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Bulgaria

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Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.750°N 25.500°E / 42.750; 25.500
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 198.166.21.21 (talk) at 06:25, 9 June 2012 (→Foreign relations and military). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Bulgaria (disambiguation).

42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.750°N 25.500°E / 42.750; 25.500

Republic of Bulgaria
Република България
Republika Balgariya
Motto: Съединението прави силата
Unity makes strength
Anthem: 

Mila Rodino
"Dear Motherland"
Location of Bulgaria (red) – in Europe (yellow & grey) – in the European Union (yellow)  –  [Legend]
Location of Bulgaria (red)

– in Europe (yellow & grey)
– in the European Union (yellow)  –  [Legend]

Capital
and largest city
Sofia (София)
Official languagesBulgarian
Ethnic groups
(2011)
84.8% Bulgarians
8.8% Turks
4.9% Roma
1.5% others
Demonym(s)Bulgarian
GovernmentParliamentary democracy
• President
Rosen Plevneliev
Boyko Borisov
LegislatureNational Assembly
Formation
681
3 March 1878
22 September 1908
Area
• Total
110,994 km2 (42,855 sq mi) (105th)
• Water (%)
0.3
Population
• 2011 census
7,364,570 [1] (98th)
• Density
66.2/km2 (171.5/sq mi) (139th)
GDP (PPP)2011 estimate
• Total
$101.036 billion[2] (66th)
• Per capita
$13,597[2] (68th)
GDP (nominal)2011 estimate
• Total
$53.514 billion[2] (72th)
• Per capita
$7,202[2] (74th)
Gini (2007)28.2[3]
Error: Invalid Gini value
HDI (2011)Increase 0.771[4]
Error: Invalid HDI value (55th)
CurrencyLev (BGN)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Drives onright
Calling code359
ISO 3166 codeBG
Internet TLD.bg

Bulgaria /bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ ⓘ (Template:Lang-bg, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]) is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi)*, Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.[5][6][7][8]

Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.

The population of 7.36 million people is predominantly urban and mainly concentrated in the administrative centres of its 28 provinces. Most commercial and cultural activities are concentrated in the capital Sofia. The strongest sectors of the economy are heavy industry, power engineering and agriculture, all relying on local natural resources.

The current political structure dates to the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1991. A free country,[9] Bulgaria is a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative and economic centralisation. It is a member of the European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe, a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times.

History

Main article: History of Bulgaria

Prehistory and antiquity

Further information: Neolithic Europe, Odrysian kingdom, Thracians, Slavic peoples, and Bulgars

The earliest examples of symbolic behaviour in humans were discovered in the Kozarnika cave, dating to 1,400,000 BC.[8] Prehistoric cultures in Bulgarian lands include the Neolithic Hamangia culture,[10] Vinča culture[11] and the eneolithic Varna culture (fifth millennium BC). The Varna Necropolis offers insights for understanding the social hierarchy of the earliest European societies.[12]

The earliest and one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern Bulgarians[13] were the Thracians, who populated various tribes until king Teres united most of them in the Odrysian kingdom around 500 BC.[14][15] They were eventually subjugated by Alexander the Great in the 4th century and later by the Roman Empire in 46 AD. After the Fall of the Roman Empire, the easternmost South Slavs gradually settled on the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th century, assimilating the Hellenised or Romanised Thracians. Eventually the élite of the Central Asian Bulgars incorporated them into a new state which formed upon khan Asparukh's arrival in the Balkans.[16]

First Bulgarian Empire

Main article: First Bulgarian Empire
Krum feasting with his nobles after the battle of Pliska, detail from the Manasses chronicle
Khan Krum feasts with his nobles after the battle of Pliska. His servant (far right) brings the wine-filled skull cup of Nicephorus I.

Asparukh, son of Old Great Bulgaria's khan Kubrat, migrated with several Bulgar tribes to the lower courses of the rivers Danube, Dniester and Dniepr. After 670, he expanded his kingdom into the Balkan Peninsula by leading a horde of 50,000 across the Danube[17] and severed Moesia and Scythia Minor (Dobruja) from the Byzantine Empire.[18] The local south Slavic language was gradually adopted by the advancing Bulgars, who preserved dominance over the Slavic majority. A peace treaty with Byzantium in 681 and the establishment of a permanent capital at Pliska south of the Danube marked the beginning of the First Bulgarian Empire.[19]

Succeeding khans strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries—Tervel established Bulgaria as a major military power by defeating a 26,000-strong Arab army during the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople.[20] Krum doubled the country's territory, killed Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I in the Battle of Pliska,[21] and introduced the first written code of law. Then in 864 Boris I abolished Tengriism in favour of Eastern Orthodox Christianity[22] and introduced the Cyrillic alphabet. Simeon the Great's 34-year rule began in 893 and saw the largest territorial expansion of Bulgaria, along with a golden age of Bulgarian culture.[23]

Wars with Croatians, Magyars, Pechenegs and Serbs and the spread of the Bogomil heresy weakened Bulgaria after Simeon's death.[22][24] Two consecutive Rus' and Byzantine invasions resulted in the seizure of the capital Preslav by the Byzantine army in 971.[25] Under Samuil, Bulgaria somewhat recovered from these attacks and managed to conquer Serbia and Albania,[26] but this rise ended when Byzantine emperor Basil II defeated the Bulgarian army at Klyuch in 1014. Samuil died shortly after the battle,[27] and by 1018 the Byzantines had ended the First Bulgarian Empire.[28]

Second Bulgarian Empire

Main article: Second Bulgarian Empire
Map of the Second Bulgarian Empire under Ivan Asen II
The Second Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Ivan Asen II

After his conquest of Bulgaria, Basil II prevented revolts and discontent by retaining the rule of the local nobility and recognising the autocephaly of the Archbishopric of Ohrid.[29] After his death Byzantine domestic policies changed and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out, the largest being led by Peter Delyan. In 1185 Asen dynasty nobles Ivan Asen I and Peter IV organised a major uprising which resulted in the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with Tarnovo as a capital.[30]

