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  • After having spent some twenty years at UN (policy formulation as well as field operations) returned to academia in 2... moreedit
Turkey, in direct lineage of the Ottoman Empire, experimented a particularly violent nation-building out of the imperial ashes. Non-Muslims corresponding to one fifth of its population have been annihilated for the creation of a... more
Turkey, in direct lineage of the Ottoman Empire, experimented a particularly violent nation-building out of the imperial ashes. Non-Muslims corresponding to one fifth of its population have been annihilated for the creation of a homogeneous nation State. These crimes have never been accounted for, giving way to a culture of impunity, selfrighteousness, contempt for the rule of law and justice which, over years, pushed the polity towards an illiberal if not totalitarian essence and praxis, domestically against its own constituency and externally against neighbours through an extensive neo-imperial drive. Paradoxically, such an outcome seems to constitute a belated retribution for the unaccounted crimes.
The sub-region has been prone to a variety of critical security threats since decades. The creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the invasion of northern Cyprus by Turkey in 1974, the 1979 Iranian revolution, the invasion of Iraq and... more
The sub-region has been prone to a variety of critical security threats since decades. The creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the invasion of northern Cyprus by Turkey in 1974, the 1979 Iranian revolution, the invasion of Iraq and their consequences being the most prominent ones. Nevertheless, these threats have doubled with the division as well as the invasion of Syria and the emergence of “New Turkey”, as its sponsors like to name it, as a novel security threat affecting several of its neighbors.
La base électorale d’Erdoğan, dont les motivations ne peuvent se limiter au clientélisme et à la charité institués par le régime, approuvent les politiques non démocratiques et les manières dictatoriales du gouvernement.
The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453 is undoubtedly one of the most significant events of the Ottoman past that have been used, abused, and distorted extensively since the mid-1950s in modern Turkey by the two mainstream... more
The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453 is undoubtedly one of the most significant events of the Ottoman past that have been used, abused, and distorted extensively since the mid-1950s in modern Turkey by the two mainstream ideologies, Kemalism and Islamism. The manipulation of this milestone and the invention of numerous accounts relating to the period following the conquest took a decisive turn with the celebration of the fifth centenary in 1953 when Kemalists and Islamists were competing to appropriate and lead the event. The "rewritten" conquest represents a historic development that befits and enriches in different ways the two fundamental national ideologies of modern Turkey, secular Kemalism and political Islam. This chapter will review the modern narratives and their use by the underlying ideologies to illustrate their historical irrelevance in light of Mehmed II's policies during the period in question. Further, it will examine the advent of a "neo-conquering" narrative which has become the leitmotiv of contemporary Turkish political discourse.
Aktar Gengis, Insel Ahmet. La traditionalité ottomane et la modernité turque. In: L'Homme et la société, N. 69-70, 1983. Actualité des philosophes de l'École de Francfort. pp. 123-144
Στις 3 Σεπτεµβρίου 2022, στη Σαμψούντα, ο Ερντογάν ακόμη μία φορά επιτέθηκε στην Ελλάδα. Κρίνοντας από την οργή του, φαίνεται να προαναγγέλλει μια εποχή πρωτοφανή και ανήκουστη πιθανότατα από το 1922, στην ταραγμένη σχέση με τη δυτική μας... more
Στις 3 Σεπτεµβρίου 2022, στη Σαμψούντα, ο Ερντογάν ακόμη μία φορά επιτέθηκε στην Ελλάδα. Κρίνοντας από την οργή του, φαίνεται να προαναγγέλλει μια εποχή πρωτοφανή και ανήκουστη πιθανότατα από το 1922, στην ταραγμένη σχέση με τη δυτική μας γείτονα
Turkey’s self-declared and self-righteous Mavi Vatan doctrine was first laid out in June 2006 by Admiral Ramazan Cem Gürdeniz during a symposium at the Turkish Naval Forces Command Centre. It consists of declaring sovereignty over a... more
Turkey’s self-declared and self-righteous Mavi Vatan doctrine was first laid out in June 2006 by Admiral Ramazan Cem Gürdeniz during a symposium at the Turkish Naval Forces Command Centre. It consists of declaring sovereignty over a maritime area of 462.000 sq km.
It is safe to say that in the history of the European Union’s (EU) enlargement, starting on 1973 with the accession of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK, the first spectacular failure is the candidacy of the Republic of Turkey. It is also safe... more
It is safe to say that in the history of the European Union’s (EU) enlargement, starting on 1973 with the accession of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK, the first spectacular failure is the candidacy of the Republic of Turkey. It is also safe to say that this missed opportunity is the making of a coalition of unwilling between the parties concerned. Finally, the consequences of the failure, although a tad early to conclude, could be likened to a lose–lose situation which goes well beyond the parties’ interests per se, to encompass Islam’s synergy and coexistence with the rest of the world. As for Turkey, implications of the post-candidacy go beyond the simple consequences of a failed EU candidacy. By diverging from the EU path, the country consolidates and seals its de-Westernization drive to start sailing toward uncharted waters.
