Clasificación de Enfermedades y Condiciones Periodontales y Periimplantarias 2018. Primera Parte
Clasificación de Enfermedades y Condiciones Periodontales y Periimplantarias 2018. Primera Parte
Clasificación de Enfermedades y Condiciones Periodontales y Periimplantarias 2018. Primera Parte
ARTÍCULO
ESPECIAL
enfermedades como la mucositis y periimplantitis presentar una nueva clasificación apoyada en la só-
alrededor de un implante osteointegrado.8 Por ello, lida evidencia científica disponible en el campo de la
en 2017 la Academia Americana de Periodontología periodoncia y la implantología, aunque también se
(AAP) y la Federación Europea de Periodontología incluyeron las de un nivel menor y la opinión de los
(EFP) reunió a 120 expertos, 50 de cada asociación expertos, en caso de no existir datos suficientes de
y 20 del resto del mundo, con el fin de actualizar y investigación.
Vargas CAP et al. Clasificación de enfermedades y condiciones periodontales y periimplantarias 2018
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Los expertos fueron asignados en uno de los cua- a. La salud gingival clínica en un periodonto in-
tro grupos de trabajo, siendo: I. Salud periodontal, en- tacto es un periodonto estructural y clínicamente
fermedades y condiciones gingivales; II. Formas de sano, esto se refiere a la ausencia de inflamación
periodontitis; III. Manifestaciones periodontales de las o de destrucción de los tejidos periodontales (Fi-
enfermedades sistémicas y condiciones del desarrollo gura 2A).10
y adquiridas; y IV. Enfermedades y condiciones pe- b. La salud gingival clínica en presencia de un pe-
riimplantarias (Tabla 1). riodonto reducido se caracteriza por no presentar
A partir de la revisión, se publicó en 2018 la nue- eritema o edema en la encía o síntomas del pacien-
va clasificación de enfermedades y condiciones pe- te, y por la ausencia de sangrado durante el son-
riodontales y periimplantarias.9 Se publicaron 19 artí- deo en presencia de un nivel de inserción y óseo
culos y cuatro reportes de consenso respaldando los reducidos.11
cambios e incorporaciones.
La nueva clasificación de enfermedades y con- Puede presentarse en dos situaciones:
diciones periodontales y periimplantarias, así como
sus consensos, buscan que los clínicos realicen diag- i. Paciente con periodontitis estable, cuya perio-
nóstico y tratamiento a sus pacientes de una manera dontitis ha sido tratada exitosamente y los signos
apropiada, y que los científicos puedan investigar la clínicos de la enfermedad no parecen agravar la
etiología, patogenia, historia natural y el tratamiento extensión o severidad a pesar de la presencia de
de tales enfermedades y condiciones. un periodonto reducido (Figura 2B).
El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar en dos ii. Paciente sin periodontitis, que presenta un pe-
partes las principales definiciones y parámetros de riodonto reducido por recesiones gingivales o que
cada concepto de la nueva clasificación. En esta pri- fue sometido a procedimientos resectivos como el
mera parte se abordarán las dos primeras secciones. alargamiento de la corona (Figuras 2C y 2D).11
A B C D
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Figura 2: A) Salud gingival clínica en un periodonto intacto. B) Periodonto reducido con periodontitis estable. C) Periodonto
reducido sin periodontitis (con recesiones gingivales). D) Periodonto reducido sin periodontitis (por alargamiento de corona).
A) Clinical gingival health on an intact periodontium. B) Stable periodontitis patient on a reduced periodontium. C) Reduced
periodontium non periodontitis (gingival recessions). D) Reduced periodontium non periodontitis (crown lengthening).
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A B C
Figura 3: A) Gingivitis inducida sólo por biopelícula dental. B) Gingivitis mediada por factores de riesgo locales. C) Agranda-
miento gingival generalizado severo influenciado por medicamentos (fenitoína).
A) Gingivitis-dental biofilm-induced alone. B) Gingivitis mediated by local risk factors. C) Drug-influenced gingival enlargement
(phenytoin).
presentes.