Kaloyan, the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to Belgrade and Ohrid. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the Pope and received a royal crown from a papal legate.[16] The empire reached its zenith under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241), when commerce and culture flourished.[16] The strong economic and religious influence of Tarnovo made it a "Third Rome", unlike the already declining Constantinople.[31]

The country's military and economic might declined after the Asen dynasty ended in 1257, facing internal conflicts, constant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks and Mongol domination.[16][32] By the end of the 14th century, factional divisions between the feudal landlords and the spread of Bogomilism had caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to split into three tsardoms—Vidin, Tarnovo and Karvuna—and several semi-independent principalities that fought each other, along with Byzantines, Hungarians, Serbs, Venetians and Genoese. By the late 14th century the Ottoman Turks had started their conquest of Bulgaria and had taken most towns and fortresses south of the Balkan mountains.[16]

Ottoman rule

Main article: Ottoman Bulgaria

Tarnovo was captured by the Ottomans after a three-month siege in 1393. After the Battle of Nicopolis and the fall of the Vidin Tsardom three years later, the Ottomans conquered all Bulgarian lands south of the Danube.[33] Under the Ottoman system, Bulgarians were considered an inferior class of people and were subjected to heavy taxes; Bulgarian culture was suppressed and the educated clergy fled to other countries.[34] The nobility was eliminated, the peasantry was enserfed to Ottoman masters,[33] and the population lost its national consciousness.[35]

The Defence of the Eagle's Nest, painting by Alexey Popov from 1893, depicting the Defence of Shipka Pass
The Defence of Shipka Pass was crucial for the liberation of Bulgaria. In the final stage of the battle the Bulgarian forces, having finished their ammunition, threw rocks and bodies of fallen comrades to repulse the Ottoman attacks.[36]

Throughout the nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule, the Bulgarian people attempted to re-establish their state by organising several revolts, most notably the First (1598) and Second Tarnovo Uprisings (1686) and Karposh's Rebellion (1689).[33] In the 18th century, the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of a movement known as the National awakening of Bulgaria.[33] It restored national consciousness and became a key factor in the liberation struggle, resulting in the 1876 April Uprising. Up to 30,000 Bulgarians were killed as Ottoman authorities put down the rebellion. The massacres prompted the Great Powers to take action.[37] They convened the Constantinople Conference in 1876, but their decisions were rejected by the Ottomans. This allowed the Russian Empire to seek a solution by force without risking military confrontation with other Great Powers, as had happened in the Crimean War.[37] In 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottoman empire and defeated its forces with the help of Bulgarian volunteers. The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878, setting up an autonomous Bulgarian principality on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire.[38][39]

The other Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the Balkans might threaten their interests. The subsequent Treaty of Berlin provided for a much smaller autonomous state comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia, leaving large populations of Bulgarians outside the new country.[38][40] This played a significant role in forming Bulgaria's militaristic approach to foreign affairs during the first half of the 20th century.[41] The Bulgarian principality won a war against Serbia and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of Eastern Rumelia in 1885, proclaiming itself an independent state on 22 September 1908.[42]

Third Bulgarian State

Main articles: History of Bulgaria (1878–1946), People's Republic of Bulgaria, and History of Bulgaria since 1989
Photograph of Bulgarian soldiers cutting enemy barbed wire during World War I
Bulgarian soldiers cutting Entente Powers barbed wire and preparing to advance, World War I

In the years following independence, Bulgaria increasingly militarised and was often referred to as "the Balkan Prussia".[43][44] Between 1912 and 1918, Bulgaria became involved in three consecutive conflicts—two Balkan Wars and World War I. After a disastrous defeat in the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the Central Powers in World War I. Despite fielding more than a quarter of its population in a 1,200,000-strong army[45][46] and achieving several decisive victories at Doiran and Monastir, the country capitulated in 1918. The war resulted in significant territorial losses, a total of 412,000 casualties, and a wave of more than 253,000[47] refugees who put additional strain on the already ruined national economy.[48]

The political unrest resulting from these losses led to the establishment of a royal authoritarian dictatorship by tsar Boris III (1918–1943). Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps.[49] The sudden death of Boris III in the summer of 1943 pushed the country into political turmoil as the war turned against Germany and the Communist guerilla movement gained momentum.[50] Following strikes and unrest, in September 1944 the Communist-dominated Fatherland Front took power, ending the alliance with Germany and joining the Allied side until the war ended.[51]

First elected Bulgarian president Zhelev meets with George H.W. Bush in 1990
Zhelyu Zhelev, the first democratically elected president of Bulgaria[52] with George H. W. Bush (right) in 1990

The left-wing uprising of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of monarchic rule, but it was not until 1946 when a single-party people's republic was established.[53] It became a part of the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov (1946–1949), who laid the foundations for a rapidly industrialising stalinist state. By the mid-1950s standards of living rose significantly, while political repressions were lessened.[54][55] The Soviet-style planned economy saw some market-oriented policies emerging on an experimental level under Todor Zhivkov (1954–1989).[56] His daughter Lyudmila bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage, culture and arts worldwide.[57] In an attempt to erase the identity of the ethnic Turk minority, an assimilation campaign was launched in 1984. This resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 of them to Turkey.[58][59]

Under the influence of the collapsing Eastern Bloc, on 10 November 1989 the Communist Party gave up its political monopoly, Zhivkov resigned, and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a parliamentary democracy.[60] The first free elections in June 1990 were won by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP, the freshly-renamed Communist Party).[61] A new constitution that provided for a relatively weak elected President and for a Prime Minister accountable to the legislature was adopted in July 1991. The new system initially failed to improve living standards or create economic growth—the average quality of life and economic performance remained lower than under Communism well into the early 2000s.[62] A 1997 reform package restored economic growth, but living standards continued to suffer.[63] After 2001 economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly,[64] and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status.[65] It became a member of NATO in 2004 and of the European Union in 2007.[66][67]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Bulgaria