The article argues that the failure of political Islam in Turkey is correlated with the characteristics of the polity that are broadly undemocratic. Political Islam not only failed to propose a new narrative but produced the so-called New... more
The article argues that the failure of political Islam in Turkey is correlated with the characteristics of the polity that are broadly undemocratic. Political Islam not only failed to propose a new narrative but produced the so-called New Turkey that displays familiar totalitarian features. The article examines the approaches political Islam used to assert its rule, namely, dewesternization, Islam’s nationalization and instrumentalization, majoritarianism, empowering devout masses, and synergizing with the undemocratic culture.
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The article examines the resources and the shortcomings of pluralism in today’s Turkey in light of the spring 2013 Gezi protests in İstanbul’s Taksim district. The protests have had ecological and civic as well as political implications... more
The article examines the resources and the shortcomings of pluralism in today’s Turkey in light of the spring 2013 Gezi protests in İstanbul’s Taksim district. The protests have had ecological and civic as well as political implications and were a turning point in the country’s political life.
Cengiz Aktar ve Victor Ananias*. ... İlgi ve dikkat isteyen, emek-yoğun bir tarım biçimi olan ekolojik tarımın artı değeri konvansiyonel tarımdan kıyaslanamayacak kadar yüksek; bu beslenme ve tüketim biçimine AB ve diğer gelişmiş ülke... more
Cengiz Aktar ve Victor Ananias*. ... İlgi ve dikkat isteyen, emek-yoğun bir tarım biçimi olan ekolojik tarımın artı değeri konvansiyonel tarımdan kıyaslanamayacak kadar yüksek; bu beslenme ve tüketim biçimine AB ve diğer gelişmiş ülke pazarlarından talep ise olağanüstü boyutlarda ...
The Ankara regime has thoroughly reviewed and altered its foreign relations by distancing Turkey from its traditional allies, by strategically cooperating with the common adversary, Russia. As for Greece, the general U-turn has taken the... more
The Ankara regime has thoroughly reviewed and altered its foreign relations by distancing Turkey from its traditional allies, by strategically cooperating with the common adversary, Russia. As for Greece, the general U-turn has taken the form of a bellicose approach to old divergences existing between the two countries. In other words, the modus operandi through which the Ankara regime has decided to deal with these divergences has speeded the obligation to build a security cordon around Turkey with the active involvement of the U.S. This in turn has, in a way, aggravated the old feuds as Ankara started to feel the heat.
EU-Turkey relations in 2021 2021 was the year during which the de facto end of Turkey's candidacy for membership of the European Union (EU) has been consolidated. Accordingly, the deep-rooted assumption of an EU anchor for the stability... more
EU-Turkey relations in 2021 2021 was the year during which the de facto end of Turkey's candidacy for membership of the European Union (EU) has been consolidated. Accordingly, the deep-rooted assumption of an EU anchor for the stability of Turkey has permanently vanished. This state of affairs won't change next year, nor during the years to come as long as the chances of a pro-EU political alternative are highly unlikely for Turkey. Along the same lines, the EU decision making bodies have removed from their political perspectives the Turkish accession to the European Club as well as any meaningful ad hoc cooperation with the exception of refugee gatekeeping.
Türkiye’de rejim, katılım öncesi dönemde her aday ülkede hayata geçirilmesi gereken ama Türkiye’de AB katılım sürecinin gündemden düşmesiyle akamete uğrayan kapsamlı mevzuat uyumu projelerinden arta kalan hibeler ile, Erasmus+ gibi... more
Türkiye’de rejim, katılım öncesi dönemde her aday ülkede hayata geçirilmesi gereken ama Türkiye’de AB katılım sürecinin gündemden düşmesiyle akamete uğrayan kapsamlı mevzuat uyumu projelerinden arta kalan hibeler ile, Erasmus+ gibi Katılım Öncesi Araç haricinde kalan hibeleri AB Komisyonu’nun Ankara Temsilciliğinin sinik desteğiyle hâlâ kullanabiliyor. Yazı Komisyon'un bu sinik tavrını inceliyor.
The German Government is desperately trying since years to appease the Turkish dictatorial regime to the expense of Turkish democrats but also EU’s core values. Alas, as always with similar regimes appeasement doesn’t work. Today the more... more
The German Government is desperately trying since years to appease the Turkish dictatorial regime to the expense of Turkish democrats but also EU’s core values. Alas, as always with similar regimes appeasement doesn’t work. Today the more the EU appeases the more Erdoğan abuses.
• Hareket edebilen canlılar keyfinden göç etmez, kimse doğduğu yeri laf olsun diye terk etmez. Göçmen hayvanat dahî daima iki nokta arasında gider gelirler. • Hareket edebilen canlılar canlarını güvende hissetmedikleri zaman illâki... more
• Hareket edebilen canlılar keyfinden göç etmez, kimse doğduğu yeri laf olsun diye terk etmez. Göçmen hayvanat dahî daima iki nokta arasında gider gelirler.
• Hareket edebilen canlılar canlarını güvende hissetmedikleri zaman illâki kaçarlar, önlerine konan hiçbir engel onları alıkoyamaz.
Interest in Kanal Istanbul from the international media has been re-ignited by a fake opening at the end of June, which was intended to lure foreign banks into financing the project’s colossal costs. The international financial community... more
Interest in Kanal Istanbul from the international media has been re-ignited by a fake opening at the end of June, which was intended to lure foreign banks into financing the project’s colossal costs. The international financial community has thus far been lukewarm to providing loans. Again, international reporting on Kanal Istanbul was focused on its impact on Istanbul and Turkey, rather than its wider environmental impact.
