凊

凊	U+51CA, 凊 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CA

Translingual

Han character

凊 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一手一月 (IMQMB), four-corner 3512₇, composition ⿰冫青(GHT) or ⿰冫靑(JK))

Derived characters

𠘒

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 42
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1666
Dae Jaweon: page 296, character 30
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 1
Unihan data for U+51CA

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (生) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
猜	*sʰlɯː
輤	*sʰleːns
綪	sʰleːns, ʔsreːŋ
倩	sʰleːns, sʰleŋs
棈	*sʰleːns
蒨	*sʰeːns
篟	*sʰeːns
生	sʰleːŋ, sreŋs
牲	*sreŋ
笙	*sreŋ
甥	*sreŋ
鉎	sreŋ, sleːŋ
珄	*sreŋ
鼪	sreŋ, sreŋs
猩	sreŋ, seːŋ
狌	*sreŋ
眚	*sreŋʔ
貹	*sreŋs
崝	*zreːŋ
精	ʔsleŋ, ʔsleŋs
菁	*ʔsleŋ
鶄	ʔsleŋ, sʰleːŋ
蜻	ʔsleŋ, sʰleːŋ
鼱	*ʔsleŋ
婧	ʔsleŋ, zleŋs, *zleŋʔ
睛	ʔsleŋ, sʰleŋʔ
箐	*ʔsleŋ
聙	*ʔsleŋ
旌	*ʔsleŋ
清	*sʰleŋ
圊	*sʰleŋ
請	sʰleŋʔ, zleŋs, *zleŋ
凊	*sʰleŋs
䝼	zleŋs, zleŋ
靚	*zleŋs
情	*zleŋ
晴	*zleŋ
夝	*zleŋ
靜	*zleŋʔ
靖	*zleŋʔ
睲	seŋʔ, seːŋs
惺	seŋʔ, seːŋ
性	*sleŋs
姓	*sleŋs
靗	*l̥ʰeŋs
鯖	ʔljeŋ, sʰleːŋ
青	*sʰleːŋ
靘	sʰleːŋ, sʰleːŋs
掅	*sʰleːŋs
胜	*sleːŋ
曐	*sleːŋ
星	*sleːŋ
鮏	*sleːŋ
腥	seːŋ, seːŋs
鯹	*seːŋ
醒	seːŋ, seːŋʔ, *seːŋs
篂	*seːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰleŋs) : semantic 仌 (“ice”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ)

Etymology 1

trad.		凊
simp. ^#		凊
alternative forms		㵾／𪷍 Min 𩇟 Min 𫥝 Min

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qìng (qing⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cing³ / zing⁶
Northern Min (KCR): che̿ng
Eastern Min (BUC): chéng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cing⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chhìn

(Teochew, Peng'im): cing³ / cêng³
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cin⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cìng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻing⁴
  - Yale: chìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chinq
  - Palladius: цин (cin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: cing³ / zing⁶
  - Yale: ching / jihng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsing³ / dzing⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: qing³ / jing⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɪŋ³³/, /t͡sɪŋ²²/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: che̿ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰeiŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: chéng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɛiŋ²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: cing⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiŋ⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhìn
  - Tâi-lô: tshìn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chixn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰin⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰin¹¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /t͡sʰin²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: cing³ / cêng³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshìng / tshèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiŋ²¹³/, /t͡sʰeŋ²¹³/

Note:

cing3 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
cêng3 - Jieyang.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: cin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡sʰin⁴⁵/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡ɕʰin⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: tshjengH

Rime
Character	凊
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	清 (121)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七政切
Baxter	tshjengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰiᴇŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiɛŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰiæŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰiajŋ^H/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiɛŋ^H/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭɛŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯ɛŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qìng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cing³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]eŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*sʰleŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凊
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qìng
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjeng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]eŋ-s/
English	cold
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凊
Reading #	1/1
No.	11343
Phonetic component	生
Rime group	耕
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	倩
Old Chinese	/*sʰleŋs/

Definitions

凊

(Classical, dialectal Mandarin, Xiang, Min, Chuqu Wu) cool, cold
- 冬則輕煗，夏則輕凊，皆已具矣。必厚作斂於百姓，暴奪民衣食之財。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  冬则轻暖，夏则轻凊，皆已具矣。必厚作敛于百姓，暴夺民衣食之财。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mozi, c. 4^th century BCE
  Dōng zé qīng nuǎn, xià zé qīng qìng, jiē yǐ jù yǐ. Bì hòu zuò liǎn yú bǎixìng, bào duó mín yīshí zhī cái. [Pinyin]
  Having what is warm and light in winter and what is light and cool in summer, they would yet heavily tax the people, robbing them of their means of livelihood.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷, 寒冷 weather
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Singapore	冷
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	冷
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	冷
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	冷
	Wanrong	冷
	Xi'an	冷
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	冷
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	冷, 凊 very cold
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊 weather
	Guilin	冷
	Liuzhou	冷, 凊
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	冷
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷 weather
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷 weather
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	凍
	Singapore (Guangfu)	凍
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	凍
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Gan	Lichuan	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冷
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Huizhou	Jixi	冷, 凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Northern Min	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Southern Min	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒 weather
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Shishi	寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhao'an	寒
	Dongshan	寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather, 凊
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather
	Manila (Hokkien)	冷, 寒, 凊
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒 weather, 凊
	Shantou	凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝, 凊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	凝
	Jieyang	凝, 凊
	Singapore (Teochew)	凝
	Wenchang	寒
	Qionghai	寒
	Singapore (Hainanese)	凊, 寒 weather
Wu	Shanghai	冷
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冷
	Suzhou	冷, 凍 weather
	Danyang	冷
	Hangzhou	冷
	Ningbo	冷
	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
	Lishui	冷
	Jinhua	冷
	Yushan	凊
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊 very cold
Xiang	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds

cdo, cpx, nan-hbl, 凊飯 / 凊饭 (cing³ bung⁷) (Teochew)
cdo, 凊天 (Teochew)
cpx, mnp, nan-hbl, 凊水 (Teochew)
cpx, nan-hbl, 凊彩 (chhìn-chhái) (Teochew)
cpx, 秋凊 (Min Nan)
nan-xia, 凊凊仔笑 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
冬溫夏凊 / 冬温夏凊
冰凊 (Sichuanese)
凊凹 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
凊心 (chhìn-sim) (Min Nan)
凊心 (Hokkien)
凊汗 (Min)
凊痺 / 凊痹 (chéng-bé) (Eastern Min)
凊糜 (Hokkien)
凊膜 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
凊膜凹 (Hokkien)
凊面 (Hokkien)
半燒凊 / 半烧凊 (Hokkien)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 凊 – see 清 (“clear; limpid; clean; unstained; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 清).

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B00210
“凊”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

凊

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: しょう (shō)^{←しやう (syau, historical)}
On: せい (sei)
Kun: さむい (samui, 凊い)、すずしい (suzushii, 凊しい)

Korean

Hanja

凊 (eumhun 서늘할 청 (seoneulhal cheong))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.