Bulgaria occupies a portion of the eastern Balkan peninsula, bordering five countries—Greece and Turkey to the south, Macedonia and Serbia to the west, and Romania to the north. The land borders have a total length of 1,808 kilometres (1,123 mi)*, and the coastline has a length of 354 kilometres (220 mi)*.[68] Its total area of 110,994 kilometres (68,968 mi)* ranks it as the world's 105th-largest country.[69][70] Bulgaria's geographic coordinates are 43° N 25° E.[71]

Left: The Balkan Mountains in central Bulgaria
Right: Maslen nos on the Black Sea coast

The most notable topographical features are the Danubian Plain, the Balkan Mountains, the Thracian Plain, and the Rhodope Mountains.[68] The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans, while the Danube defines the border with Romania. The Thracian Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of Sofia and broadening as it reaches the Black Sea coast.[68]

The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country. The mountainous southwest of the country has two alpine ranges—Rila and Pirin, which border the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains to the east.[68] Bulgaria is home to the highest point of the Balkan peninsula, Musala, at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft)*[72] and its lowest point is sea level. Plains occupy about one-third of the territory, while plateaus and hills occupy 41 per cent.[73] The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers, most of which are relatively small and with low water levels.[74] The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, has a length of 368 kilometres (229 mi)*. Other major rivers include the Struma and the Maritsa in the south.[68]

Bulgaria has a dynamic climate, which results from its being positioned at the meeting point of Mediterranean and continental air masses and the barrier effect of its mountains.[68] Northern Bulgaria averages 1 °C (34 °F) cooler and registers 200 millimetres (7.9 in)* more annually than the regions south of the Balkan mountains. Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F), while the highest is 45.2 °C (113.4 °F).[75] Precipitation averages about 630 millimetres (24.8 in)* per year, and varies from 500 millimetres (19.7 in)* in Dobrudja to more than 2,500 millimetres (98.4 in)* in the mountains. Continental air masses bring significant amounts of snowfall during winter.[76]

Photo of an Eastern Imperial Eagle, a rare bird in Bulgaria
Imperial eagles have a gradually growing population in Bulgaria.[77]

Environment and wildlife

Bulgaria adopted the Kyoto Protocol[78] and achieved the protocol's objectives by reducing carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2009 by 30 per cent.[79] However, pollution from factories and metallurgy works and severe deforestation continue to cause major problems to the health and welfare of the population.[80] Urban areas are particularly affected by energy production from coal-based powerplants and automobile traffic,[81][82] while pesticide usage in the agriculture and antiquated industrial sewage systems produce extensive soil and water pollution with chemicals and detergents.[83] Bulgaria is the only EU member which does not recycle municipal waste,[84] although an electronic waste recycling plant opened in June 2010.[85] The situation has improved in recent years, and several government-funded programmes have been put into place in an attempt to reduce pollution levels.[83]

Bulgaria's biodiversity is conserved in three national parks, 11 nature parks[86] and 17 biosphere reserves.[87] Nearly 35 per cent of its land area consists of forests,[88] where some of the oldest trees in the world, such as Baikushev's Pine and the Granit oak,[89] grow. Its flora encompass more than 3,800 species of which 170 are endemic and 150 are considered endangered.[90] The fauna is represented prominently by the brown bear and the jackal,[91] while the Eurasian lynx and the Eastern imperial eagle have small, but growing populations.[92]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Bulgaria
The National Assembly building in Sofia
The National Assembly building

Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy in which the most powerful executive position is that of prime minister.[64] The political system has three branches—legislative, executive and judicial, with universal suffrage for citizens at least 18 years old. Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election.[93] Normally, the prime minister-elect is the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections.[64]

Political parties gather in the National Assembly, which consists of 240 deputies elected to four-year terms by direct popular vote. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. The president serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and has the authority to return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the presidential veto by a simple majority vote of all members of parliament.[64] Boyko Borisov of the centre-right party Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB) became prime minister on 27 July 2009,[94] while GERB-backed Rosen Plevneliev was elected president in 2011, after receiving 52.5 per cent of the votes on the second round against 47.5 per cent for his Socialist Party opponent Ivaylo Kalfin.[95] As of 2012, GERB has 117 seats in the National Assembly and no permanent political allies, thus ruling as a minority government.[96]

Diagram of political parties in the Bulgarian parliament
Political groups in the Parliament and number of representatives, 2012:[97]
  Coalition for Bulgaria (left-wing, 39)
  DPS (centrist, 35)
  Independent (24)
  GERB (centre-right, 117)
  Blue Coalition (centre-right, 14)
  Ataka (far right, 10)

Bulgaria has a typical civil law legal system.[98] The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Administrative Court and Supreme Court of Cassation are the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts.[93] The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges. Bulgaria's judiciary, along with other institutions, remains one of Europe's most corrupt and inefficient.[99][100][101][102]

Law enforcement is carried out by organisations mainly subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior.[103] The National Police Service (NPS) combats general crime, maintains public order and supports the operations of other law enforcement agencies.[104] NPS fields 27,000 police officers in its local and national sections.[105] The Ministry of Interior also heads the Border Police Service and the National Gendarmerie—a specialised branch for anti-terrorist activity, crisis management and riot control. Counterintelligence and national security are the responsibility of the State Agency for National Security, established in 2008.[106]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Provinces of Bulgaria and Municipalities of Bulgaria

Bulgaria is a unitary state.[107] Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units has varied from seven to 26.[108] Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular oblast). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system.[109] It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (Sofia-Grad). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities.