Nisan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk temellerinin atıldığı aydır: 23 Nisan 1920 Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin kuruluşu ve ondan beş yıl önce 24 Nisan 1915 Ermeni Soykırımı’nın başlangıcı. Bu kurucu temeller arasındaki görünmeyen bağı, 1915-16... more
Nisan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk temellerinin atıldığı aydır: 23 Nisan 1920 Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin kuruluşu ve ondan beş yıl önce 24 Nisan 1915 Ermeni Soykırımı’nın başlangıcı. Bu kurucu temeller arasındaki görünmeyen bağı, 1915-16 Ermeni Soykırımı ile Cumhuriyet Türkiye’si arasındaki millî, siyasî, iktisadî, ahlâkî ilişkiyi okumaya ve üzerinden yüz küsur yıl geçmiş olsa da bu kötülüğün yaşamımızı nasıl biçimlendirmeyi sürdürdüğünü anlamaya çalışacağım.
Bu felâketin ve Osmanlı bakiyesi tüm diğer gayrimüslim vatandaşların bir yolu bulunup neredeyse tamamen tasfiyesi ve bu tasfiyenin verilmemiş hesabı üzerine inşa edilmiş bir sistemin sağlıklı olması mümkün müdür? Türkiye Cumhuriyeti millî, siyasî, iktisadî ve ahlakî bakımdan, hatırı sayılır ölçüde, Ermeni Soykırımı ve Osmanlı’nın tüm gayrimüslim vatandaşlarının yok edilmesi üzerine bina edilmemiş midir? Bu devasa medeniyet kaybı bugünümüzü nasıl belirler?
Appeasers refuse to diagnose that Ankara’s modus operandi is in complete conflict with the norms, standards, values and principles of the EU, which represent nothing but threats to the regime’s very existence. This is why the regime in... more
Appeasers refuse to diagnose that Ankara’s modus operandi is in complete conflict with the norms, standards, values and principles of the EU, which represent nothing but threats to the regime’s very existence. This is why the regime in Ankara can never be reformed. Accordingly Turkey doesn’t have any longer, the means to engage with Europe or to uphold a normative institutional system which has intentionally been dismantled over the years by the regime precisely because it constituted checks and balances to the arbitrary moves of the regime.
The Europeans’ Turkey dilemma is deep, as they have short as well as long term stakes in it. They are terrified by the prospect of losing their “NATO partner” to Russia, jeopardising their economic interests in Turkey, risking their Refugee Deal, provoking aggressive elements of the Turkish diaspora and accelerating Turkey’s implosion, which could lead to massive movements of Turkish refugees.
Türkiye dâhilinde mağdurlar arasındaki sağırlar diyalogu, yurtdışında pek Türkiye’deki gibi değil. Aksine ve olması gerektiği gibi, giderek görünür diğerkâmlık ağları oluşuyor. Bunu sadece gurbet ruh hâliyle veya seçim keyfiyetinin... more
Türkiye dâhilinde mağdurlar arasındaki sağırlar diyalogu, yurtdışında pek Türkiye’deki gibi değil. Aksine ve olması gerektiği gibi, giderek görünür diğerkâmlık ağları oluşuyor. Bunu sadece gurbet ruh hâliyle veya seçim keyfiyetinin olmamasıyla açıklamak yetersiz. Zira Türkiye'yi terk etmek zorunda kalmış olanlar arasında sayıca öne çıkan iki başat kitle, Gülenciler ile eski Gülenciler ve Kürdler 2016 öncesinde can düşmanı konumundaydılar; bugün birbirlerinin dertlerini duyar hâle geldiler.
Let's assume the rosiest of all scenarios: Turkey somehow holds elections, the regime and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan loose and hand over the power without a hitch. In the mind of people as well as political parties the rest is easy. The dream... more
Let's assume the rosiest of all scenarios: Turkey somehow holds elections, the regime and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan loose and hand over the power without a hitch. In the mind of people as well as political parties the rest is easy. The dream of returning to normal at the push of a button is very common.
However, even in this rosy scenario where power would be transferred without any controversy, the country isn’t likely to return to normal that effortlessly. The destruction of state institutions is profound and dire.
Turkish state institutions without exception, the academia, the army, the diplomacy, the judiciary, the public administration and the treasury have entirely collapsed and have been subordinated to a few henchmen of the allmighty ruler... more
Turkish state institutions without exception, the academia, the army, the diplomacy, the judiciary, the public administration and the treasury have entirely collapsed and have been subordinated to a few henchmen of the allmighty ruler Erdoğan. Vanishing checks and balances these key institutions represent, has been fatal. Add to it the demise of the free media and an ineffective and obedient opposition when it comes to foreign adventures Turkey has been left with not a single meaningful check or balance. Unsurprisingly, that failed state has transformed to become a rogue state, in the course of the last five years.
