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness as possible ways how to approximate the existence. Peirce uses the three categories as an analytical method for his phenomenology. The article is an attempt of outlining of the Peirce understanding to the categories whereby it tries to point out how he thinks about being, existence, and reality.

An approximation of the Problem of Relation(ship) of Science and Philosophy (article) – The cleavage of the science and the philosophy during Modern Age created the Bifurcation which has been reflected across various fields ever since. The cornerstone of this reflection is on one hand the relation(ship) between the scientific particular scope and the philosophical general view on the other. The paper attempts to point out that science should not dwell in its methodological taciturnity but it should be taught to the openness by philosophy. The philosophy reciprocally within the frame of mutual complementary cooperation should learn from science, because both of them begin with a question, thus they share the same wellspring.

The problem of time within synechism of C. S. Peirce. – Charles Sanders Peirce was an important original American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist also recognized as a father of Pragmatism. The intention of this article is, firstly, to introduce and sketch the way of thinking of this philosopher. One of the basic principles of Peirce’s philosophy – synechism – has been chosen as a starting point. Synechism is a philosophical tendency of attributing the highest philosophical importance to continuity – understanding the universe as dynamic evolving one. Synechistic aspect is crucial for the problem of time in Peirce’s thought. The primal reason for this is that time itself has features of continuity. Based on that, he regards time as allowing the existence. Albeit Peirce’s conception of time is understood from the continuity of the all, however it also requires to be grasped by some mind. The objective of this paper is to briefly outline the answer to the question of time; in what manner thus Peirce comprehends time and what place it has within his concept of synechism.

The problem of time within synechism of C. S. Peirce. – Charles Sanders Peirce was an important original American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist also recognized as a father of Pragmatism. The intention of this article is, firstly, to introduce and sketch the way of thinking of this philosopher. One of the basic principles of Peirce’s philosophy – synechism – has been chosen as a starting point. Synechism is a philosophical tendency of attributing the highest philosophical importance to continuity – understanding the universe as dynamic evolving one. Synechistic aspect is crucial for the problem of time in Peirce’s thought. The primal reason for this is that time itself has features of continuity. Based on that, he regards time as allowing the existence. Albeit Peirce’s conception of time is understood from the continuity of the all, however it also requires to be grasped by some mind. The objective of this paper is to briefly outline the answer to the question of time; in what manner thus Peirce comprehends time and what place it has within his concept of synechism.

espanolEste articulo intenta de forma breve poner de relieve los conceptos para comprender el problema del tiempo, temporalidady continuidad en la Filosofia Americana representada por Ch. Peirce, W. James, y A. N. Whitehead. El estudio tambien intenta apuntar la importancia de la investigacion en el campo del tiempo. Ademas, aporta un breve panorama de las condiciones historicas de la emergencia de la Filosofia Americana. EnglishThe American philosophy and the problem of time –[article]– attempts to briefly outline the concepts of understanding of the problem of time, temporality and continuity in American philosophy which is represented by Ch. Peirce, W. James, and A. N. Whitehead. The article also tries to point out the importance of the enquiry on the field of time. Further, it gives abbreviated outline of the historic conditions of emergence of the American philosophy.

The thesis “To the problem of time” considers concepts of understanding of the problem of time and temporality on selected authors throughout history. It was revealed in the work that even Aristotle had some notion of temporality, and not only his time counted within movement. However, this notion is fragmental thus it required a more complex explanation of his viewpoints. Augustine’s switch of perspective brought deeper understanding of human temporality within the connection of the soul to the transcendental God. Further development of this idea made Husserl’s analysis of time-consciousness and after him Heidegger, who developed Husserl’s concept and founded his own concept on the authenticity based on the consciousness of individual being’s irreversible finiteness. Similarly, the concepts of Bergson and Sartre developed the idea of time consciousness, though they differed on some stresses, e.g. the importance of the future. Peirce’s position, brought into discussion, showed some similar features despite the different origins to the concept of Husserl’s. The cross-section of science and philosophy exposed in Whitehead’s concept pointed out the introduction of an observer into the scientific understanding of time and thus denial of the “absolute time” on behalf of dynamicity of the continual temporal events and their relations. The final comparison of the phenomena of successivity and temporality points out some features of both and that both phenomena at least partly could be found in works of each of the chosen philosophers.

The American philosophy and the problem of time-[article]-attempts to briefly outline the concepts of understanding of the problem of time, temporality and continuity in American philosophy which is represented by Ch. Peirce, W. James, and A. N. Whitehead. The article also tries to point out the importance of the enquiry on the field of time. Further, it gives abbreviated outline of the historic conditions of emergence of the American philosophy.                                                 

The time is historically speaking one of the most interesting problems and one the most troubling as well. We can only hardly say that the question concerning the time and its nature has been sufficiently or satisfactorily answered. So the time somehow remains "the best known unknown" to paraphrase St. Augustine. The question about the nature of time is tempting not only for us today, as we are under the constant pressure of a lack of time-or at least we feel it this way. But, how do the American philosophers try to answer this question? What do they say about the nature of time? What does time mean to them? These are questions I try to briefly answer. The American philosophy and the problem of time is the name of paper in which I try to follow how the American philosophy understands the problem of time; try to open new perspectives of a discourse and evaluation between the European, so called Continental, philosophy and the American philosophy on the field of the problem of time and its understanding; and try to outline briefly the specificity of the American philosophy, how it could be understood, what the roots of it are. These are key problems of the paper I attempt to briefly answer, comprehend and outline within the context not only of history of philosophy for further discussions.                                     

(The published version is available on: http://ibdigital.uib.es/greenstone/collect/taula/index/assoc/Taula_20/19v047p0/47.dir/Taula_2019v047p047.pdf )