Municipalities are run by mayors, who are elected to four-year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils. Bulgaria is a highly centralised state, where the national Council of Ministers directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding.[93]

  1. Blagoevgrad
  2. Burgas
  3. Dobrich
  4. Gabrovo
  5. Haskovo
  6. Kardzhali
  7. Kyustendil
  8. Lovech
  9. Montana
  10. Pazardzhik
  11. Pernik
  12. Pleven
  13. Plovdiv
  14. Razgrad
  1. Rousse
  2. Shumen
  3. Silistra
  4. Sliven
  5. Smolyan
  6. Sofia Province
  7. Stara Zagora
  8. Targovishte
  9. Varna
  10. Veliko Tarnovo
  11. Vidin
  12. Vratsa
  13. Yambol

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Bulgaria and Military of Bulgaria

Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and since 1966 has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council three times, most recently from 2002 to 2003.[110] Bulgaria was also among the founding nations of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1975. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, signed the European Union Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005,[66][111] and became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007.[67] Euro-Atlantic integration became a priority for the country since the fall of Communism, although the Communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the Warsaw Pact and joining the European Communities by 1987.[112][113][114] Bulgaria's relationship with its neighbours since 1990 has generally been good. The country also plays an important role in promoting regional security.[115] Bulgaria has an active tripartite economic and diplomatic collaboration with Romania and Greece,[116] maintains strong relations with EU members, the United States and Russia, and continues to improve its traditionally good ties with China[117] and Vietnam.[118] The HIV trial in Libya, which followed after the imprisonment of several Bulgarian nurses in Benghazi in 1998, had a significant impact on relations between Bulgaria, the European Union, and Libya. It resulted in the release of the nurses by Muammar Gaddafi's government, which was granted a contract to receive a nuclear reactor and weapons supplies from France in exchange.[119]

Bulgarian MiG-29 fighters in flight
Bulgarian Air Force Mikoyan MiG-29 fighter jets

Bulgaria hosted six KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan in 2001, which was the first stationing of foreign forces on its territory since World War II.[120] International military relations were further expanded in April 2006, when Bulgaria and the United States signed a defence cooperation agreement providing for the usage of Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases, the Novo Selo training range, and a logistics centre in Aytos as joint military training facilities.[121] The same year Foreign Policy magazine listed Bezmer Air Base as one of the six most important overseas facilities used by the USAF due to its proximity to the Middle East.[122] A total of 756 troops are deployed abroad as part of various UN and NATO missions. Historically, Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of military and civilian advisors in Soviet-allied countries, such as Nicaragua[123] and Libya (more than 9,000 personnel).[124]

Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all-volunteer military of Bulgaria, consisting of land forces, navy and air force. The land forces comprise of two mechanised brigades and eight independent regiments and battalions; the air force operates 106 aircraft and air defence systems in six air bases, and the navy operates a variety of ships, helicopters and coastal defence measures.[125]

Following a series of reductions beginning in 1990, the number of active troops contracted from 152,000 in 1988[126] to about 32,000 in the 2000s,[127] supplemented by a reserve force of 302,500 soldiers and officers and 34,000 paramilitary servicemen.[128] The inventory is mostly of Soviet origin, such as MiG-29 fighters, SA-10 Grumble SAMs and SS-21 Scarab short-range ballistic missiles. By 2020 the government will spend $1.4 billion for the deployment of new fighter jets, communications systems and cyber warfare capabilities.[129] Total military spending in 2009 cost $819 million.[130]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bulgaria
Aerial view of central Sofia, the financial heart of the country
Sofia, the financial heart of the country

Bulgaria has an industrialised market economy[131] in the upper middle income range,[132] where the private sector accounts for more than 80 per cent of GDP.[133] From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948, by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy with scientific and technological research as its top priorities in terms of budget expenditures.[134] The loss of COMECON markets in 1990 and the subsequent "shock therapy" of the planned system caused a sharp drop in industrial and agricultural production, ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997.[135][136] After 2000, Bulgaria experienced rapid economic growth,[135] even though its income level remained one of the lowest within the EU with a gross average monthly wage of 754 leva (386 euro) in March 2012.[137] Wages, however, account for only half of the total household income.[138] Bulgarian PPS GDP per capita stood at 44 per cent of the EU average in 2010 according to Eurostat data,[139] while the cost of living was 51 per cent of the average.[140] The currency is the lev, which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 levа for one euro.[141] Bulgaria is not part of the eurozone and the financial crisis has pushed the accession date beyond 2015 according to some economic analysts.[142]

Unemployment rate increased to 12.6 per cent in April 2012 and GDP growth contracted from 6.2 (2008) to −5.5 per cent (2009) amid the late-2000s financial crisis.[143][144] The crisis had a negative impact mostly on industry, causing a 10 per cent decline in the national industrial production index, a 31 per cent drop in mining, and a 60 per cent drop in "ferrous and metal production".[145] Positive growth was restored in 2010, reaching 0.2 per cent.[144] However, by the end of 2011, investments were diminishing and consumption was dropping steadily due to rising unemployment.[146]

Corruption remains a serious problem in the country as it is ranked 86th in the Corruption Perceptions Index and its rankings are gradually worsening.[147] At the same time Bulgaria ranks 28th in the Economic Freedom of the World index,[148] has the lowest personal and corporate income tax rates in the European Union,[149] and the second-lowest public debt of all member states at 16.3 per cent of GDP in 2011.[150] In 2011, GDP (PPP) was estimated at $101 billion, with a per capita value of $13,597.[2] Sofia and the surrounding Yugozapaden planning area are the most developed region of the country with a per capita PPS GDP of $24,647 in 2009.[151] The service sector accounts for 64.6 per cent of GDP, followed by industry with 30.1 per cent and agriculture with 5.3 per cent.[152] The labour force is about 2.5 million people.[153] Bulgaria is a net receiver of funds from the EU. The absolute amount of received funds was 589 million euro in 2009.[154]

Map showing Bulgaria and its main export partners by share of total exports
Bulgaria (orange) and its largest export partners by share of total exports

Local iron, copper, coal and lead deposits are vital for the domestic manufacturing sector.[155] Major industries include extraction of metals and minerals, production of chemicals, machinery and vehicle components,[156] petroleum refinement[157] and steel.[158] The mining sector and its related industries employ a total of 120,000 people and generate about five per cent of the country's GDP.[159] The country is Europe's fourth-largest gold producer and sixth-largest coal producer.[159][160] Almost all top export items of Bulgaria are industrial commodities such as oil products ($2.24 billion), copper products ($1.59 billion), medicaments ($493 million) and military equipment ($358 million).[161][162]