It is safe to say that in the history of the European Union’s (EU) enlargement, starting on 1973 with the accession of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK, the first spectacular failure is the candidacy of the Republic of Turkey. It is also safe... more
It is safe to say that in the history of the European Union’s (EU) enlargement, starting on 1973 with the accession of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK, the first spectacular failure is the candidacy of the Republic of Turkey. It is also safe to say that this missed opportunity is the making of a coalition of unwilling between the parties concerned. Finally, the consequences of the failure, although a tad early to conclude, could be likened to a lose–lose situation which goes well beyond the parties’ interests per se, to encompass Islam’s synergy and coexistence with the rest of the world. As for Turkey, implications of the post-candidacy go beyond the simple consequences of a failed EU candidacy. By diverging from the EU path, the country consolidates and seals its de-Westernization drive to start sailing toward uncharted waters.
EU countries and EU institutions are carrying on with the appeasement policy since years. It is not surprising to note that the policy has grossly failed but it is astonishing to note that no European policy maker has taken due note of... more
EU countries and EU institutions are carrying on with the appeasement policy since years. It is not surprising to note that the policy has grossly failed but it is astonishing to note that no European policy maker has taken due note of the failure as they continue to engage with Ankara. They continue to apply the same botched tools to obtain results.
Αρθρα 8 ► ► Του ΤΣΕΝΓΚΙΖ ΑΚΤΑΡ* Η ΣΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ Τουρκία δεν έχει καμία σχέση με τη χώρα που η Ελλάδα είχε γείτονα από το 1923. Εχει αλλάξει σε βάθος και πιθανόν για πολύ καιρό, για να γίνει μια ισλαμιστική δικτατορία, πολεμοχαρής στο εσωτερικό... more
Αρθρα 8 ► ► Του ΤΣΕΝΓΚΙΖ ΑΚΤΑΡ* Η ΣΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ Τουρκία δεν έχει καμία σχέση με τη χώρα που η Ελλάδα είχε γείτονα από το 1923. Εχει αλλάξει σε βάθος και πιθανόν για πολύ καιρό, για να γίνει μια ισλαμιστική δικτατορία, πολεμοχαρής στο εσωτερικό και στο εξωτερικό, αδιαφορώντας για τους ευρωπαϊκούς, ακόμη και τους διεθνείς κα-νόνες, τα πρότυπα, τις αρχές και τις αξίες. Αποδυτικοποιείται με ιλιγγιώδη ταχύτητα, αντιστρέφοντας με αυτόν τον τρόπο μια δυτική πορεία δύο αιώνων, και εξελίσσεται σε «βάρος» όχι μόνο για την Ελλάδα αλλά και για όλους τους γείτο-νές της και την Ευρώπη. Το τουρκικό καθεστώς, από την άλλη, έχει εμπλα-κεί σε μια μη βιώσιμη και συνεπώς ολέθρια πορεία. Με τον έναν ή τον άλλο τρόπο, αργά ή γρήγορα, θα καταρρεύσει, ιδιαίτερα λόγω του οικονομικού χάους που βα-θαίνει και των ανόητων περιπετειών στο εξωτερικό. (Κανένας δεν θα πρέπει να αναμένει μια αποφασιστική εσωτερική πο-λιτική εναλλακτική δύναμη που θα προκα-λέσει το καθεστώς.) Οι περιπέτειες στο εξωτερικό καθώς και η ανομία στο εσωτερικό και η δεινή κατά-σταση της οικονομίας είναι αλληλένδετες. Στο εσωτερικό, το καθεστώς περιστέλλει συνεχώς τα δικαιώματα και τις ελευθερίες και προσπαθεί να διατηρήσει σε κίνηση την οικονομία με προεδρικά διατάγματα, κερδί-ζοντας χρόνο. Τα στατιστικά στοιχεία για τον κορονοϊό, για παράδειγμα, χειραγωγούνται για να δελεάσουν ξένους τουρίστες, βάζο-ντας σε κίνδυνο την ασφάλεια των πολιτών. Η ΕΠΙΘΕΤΙΚΌΤΗΤΑ στο εξωτερικό πηγάζει από την ανάγκη επανεκκίνησης της οικο-νομίας. Διμερείς στρατιωτικές συμφωνί-ες, πωλήσεις όπλων, ο αναθεωρητισμός, o αλυτρωτισμός, η διπλωματία των κανονι-οφόρων, η δημιουργία τετελεσμένων, τα τελεσίγραφα και οι προκλήσεις είναι ανα-πόσπαστα στοιχεία μιας επιτακτικής ανά-γκης για αναζωογόνηση της οικονομίας και παράταση του καθεστώτος. Ακόμη και εάν o τρόπος λειτουργίας φαντάζει ακατάλ-ληλος, όπως για παράδειγμα στις έρευνες για ορυκτά καύσιμα στη Μεσόγειο, όπου-ακόμη και εάν είναι επιτυχείς-τα ευρήματα είναι οικονομικά ασύμφορα. Ευτυχώς, οι μέθοδοι της Αγκυρας δεν βρίσκουν αντα-πόκριση στη διεθνή σκηνή, με εξαίρεση το λιβυκό καθεστώς της Τρίπολης και σε έναν βαθμό στην Αυτόνομη Κουρδική Περιοχή του Ιράκ. Αντιθέτως, η οικονομική ανάγκη καθιστά την Αγκυρα ευάλωτη σε κυρώσεις, σε περίπτωση που αυτή παραβιάσει «κόκ-κινες γραμμές». Και το κόστος που επιφέρουν οι «κόκ-κινες γραμμές» εκτείνεται σε ευρύ φάσμα. Καμία χώρα δεν πρόκειται να δεχθεί ανα-θεώρηση της Συνθήκης της Λωζάννης του 1923, καμία περιφερειακή δύναμη δεν θα υιοθετήσει το δόγμα της Γαλάζιας Πατρί-δας. Τέτοιες κινήσεις απλά θα παγιώσουν την απομόνωση της Αγκυρας. Ό ΛΌΓΌΣ που η Αγκυρα δεν κατάφερε να προσαρτήσει το βόρειο τμήμα της Κύπρου ή δεν τόλμησε να επιτεθεί σε ένα ελληνικό νησί, ανεξάρτητα από τη στρατιωτική έκ-βαση, είναι ενδεχομένως η προοπτική ενός αναπόφευκτου εμπάργκο από την Ε.Ε., που θα ακολουθούσε την κατάληψη/επίθεση σε έδαφος της Ε.Ε. Αντιστοίχως, η λιβυκή περιπέτεια, που θεωρείται σανίδα σωτηρίας για την οικο-νομία, γίνεται μέρα με τη μέρα όλο και πιο κοστοβόρα, με την ανάμιξη πολλών άλλων που δρουν κατά της Αγκυρας, αυξάνοντας έτσι τις δαπάνες της. Στην πραγματικότητα το καθεστώς βρί-σκεται σε φαύλο κύκλο. Οσο περισσότερο προκαλεί τον κόσμο για να σώσει την οικο-νομία (και τον εαυτό του) τόσο επιτείνονται το οικονομικό χάος και η απομόνωσή του. Είναι εξαιρετικά δύσκολο, εάν όχι απί-θανο, να αντιμετωπίσεις μια τέτοια χώρα με τα κλασικά εργαλεία της διμερούς και-/ή της πολυμερούς διπλωματίας, είτε για ανάσχεση είτε για να τεθούν όροι είτε για διάλογο. Επιπλέον, το τουρκικό υπουρ-γείο Εξωτερικών δεν είναι αρμόδιο για τη χάραξη πολιτικής και έχει εδώ και καιρό καταληφθεί από τους στενούς φίλους του προέδρου. Η ΠΡΌΤΕΡΑΙΌΤΗΤΑ της ελληνικής κυβέρ-νησης να αποφύγει με κάθε τρόπο ένα θερ-μό επεισόδιο είναι απολύτως αξιέπαινη. Δυστυχώς η Ελλάδα, όπως και η Κύπρος, είναι μόνη ανάμεσα στους Ευρωπαίους εταίρους της αντιστεκόμενη στην Αγκυρα. Με την εξαίρεση της Γαλλίας, οι μεγάλες χώρες-μέλη της Ε.Ε., όπως η Γερμανία, η Ιταλία και η Ισπανία, προτιμούν να στρέ-φουν αλλού το βλέμμα όταν το τουρκικό καθεστώς παρεκτρέπεται. Οι θεσμοί της Ε.Ε., με εξαίρεση το Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινοβού-λιο, δεν είναι καλύτεροι, καθώς μένουν πεισματικά προσκολλημένοι στην ψευδαί-σθηση της υποψηφιότητας της Τουρκίας για ένταξη στην Ε.Ε., η οποία κατά τα άλλα έχει εξελιχθεί σε ξεκάθαρη ανοησία. Υπάρχουν τρεις κατηγορίες αιτίων για αυτή την απαξιωτική συμπεριφορά. Οι Δυ-τικοί έχουν εμμονή στο να κρατήσουν την Τουρκία μέσα στο ΝΑΤΟ με κάθε κόστος. Δεύτερον, τρομοκρατούνται στην ιδέα για κύματα Τούρκων προσφύγων, σε περίπτω-ση κατάρρευσης. Και δεν είναι έτοιμοι να περιορίσουν το εμπόριο με την Αγκυρα, ειδικά στον τομέα των όπλων. ΩΣΤΌΣΌ, αυτές οι ανησυχίες φαίνονται χωρίς νόημα αν κρίνουμε από τα αποτελέ-σματα. Η Αγκυρα φλερτάρει ανοιχτά με τη Μόσχα και δεν διστάζει να προκαλέσει τη συμμαχική αλληλεγγύη, όπως γίνεται απέ-ναντι στην Ελλάδα, αλλά και όσον αφορά τις Βαλτικές χώρες. Η αγωνία όσον αφορά τουρκικές προ-σφυγικές ροές είναι άσκοπη, δεδομένου ότι Τούρκοι πολίτες θα εγκαταλείψουν ούτως ή άλλως μια χώρα που εγγυάται ολοένα και λιγότερο την προσωπική ασφάλειά τους και τις περιουσίες τους. Επίσημα στοιχεία, μαζί με εκτιμήσεις δυτικών υπηρεσιών πλη-ροφοριών, ήδη αναφέρουν 1,8 