In contrast with the industrial sector, agriculture has declined for the past decade. Production in 2008 amounted to only 66 per cent of that between 1999 and 2001,[162] while cereal and vegetable yields dropped by nearly 40 per cent after 1990.[163] Bulgaria, however, remains a net agricultural and food exporter, and two-thirds of its exports are to OECD countries.[164] The country is the largest global producer of perfumery essential oils such as lavender and rose oil.[120][165] A five-year modernisation and development programme was launched by the government in 2007, aimed at strengthening the agricultural sector with a total investment of 3.2 billion euro.[166]

In recent years Bulgaria has emerged as an attractive tourist destination with some of Europe's least expensive resorts and the last remaining beaches outside the reach of the tourist industry.[167][168] Lonely Planet ranked Bulgaria among its top 10 travel destinations for 2011.[169] More than 40 per cent of its 9,000,000 annual visitors were Greeks, Romanians and Germans.[170] Main destinations include the capital Sofia, the medieval capital Veliko Tarnovo,[171] coastal resorts Golden Sands and Sunny Beach and winter resorts Bansko, Pamporovo and Borovets.

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Bulgaria
An IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer used by several Bulgarian scientific organisations
The supercomputer of the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications

Bulgaria has one of Europe's lowest scientific research budgets at 0.25 per cent of GDP in 2010.[172][173] Chronic underinvestment in the sector since 1990 forced many scientific professionals to leave the country.[174] As a result, Bulgaria scores low in terms of innovation, competitiveness and high-value added exports.[175][176]

The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) is the leading scientific institution and employs most Bulgarian researchers in its numerous branches. Principal areas of research and development are energy, nanotechnology, archaeology and medicine.[172] Bulgaria became the 6th country in the world to have an astronaut in space with Georgi Ivanov's flight on Soyuz 33 in 1979. It has deployed its own experiments on various missions, such as RADOM-7[177] dosimeters on the International Space Station and Chandrayaan-1, and space greenhouses (a Bulgarian development) on the Mir space station.[178][179] In 2011 the government announced plans to reboot the space programme by producing a new microsatellite and joining the European Space Agency.[180]

In the 1980s Bulgaria became known as the "Silicon Valley of the Eastern Bloc" due to its large-scale computing technology exports to COMECON states.[181] The country ranked third in the world in 2011 by total number of ICT specialists, outperforming countries with far larger populations,[182] and operates the only supercomputer in the Balkan region, an IBM Blue Gene/P at the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications.[183][184]

Infrastructure

Main articles: Energy in Bulgaria, Transport in Bulgaria, and Communications in Bulgaria
Trakiya motorway, one of the main national motorways
Trakia motorway, one of the national motorways

Although it has relatively few reserves of fossil fuels, Bulgaria's well-developed energy sector and strategic geographic location make it a key European energy centre.[185] Nearly 34 per cent of its electricity is produced by the nuclear power station at Kozloduy[186] and public opinion strongly supports nuclear energy development.[187] The rapid expansion of alternative energy sources such as wind and solar power stations[188] make Bulgaria one of the fastest-growing wind energy producers in the world.[189] The country aims to produce 16 per cent of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020.[190]

The national road network has a total length of 40,231 kilometres (24,998 mi)*,[191] of which 39,587 kilometres (24,598 mi)* are paved, but nearly half fall into the lowest international rating for paved roads.[192] Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation, although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight. Bulgaria has 6,238 kilometres (3,876 mi)* of railway track[192] and currently a total of 461 km of high-speed lines are under construction with expected completion in 2013.[193][194][195] Rail links are available with Romania, Greece and Serbia, and express trains serve direct routes to Kiev, Minsk, Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[196] Sofia and Plovdiv are the country's air travel hubs, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports.[192] Varna is also scheduled to be the first station on EU territory to receive natural gas through the South Stream pipeline.[197]

The telecommunications network is generally antiquated and requires substantial modernisation. Telephone service is available in most villages, and a central digital trunk line connects most regions.[192] Currently there are three active mobile phone operators—Mtel, GLOBUL and Vivacom.[198] The number of Internet users has increased rapidly since 2000—from 430,000 their number grew to 1.55 million in 2004, and 3.4 million (48 per cent penetration rate) in 2010.[199] Bulgaria has the third-fastest average Broadband Internet speed in the world after South Korea and Romania with an average speed of 1,611 KBps.[200][201]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bulgaria
A 1926 photo of Bulgarian men
A group of Bulgarian men in 1926

According to the 2011 census, the population of Bulgaria was 7,364,570 people, down from a peak of nine million in 1989. Bulgaria has had negative population growth since the early 1990s,[202] when the collapse of the economy caused some 937,000 people—mostly young adults—to emigrate by 2005.[203] The population continues to decrease and the current growth rate is one of the lowest in the world.[204]

Bulgarians are the main ethnic group and comprise 84.8 per cent of the population. Turkish and Roma minorities comprise 8.8 and 4.9 per cent, respectively; some 40 smaller minorities comprise 0.7 per cent, and 0.8 per cent do not self-identify with an ethnic group.[205] Romani people are considered second-class citizens by some Bulgarians[206] and approximately 70,000 of them are engaged in criminal activities.[207] Trafficking among Romani people is also widespread due to their bride market traditions.[208] Roma integration programmes funded by the European Union have so far been unsuccessful.[209] All ethnic groups use Bulgarian, the only language with official status, and a native language for 85.2 per cent of the population.[210] The oldest Slavic written language, Bulgarian is distinguishable from the other languages in this group through certain grammatical peculiarities such as the lack of noun cases and infinitives, and a suffixed definite article.[211][212]

Bulgaria regards itself officially as a secular state. The Constitution guarantees religious freedom, but designates Orthodoxy as a "traditional" religion.[213] A majority of the population (76 per cent) self-identify as Orthodox Christian.[210] The Bulgarian Orthodox Church gained autocephalous status in 927 AD,[214][215] and currently has 12 dioceses and over 2,000 priests.[216] Other religious denominations include Islam (10 per cent), Roman Catholicism (0.8 per cent) and Protestantism (1.1 per cent); 0.2 per cent practice other beliefs and 11.8 per cent do not self-identify with a religion.[210]

Interior of the Sofia University library
The library of Sofia University, the first higher education establishment in Bulgaria

Government estimates from 2003 put the literacy rate at 98.6 per cent, with no significant difference between the sexes. Bulgaria has traditionally had high educational standards.[206] The Ministry of Education, Youth and Science funds all public educational establishments, sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process.[217] The State provides free education in government schools, except for higher education.[206] The educational process spans through 12 grades, where grades one through eight are primary and nine through twelve are secondary level.[217] High schools can be technical, vocational, general or specialised in a certain discipline, while higher education consists of a 4-year bachelor degree and a 1-year Master's degree.[218]

Average life expectancy is 73.6 years, below the European Union average.[219] The primary causes of death are similar to those in other industrialised countries, mainly cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms and respiratory diseases.[220] Bulgaria has a universal healthcare system financed by taxes and contributions.[220] The National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) pays a gradually increasing portion of the costs of primary healthcare. Healthcare expenditures in the national budget increased to 4.3 per cent between 2002 and 2004, and the NHIF accounted for more than 60 per cent of annual expenditures.[221] The healthcare budget amounted to 4.2 per cent of GDP in 2010, or about 1.3 billion euro.[222] The number of doctors is above the EU average with 181 physicians per 100,000 people,[223] although there is a severe shortage of nurses and other medical personnel, and the quality of most medical facilities is poor.[224]

Most Bulgarians (72.5 per cent) reside in urban areas.[1] About 97 per cent of the population live in privately owned and owner-occupied homes.[225] There is also a high rate of household appliance ownership, such as television sets (97.9 per cent of all households), refrigerators (93.3) and telephones (90.6), and relatively high rates for computers (42.9) and automobiles (41.9 per cent). The average rates in all categories are substantially higher in Sofia, the 12th-largest city in the European Union with a population of more than 1,200,000 people.[226][227]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bulgaria
Thracian golden wreath exhibited in the National Historical Museum
Thracian golden wreath in the National Historical Museum

Traditional Bulgarian culture contains mainly Thracian, Slavic and Bulgar heritage, along with Greek, Roman, Ottoman, Persian and Celtic influences.[228][229][230] Traces of Gothic culture also appeared in Antiquity. Evidence for this is the Wulfila Bible—the first book written in a Germanic language, created in Nicopolis ad Istrum in the 4th century.[231][232]

A vast amount of uncovered archaeological sites are spread throughout the country; local archaeologists claim that the size of the archaeological heritage is the third-largest in Europe after Italy and Greece.[233] In 1972 the oldest golden treasure in the world was discovered in a necropolis near Varna, consisting of coins, weapons and jewellery dating to 4,600 BC.[234] The site revealed evidence of the first European civilisation.[120] Other objects testifying for the early development of advanced culture on Bulgaria's lands are Plovdiv, one of the oldest cities in the world,[235] and the first Christian monastery in Europe, established in 344 AD.[236] Nine historical and natural objects have been inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Madara Rider, the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak, the Boyana Church, the Rila Monastery, the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo, Pirin National Park, Sreburna Nature Reserve and the ancient city of Nesebar.[237] Nestinarstvo, a ritual fire-dance of Thracian origin,[238] is included in the list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.[239] Fire is an essential element of Bulgarian folklore, used to banish evil spirits and diseases. Bulgarian folklore personifies illnesses as witches and has a wide range of creatures, including lamya, samodiva (veela) and karakondzhul.[240] Some of the customs and rituals against these spirits have survived and are still practiced, most notably the kukeri and survakari.[241] Martenitsa is also widely celebrated.[242]

Both the First and the Second Bulgarian empires functioned as the centre of Slavic culture during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox world by means of the Preslav, Ohrid and Tarnovo literary schools.[243][244][245] The Cyrillic alphabet, used as a writing system to many languages in Eastern Europe and Asia, originated in the Preslav Literary School around the 9th century.[246] The medieval advancement in the arts and letters ended with the Ottoman conquest when many masterpieces were destroyed, and artistic activities did not re-emerge until the National Revival in the 19th century.[247] After the Liberation, Bulgarian literature quickly adopted European literary styles such as Romanticism and Symbolism. Since the beginning of the 20th century, several Bulgarian authors, such as Ivan Vazov, Pencho Slaveykov, Peyo Yavorov, Yordan Radichkov and Tzvetan Todorov have gained prominence.[248][249] In 1981 Bulgarian-born writer Elias Canetti was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.[250]

Scan from the 1566 Chasoslov, an early Bulgarian printed book
Chasoslov, an early Bulgarian printed book from 1566 in Cyrillic

Bulgarian folk music is by far the most extensive traditional art and has slowly developed throughout the ages as a fusion of Eastern and Western influences. It contains Far Eastern, Oriental, medieval Eastern Orthodox and standard Western European tonalities and modes.[251] The music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments, such as gadulka, gaida (bagpipe), kaval and tupan. One of its most distinguishing features is extended rhythmical time, which has no equivalent in the rest of European music.[120] The State Television Female Vocal Choir is the most famous performing folk ensemble, and received a Grammy Award in 1990.[252] Bulgaria's written musical composition can be traced back to the early Middle Ages and the works of Yoan Kukuzel (c. 1280–1360).[253] Classical music, opera and ballet are represented by composers Emanuil Manolov, Pancho Vladigerov and Georgi Atanasov and singers Ghena Dimitrova and Boris Hristov.[254][255][256][257] Bulgarian performers have gained popularity in several other genres like progressive rock (FSB), electropop (Mira Aroyo) and jazz (Milcho Leviev).