εκατομμύ-ριο αναχωρήσεις μετά τον Ιούλιο του 2016. Οσο για το εμπόριο, οι Δυτικοί γίνονται ολοένα και περισσότερο ευάλωτοι σε μια τουρκική χρεοκοπία, η οποία μπορεί να συμβεί ανά πάσα στιγμή. ΤΌ ΤΌΥΡΚΙΚΌ καθεστώς και η Τουρκία είναι παγιδευμένοι σε έναν στενό δρόμο μιας κα-τεύθυνσης χωρίς δυνατότητα επιστροφής. Η μοναδική πιθανή διέξοδος από αυτόν τον εφιάλτη φαίνεται να είναι η ανάληψη της εξουσίας από ένα ανελεύθερο αλλά φιλο-δυτικό καθεστώς, όπως στην Αίγυπτο, το οποίο θα επιχειρούσε να επαναφέρει στην κανονικότητα την εξουθενωμένη χώρα και το αποτυχημένο κράτος. *Καθηγητής Πολιτικής Επιστήμης στο ΕΚΠΑ. Το επόμε-νο βιβλίο του με τίτλο «Το τουρκικό άχθος» θα κυκλο-φορήσει από τις Εκδόσεις Επίμετρο το φθινόπωρο. ► ► Του ΝΙΚΌΥ Β. ΑΠΌΣΤΌΛΌΥ, συνταξιούχου μηχανικού • Πρέπει οι Ελληνες να είμαστε ενωμένοι. • Πρέπει να αντιληφθούμε τη δυσκολία των περιστάσεων. • Πρέπει όλοι να αποκτήσουμε φορολογι-κή συνείδηση. • Πρέπει να κάνουμε υπομονή. • Πρέπει οι γειτονικές μας χώρες να σέβονται τα σύ-νορα της χώρας μας. • Πρέπει η αντιπολίτευση να ασκήσει τα θεσμικά της δικαιώματα. • Πρέπει η κυβέρνηση να αντιληφθεί ότι βαδίζει σε λάθος δρόμο. • Πρέπει το Αιγαίο να είναι μια θά-λασσα ειρήνης. • Πρέπει απαραιτήτως να φύγουμε από το ευρώ. • Πρέπει πάση θυσία να παραμείνουμε στην ευρωζώνη. • Πρέπει η Δικαιοσύνη να επιτελέσει τον θεσμικό της ρόλο. • Πρέπει τα σώματα ασφαλείας να σέβο-νται τον πολίτη. • Πρέπει ο πολίτης να σέβεται τα σώματα ασφαλείας. • Πρέπει να αποκτήσουμε ένα δίκαιο κοι-νωνικά φορολογικό σύστημα. • Πρέπει να αναβαθμιστεί το εκπαιδευτικό μας σύστημα. • Πρέπει το κράτος να είναι αρωγός στα προβλήματα του πολίτη. • Πρέπει τα νοσοκομεία μας να βελτιώσουν τις υπηρεσίες τους. • Πρέπει οι γιατροί μας να μισθοδοτούνται αξιοπρεπώς. • Πρέπει οι πανεπιστημιακοί δάσκαλοι να σταθούν στο ύψος τους. • Πρέπει να μειωθούν τα νοίκια των σπι-τιών. • Πρέπει να αυξηθούν οι μισθοί. • Πρέπει να παρέχουμε βοήθεια στους πρό-σφυγες. • Πρέπει να φροντίσουμε την τρίτη ηλικία. • Πρέπει να υπάρξει αποκέντρωση. • Πρέπει να καταργηθεί ο δακτύλιος. • Πρέπει ο συνδικαλισμός να μείνει πολιτι-κά αδέσμευτος. • Πρέπει ο Τύπος να μην κιτρινίζει. • Πρέπει τα παιδιά να σέβονται τους γονείς. • Πρέπει οι γονείς να σέβονται τα παιδιά. • Πρέπει η εκπαίδευση να είναι υψηλού επιπέδου για όλους. • Πρέπει να αναβαθμιστεί το ασφαλιστικό σύστημα. • Πρέπει να βελτιωθεί η ποιότητα των τη-λεοπτικών προγραμμάτων. ΌΛΑ τα παραπάνω «πρέπει» είναι ένα ψήγ-μα μπροστά στο πλήθος των «πρέπει» με τα οποία βομβαρδιζόμαστε καθημερινά από πολιτικούς, μέσα (έντυπα και ηλεκτρονικά), αφίσες, διαφημίσεις κι ένα σωρό άλλα. Τα «πρέπει» δεν είναι τίποτα περισσότερο από ευχολόγια και ευγενείς (ή και αγενείς) πόθους. Στο 99% όσων «πρέπει» να γίνουν ή να μη γίνουν, αυτοί που τα εκφέρουν-με ελάχιστες εξαιρέσεις-μένουν σ' αυτά. Σπανί-ως υπάρχει συνέχεια που να διευκρινίζει πώς τέλος πάντων θα υλοποιηθούν αυτά τα «πρέ-πει». Και σε αυτή τη συνέχεια οι διευκρινίσεις είναι συνήθως τόσο, μα τόσο κοινότοπες που όσοι τις ακούν λένε: Μα καλά, για ηλίθιους μας περνάνε; Ωστόσο όμως αυτοί οι ίδιοι που δεν θεωρούν εαυτούς ηλίθιους (δηλαδή όλοι), θα θέσουν τα παραπάνω «πρέπει» (ως άλλοι σοφοί) στην κουβέντα που θα γίνει σε κάθε καφενείο του ελληνικού κράτους. Παράνοια, σαχλαμάρα, αλλοτρίωση; Διαλέ-γετε και παίρνετε. Ετσι λοιπόν συνεχίζουμε να διάγουμε τον βίο μας μέσα σε έναν εσμό σοβαροφανών και ημιμαθών, που συνήθως πνίγονται στον πολτό της τζάμπα κριτικής, της ημιμάθειας και της μισαλλοδοξίας. ΥΣΤΕΡΌΓΡΑΦΌ: Και για να μη θεωρηθώ και εγώ τζάμπα μάγκας, είμαι πρόθυμος να ανταλλάξω απόψεις με όποιους επιθυμούν, προτείνοντας λύσεις που στο παρελθόν έχουν φιλοξενηθεί στις σελίδες της «Εφ. Συν.».
The West is always prone to close the eyes to Ankara’s invasion of Syrian lands and its open deals with Islamic terror organizations whereas Russia categorically rejects them. The former bears the consequences of these miscalculations... more
The West is always prone to close the eyes to Ankara’s invasion of Syrian lands and its open deals with Islamic terror organizations whereas Russia categorically rejects them. The former bears the consequences of these miscalculations through more mass displacements and a totalitarian regime in Ankara, the latter cuts the knots his way.
Hence, the lesson of the Moscow deal is manifold.
Compromise and appeasement doesn’t work with Erdoğan, only containment does. 
Democracies, perhaps naturally, are very bad at how to talk to non-democracies.
Non-democracies deal more straightforwardly among themselves than with democracies; as the Turkish saying goes “the faithless overmasters the irreligious” or “set a thief to catch a thief”.
All in all, although US-Turkey partnership is 75 years old, it doesn’t look sustainable in the long term due to too many odds and controversies in both ends. As for Russia, playing tactically with Turkey without having an inch of shared... more
All in all, although US-Turkey partnership is 75 years old, it doesn’t look sustainable in the long term due to too many odds and controversies in both ends.
As for Russia, playing tactically with Turkey without having an inch of shared ground has a double price: the final objective of severing Turkey from NATO may not work as projected; secondly and worst, Moscow now needs to dislodge Turkey from Idlib and Afrin by force.
And regarding Turkey, Erdoğan’s brinkmanship is so bankrupted that if he bets more on the Americans he will be finished by the Russians, and vice versa.
Germany, and Merkel in particular, see Erdoğan as a factor of stability, despite, or thanks to, his heavy handed and totalitarian practices. Because Germans and other Westerners alike, appear to be afraid of Turkey’s total collapse.... more
Germany, and Merkel in particular, see Erdoğan as a factor of stability, despite, or thanks to, his heavy handed and totalitarian practices. Because Germans and other Westerners alike, appear to be afraid of Turkey’s total collapse. Unluckily though, the more Merkel appeases the more Erdoğan abuses, the more Turkish citizens take the road of asylum abroad, the more Ankara becomes belligerent abroad.  For the matter, the exodus of Turkish citizens following the failed coup attempt of 2016 and the ensuing repression has reached highs not seen since the 1980 military coup. Some Western intelligence services talk about 1.5 million departures since July 2016.
Ölümü öldürmek Kaybedilenler ve onları arayanlara Filozof Marc Nichanian "Perversion Historiographique" (Tarihyazımı Sapkınlığı) adlı temel eserinin sonunda şunu der: "Katil başından beri, hatta başlangıçtan bile önce burada, yüzü bana... more
Ölümü öldürmek Kaybedilenler ve onları arayanlara Filozof Marc Nichanian "Perversion Historiographique" (Tarihyazımı Sapkınlığı) adlı temel eserinin sonunda şunu der: "Katil başından beri, hatta başlangıçtan bile önce burada, yüzü bana dönük diyor ki: "Kanıtla! Kanıtla (cinayeti) öyleyse becerebilirsen!" Ve ben, doksan yıldır, ayağa kalktım ve kanıtladım. Doksan yıl boyunca, olgu kanıtlanmış, gereğinden fazla kanıtlanmış, ama ayağa kalkmaya devam ediyorum; hep kanıtlıyorum, kendimle, tanıklığımla. (…) Doksan yıl boyunca, kanıtlayarak, tanıklığa kanıt işlevi gördürerek katilin çağrısına ve emrine cevap veriyorum. En başından beri istediği şey tam da buydu, değil mi?" Söz konusu soykırımsa, mezarın olmadığı yerde kanıt gerekir. Ve kanıtın yokedilmesi soykırımın fıtratında olduğu ölçüde bu planlı katliam, sadece yaşamı öldürmek değil, ölümü de öldürmektir. "Ermeniler bu memlekette öldüklerini kanıtlama uğraşı içindedirler hep" sözünün ardında bu total inkâr var. Kanıtın yokedilmesi canavarca eylemleri "yokeylemlere" dönüştürür. Soykırım bir anlamda arşivin imhasıdır. Tarihyazımının sapkınlığından beslenir. Kadimdir bu toprakların katliam geleneği. Keza mezarsız yani kanıtsız ölüler diyarıdır buralar. Öyle ki soykırımda kırılmamış olan Ermeninin, kovulmuş Rumun mezarlığı bile ortadan kaldırılmıştır. Bir zamanlar var oldukları bilinmesin… Barzan Şerifhanoğlu anlatıyor: "Bitliste'ki dört Ermeni mezarlığından üçünün üstünde bugün çeşitli kurumların binaları yükselir. İnönü Mahallesi'ndeki mezarlığın üzerinde Halk Eğitim Merkezi bulunurken, mezarlığa yakın bir yerde bulunan kilise uzun yıllar cezaevi olarak kullanıldıktan sonra yıkılarak yerine Dideban İlköğretim Okulu kurulmuş. Sapkor Mahallesi'nde bulunan Ermeni Mezarlığı da tamamen tahrip edilerek, üzerinde Bitlis İmam Hatip Lisesi inşa edilmiş" Yüzlerce örnekten biri… Yakın zamanların ölümü öldürme ustası Adolf Hitler'dir. 1941'de "Nacht und Nebel" ("Gece ve Sis") kararnamesini çıkartır. Kararname, istenmeyenleri iz bırakmadan ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayan terör stratejisinin mükemmel bir ifşasıdır. Ortadan kaldırılanların yakınları ise "belki sağdır hâlâ" duygusunu yitirme korkusuyla isyan etmeye cesaret edemezler. Zaten kim ağzını açabilirdi ki? Daha yakın zamanda Latin Amerika ve Türkiye öne çıkıyor. Latin Amerika'da zorla kaybetme sadece diktatörlüklere mahsus değil gayet yaygın olarak kullanıldı ve kullanılıyor. 