The religious visual arts heritage includes frescoes, murals and icons, many produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School.[258] Vladimir Dimitrov, Nikolay Diulgheroff and Christo are some of the most famous modern Bulgarian artists.[247] Film industry remains weak: in 2010, Bulgaria produced three feature films and two documentaries with public funding. Cultural events are advertised in the largest media outlets, including the Bulgarian National Radio, and daily newspapers Dneven Trud and 24 Chasa.[259]

The Bulgarian Olympic squad at the 2010 Winter Games
The Bulgarian Olympic squad at the 2010 games

Bulgarian cuisine is similar to those of other Balkan countries and demonstrates a strong Greek and Turkish influence.[260] Yogurt, lukanka, banitsa, shopska salad, lyutenitsa and kozunak are among the best-known local foods. Oriental dishes such as moussaka, gyuvech, and baklava are also present. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a notable preference for a large variety of salads.[260] Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy which was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century.[261] Bulgarian wine is known for its Traminer, Muskat and Mavrud sorts, of which up to 200,000 tonnes are produced annually.[262][263] Until 1989, Bulgaria was the world's second-largest wine exporter.[264]

Bulgaria performs well in sports such as wrestling, weight-lifting, boxing, gymnastics and tennis.[265] The country fielded one of the leading men's volleyball teams, ranked sixth in the world according to the 2011 FIVB rankings.[266] Football is by far the most popular sport.[265] Some famous players are Manchester United forward Dimitar Berbatov and Hristo Stoichkov, twice winner of the European Golden Shoe and the most successful Bulgarian player of all time.[267] Prominent domestic football clubs include PFC CSKA Sofia[268][269] and PFC Levski Sofia. The best performance of the national team at FIFA World Cup finals came in 1994, when it consecutively eliminated Mexico and Germany and finished fourth.[265] Bulgaria participates in most Olympic competitions since its first appearance at the 1896 games, when it was represented by Charles Champaud.[270] The country has won a total of 218 medals: 52 gold, 86 silver, and 80 bronze,[271] which puts it in 24th place in the all-time ranking.

See also

References

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  5. ^ Roberts, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Christopher P. (2009). "Development of metallurgy in Eurasia". Department of Prehistory and Europe, British Museum. p. 1015. Retrieved 8 June 2012. In contrast, the earliest exploitation and working of gold occurs in the Balkans during the mid-fifth millennium BC, several centuries after the earliest known copper smelting. This is demonstrated most spectacularly in the various objects adorning the burials at Varna, Bulgaria (Renfrew 1986; Highamet al. 2007). In contrast, the earliest gold objects found in Southwest Asia date only to the beginning of the fourth millennium BC as at Nahal Qanah in Israel (Golden 2009), suggesting that gold exploitation may have been a Southeast European invention, albeit a short-lived one.
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  20. ^ Teophanes the Confessor (1883). C. de Boor (ed.). Theophanis chronographia (in Greek). Vol. 1 (Teubner ed.). pp. 25–30. φασί δε τινές ότι και ανθρώπους τεθνεώτας και την εαυτών κόπρον εις τα κλίβανα βάλλοντες και ζυμούντες ήσθιον. ενέσκηψε δε εις αυτούς και λοιμική νόσος και αναρίθμητα πλήθη εξ αυτών ώλεσεν. συνήψε δε προς αυτούς πόλεμον και τον των Βουλγάρων έθνος, και, ως φασίν οι ακριβώς επιστάμενοι, [ότι] κβ χιλάδας Αράβων κατέσφαξαν.
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  38. ^ a b San Stefano, Berlin and Independence.
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  57. ^ The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s.
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  148. ^ "Economic Freedom of the World rankings" (PDF). Fraser Institute. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
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  155. ^ Resource Base.
  156. ^ "Bulgaria Automotive Report". Economist Intelligence Unit. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. In particular, offset arrangements linked to the contract of Daimler (Germany) to supply vehicles to the Bulgarian armed forces have been boosting the local automotive parts sector.
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  160. ^ "Total Primary Coal Production (Thousand Short Tons)". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
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  179. ^ Mishev, Dimitar (2004). Space Research in Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (through "Marin Drinov" publishing house). p. 162. ISBN 9544309942. 16 June 1990: Onboard research on the Mir Space Station under the Interkosmos program begin with the Bulgarian-developed SVET space greenhouse...
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  225. ^ "Renovation of Multi-family Buildings (Bulgaria): Retrofitting for the Future". Sustainable Energy Europe Awards. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  226. ^ 2011 census, p. 7
  227. ^ 2011 census, p. 12
  228. ^ "Bulgaria's Gold Rush". National Geographic Magazine. December 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  229. ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 156. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Their influence in Thrace (roughly modern Bulgaria and European Turkey) is very modest, with only occasional samples of armour and jewellery, but they established a kingdom known as Tylis (alternatively Tyle) on the Thracian coast of the Black Sea.
  230. ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2002). The Celts: A history. The Collins Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-85115-923-0. Retrieved 20 December 2011. This, however, had little effect on the Celts, who within some years reached as far as Bulgaria. There, in 298 BC, a large body of them clashed with Cassander's army on the slopes of Mount Haemos. ... The power of the Thracians had been reduced by the Macedonians, and now much of the area fell into Celtic hands. Many placenames of that area in ancient times bear witness to the presence of Celtic strongholds
  231. ^ Ivanov, Lyubomir (2007). ESSENTIAL HISTORY OF BULGARIA IN SEVEN PAGES. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 2. Retrieved 20 December 2011. In particular, in the mid-4th century a group of Goths settled in the region of Nikopolis ad Istrum (present Nikyup near Veliko Tarnovo in northern Bulgaria), where their leader Bishop Wulfila (Ulfilas) invented the Gothic alphabet and translated the Holy Bible into Gothic to produce the first book written in Germanic language.
  232. ^ Hock, Hans Heinrich (1996). Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship: an introduction to historical and comparative linguistics. Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 49. ISBN 3-11-014784-X. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The oldest extensive text is a Gothic Bible translation produced by the Gothic bishop Wulfilas (meaning 'Little Wolf') in the 4th century {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  233. ^ "Bulgaria's Treasure Hunters and the Lost Rome". Novinite. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  234. ^ Grande, Lance (2009). Gems and gemstones: Timeless natural beauty of the mineral world. The University of Chicago Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-226-30511-0. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6,000 years old (radiocarbon dated between 4,600BC and 4,200BC).
  235. ^ "The World's Oldest Cities". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  236. ^ "The monastery in the village of Zlatna Livada - the oldest in Europe" (in Bulgarian). LiterNet. 30 April 2004. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  237. ^ "Bulgaria – Profile". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  238. ^ MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 226. ISBN 1-85302-485-6. Retrieved 20 December 2011. While dancing round fires and jumping over fires forms part of many Slav customs, dancing on fire does not, and it is therefore likely that nestinarstvo was inherited by the Bulgarians from the Hellenized Thracians who inhabited the land before them.
  239. ^ "Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  240. ^ MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 65–70. ISBN 1-85302-485-6 http://books.google.bg/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC&pg=PA32&dq=bulgarian+traditions&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jHGhT6O7Ieb44QT1svTjCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=folklore&f=false. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  241. ^ Creed (2011). Masquerade and Postsocialism: Ritual and Cultural Dispossession in Bulgaria. Indiana University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-253-22261-9. {{cite book}}: Text "Gerald W." ignored (help)
  242. ^ "The Martenitsa Story". The Sofia Echo. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  243. ^ Giatzidis, Emil (2002). An Introduction to post-Communist Bulgaria: Political, economic and social transformation. Manchester University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-7190-6094-X. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Thus, with its early emphasis on Christian Orthodox scholarship, Bulgaria became the first major centre of Slavic culture
  244. ^ Riha, Thomas (1964). Readings in Russian Civilization. University of Chicago press. p. 214. ISBN 0-226-71853-0. Retrieved 20 December 2011. And it was mainly from Bulgaria that a rich supply of literary monuments was transferred to Kiev and other centres.
  245. ^ McNeill, William Hardy (1963). The Rise of the West. The University of Chicago Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-226-56141-0. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Accordingly, when Bulgaria was converted to Christianity (after 865), bringing massive Slavic-speaking populations within the pale of Christendom, a new literary language, Old Church Slavonic, directly based upon Bulgarian speech, developed for their use.
  246. ^ Ertl, Alan W (2008). Toward understanding Europe: A political precis of continental integration. Universal Publishers, Inc. p. 436. ISBN 1-59942-983-7. Retrieved 20 December 2011. At the beginning of the 10th century a new alphabet – the Cyrillic alphabet – was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School.
  247. ^ a b "Bulgaria – The arts". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The early impetus of Bulgarian traditions in the arts was cut short by the Ottoman occupation in the 14th century, and many early masterpieces were destroyed. ... the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov, an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native country ... At the beginning of the 21st century, the best-known contemporary Bulgarian artist was Christo, an environmental sculptor known for wrapping famous structures
  248. ^ "Bulgaria – The arts". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. World classics and modern foreign dramas are typically produced, as well as both modern and traditional Bulgarian plays, including those by Ivan Vazov and poet Peyo Yavorov ... These included poets such as Pencho Slaveykov, Yavorov, and Dimcho Debelyanov ... More recent authors of note include poet Atanas Slavov, Yordan Radichkov, and Blaga Dimitrova.
  249. ^ "French-Bulgarian Theorist Tzvetan Todorov Wins Top Spanish Award". Novinite. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  250. ^ Lorenz, Dagmar C. G. (17 April 2004). "Elias Canetti". Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company Limited. ISSN 1747-678X. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  251. ^ Kremenliev, Boris A. (1952). Bulgarian-Macedonian Folk Music. University of California Press. p. 52. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Bulgaria's scales are numerous, and it may be demonstrated that they are a fusion of Eastern and Western influences. ... first, Oriental scales; second, church modes: the osmoglasie ... third, the conventional scales of Western Europe. ... Among the scales which have comes to the Balkans from Asia, the pentatonic is one of the most widely used in Bulgaria. Whether it came from China or Japan, as Dobri Hristov suggests
  252. ^ "32nd Grammy Awards Winners". Grammy Awards. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  253. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1976). The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest. Westview Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-89158-530-5. John Kukuzel, the eminent Bulgarian/born reformer of Byzantine music.
  254. ^ "The 2011/2012 season of the National Opera and Ballet House". Bulgarian National Radio. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  255. ^ "Obituary: Ghena Dimitrova". The Telegraph. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  256. ^ Forbes, Elizabeth (29 June 1993). "Obituary: Boris Christoff". The Independent. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  257. ^ Kozinn, Allan (29 June 1993). "Boris Christoff, Bass, Dies at 79; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  258. ^ Grabar, André (1928). La peinture religiouse en Bulgarie. P. Geuthner. p. 95.ASIN: B005ZI4OV8
  259. ^ "Media Landscape – Bulgaria". European Journalism Centre. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  260. ^ a b Albala, Ken (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 61, 62. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
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  262. ^ "The Russians bought 81 mln. litres of Bulgarian wine". Investor Group BG. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
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  264. ^ "Bulgaria Bounces Back". Novinite. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  265. ^ a b c "Bulgaria- Sport and recreation". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. In international sports competition, Bulgarians have excelled in tennis, wrestling, boxing, and gymnastics, but the country's greatest repute may be in weight lifting. ... Fans of football (soccer), the most popular sport in Bulgaria, were buoyed by the success of the national team in the 1994 World Cup, when it advanced to the semifinal match behind the leadership of forward Hristo Stoichkov. The premier league in Bulgaria has 16 teams, of which four play in Sofia: CSKA, Levski, Slavia, and Lokomotiv.
  266. ^ "FIVB official rankings as per January 15, 2011". International Volleyball Federation (FIVB). 15 January 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  267. ^ "Hristo Stoichkov – Bulgarian League Ambassador". Professional Football Against Hunger. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
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Bibliography

  • "2011 census of Bulgaria" (PDF) (in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  • Chary, Frederick B. The History of Bulgaria (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) (2011) excerpt and text search
  • Crampton, R. J. A Concise History of Bulgaria (2005) Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-61637-9
  • Bell, John D., ed. (1998). Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Westview. ISBN 978-0-8133-9010-9
  • "Country Profile: Bulgaria" (Document). Library of Congress. 2006. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |format= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  • Curtis, Glenn E.; Mitova, Pamela (1992 research). "Country Study: Bulgaria" (Document). Library of Congress (published 1993). {{cite document}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)

Geographic data related to Bulgaria at OpenStreetMap

Government

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