1979'da 30.000 mertebesinde kayıptan sorumlu Arjantin Cuntasının başı General Videla'nın kıvançla "kayıp, kayıp olduğu sürece, orada olmadığı ölçüde herhangi bir hukukî prosedürün öznesi olamaz" dediği söylenir. Nitekim kayıp ne ölüdür ne de canlı. Meksika için 2013'te açıklanan resmî rakam, Başkan Calderón'un (2006-2012) görev süresinde 26.121 kayıp. Sonraki Başkan Peña Nieto yönetimi, son on yılda ortadan kaybolan 32.000 mertebesinde Meksika vatandaşı olduğunu itiraf ediyor. Mesela 2014'te ortadan yok olan kırk üç öğrenci dünyadan silindi gitti.
100 years ago German militarism and Ottoman/Turkish militarism wed well. Not much has changed in 100 years of “interest based” attitudes of Germany and its solidarity with Turkey when it comes to the fate of the feeble and/or stateless.... more
100 years ago German militarism and Ottoman/Turkish militarism wed well. Not much has changed in 100 years of “interest based” attitudes of Germany and its solidarity with Turkey when it comes to the fate of the feeble and/or stateless. Even the arguments utilized have remained pretty much the same. The unique difference is that Germany shifted from active military alliance 100 years ago to passive military/economic support, always to the disadvantage of feeble; yesterday for Armenians and Greeks and today for Kurds in the region, but also all of those in Turkey subjected to Erdoğan’s totalitarian rule.
Turkey’s self-declared and self-righteous Mavi Vatan doctrine was first laid out in June 2006 by Admiral Ramazan Cem Gürdeniz during a symposium at the Turkish Naval Forces Command Centre. It consists of declaring sovereignty over a... more
Turkey’s self-declared and self-righteous Mavi Vatan doctrine was first laid out in June 2006 by Admiral Ramazan Cem Gürdeniz during a symposium at the Turkish Naval Forces Command Centre. It consists of declaring sovereignty over a maritime area of 462.000 sq km.
The Turkish government’s unconventional and two-faced deeds at home and abroad are now in the public domain. What had been known for years by intelligence services around the world is now on social media, in writing and on video for all... more
The Turkish government’s unconventional and two-faced deeds at home and abroad are now in the public domain. What had been known for years by intelligence services around the world is now on social media, in writing and on video for all to see.

This has led to widespread condemnation by the public, civil society organisations, and even legislatures. But all this is still not enough to nudge Western governments, nor international organisations, to at least stop appeasing Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Why is it so?
Studies conducted outside Turkey show that the Pontic Genocide was a multi-year conscious annihilation process. In Turkey, people are either or totally ignorant of these events or wrongly interpret them as in line with the official... more
Studies conducted outside Turkey show that the Pontic Genocide was a multi-year conscious annihilation process. In Turkey, people are either or totally ignorant of these events or wrongly interpret them as in line with the official narrative that blames secessionist Pontic Greeks. 
In recent years, some strong research has begun to emerge on the genocides against Armenians and Assyrians. But there is scarcely any reliable information available on the Pontic Genocide, as both academia and opinion makers largely ignore the subject.

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Nul n'est aujourd'hui capable de prédire comment va évoluer la Turquie ni de quel esprit sera marqué l'avenir de ce pays. Qui aurait pu prévoir le virage qu'il a négocié ces dernières années après avoir été au début des années 2000... more
Nul n'est aujourd'hui capable de prédire comment va évoluer la Turquie ni de quel esprit sera marqué l'avenir de ce pays. Qui aurait pu prévoir le virage qu'il a négocié ces dernières années après avoir été au début des années 2000 l'étoile montante, candidate au club européen, le modèle à suivre notamment pour les pays musulmans en quête de justice et de prospérité ? La faillite de sa candidature, dont l'Europe a sa part, a été le prélude à sa désoccidentalisation progressive accompagnée d'une belligérance tous azimuts, dans le pays comme à l'étranger.