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te media lingual, distolingual) en todos los dientes mación.
i. Factores predisponentes: se definen como
Con fines epidemiológicos, la gingivitis en un perio- cualquier agente o condición local que contribu-
donto intacto o reducido se define como la presencia ye a la acumulación de biopelícula dental (anato-
en igual o más de 10% de sitios de sangrado, con pro- mía dental, posición del diente, restauraciones)
fundidades al sondeo igual o menores a 3 mm.11 (Figura 3B).
ii. Factores modificadores: se definen como cual-
i. Extensión: la extensión de la gingivitis se determi- quier agente o condición que altera la manera en
na a partir de la cantidad de sitios gingivales que la cual un individuo responde a la presencia de
muestran inflamación, puede describirse como lo- biopelícula subgingival (enfermedades sistémi-
calizada o generalizada; localizada cuando presen- cas, tabaquismo, medicamentos).
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c. Agrandamiento gingival influenciado por me- - Leve: implica agrandamiento de la papila gin-
dicamentos. El agrandamiento gingival puede ser gival.
causado por medicamentos específicos como anti- - Moderado: implica agrandamiento de la papi-
epilépticos (fenitoína, valproato de sodio), bloquea- la gingival y la encía marginal.
dores de canal de calcio (nifedipina, verapamilo, - Severo: implica agrandamiento de la papila gin-
diltiazem, amlodipina, felodipina) e inmunorregula- gival, del margen gingival y la encía adherida.12
dores (ciclosporina), mismos que promueven ma-
yor acumulación de biopelícula dental y una infla- 3. Enfermedades gingivales no
mación gingival más severa. inducidas por biopelícula dental
Para ser considerado un agrandamiento gingival in-
ducido por medicamentos, el tamaño debe ser ma- Las lesiones gingivales no inducidas por biopelícula
yor de lo que normalmente se esperaría de una re- dental con frecuencia son manifestaciones de condi-
acción inflamatoria en los tejidos gingivales; al igual ciones sistémicas, pero también pueden presentarse
que la gingivitis puede clasificarse por extensión y por cambios patológicos limitados a los tejidos gingi-
severidad (Figura 3C). vales.14
i. Extensión: se determina como agrandamiento gin-
gival localizado cuando el agrandamiento se limita La clasificación de enfermedades y condiciones no
a la encía en relación con un solo diente o grupo inducidas por biopelícula dental están basadas en su
de dientes; mientras que el agrandamiento gingival etiología e incluyen:
generalizado implica la encía de toda la boca.12
ii. Severidad: la severidad del agrandamiento gin- • Trastornos genéticos o del desarrollo.
gival se clasifica en: • Infecciones específicas.
a.Estadios:
I. Periodontitis inicial
II. Periodontitis moderada
III. Periodontitis severa con potencial para pérdida
2.Periodontitis como
II. Formas de dental adicional
manifestación de
periodontitis IV. Periodontitis avanzada con potencial para
enfermedades sistémicas
pérdida de la dentición
b. Extensión y distribución:
Localizada
Generalizada
Patrón incisivo-molar Figura 4:
c. Grados:
A (tasa de progresión lenta)
Formas de periodontitis.9
3. Periodontitis B (tasa de progresión moderada)
C (tasa de progresión severa)
Forms of periodontitis.
En esta nueva clasificación se estableció que la gin- Existen enfermedades y condiciones sistémicas que
givitis ulcerosa necrosante y la periodontitis ulcerosa pueden afectar los tejidos periodontales, ya sea por:
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1. Trastornos sistémicos que tienen un gran impacto en la pérdida de tejido periodontal al influir en la inflamación periodontal
1.1 Trastornos genéticos
1.1.1 Enfermedades asociadas a trastornos inmunológicos
Síndrome de Down Q90.9
Síndromes de deficiencia de adhesión de leucocitos D72.0
Síndrome de Papillon-Lefèvre Q82.8
Síndrome de Haim-Munk Q82.8
Síndrome de Chédiak-Higashi E70.3
Neutropenia severa
Neutropenia congénita (síndrome de Kostmann) D70.0
Neutropenia cíclica D70.4
Enfermedades de inmunodeficiencia primaria
Enfermedad granulomatosa crónica D71.0
Síndromes de hiperinmunoglobulina E D82.9
Síndrome de Cohen Q87.8
1.1.2 Enfermedades que afectan la mucosa oral y el tejido gingival
Epidermólisis bullosa
Epidermólisis bullosa distrófica Q81.2
Síndrome de Kindler Q81.8
Deficiencia de plasminógeno D68.2
1.1.3 Enfermedades que afectan los tejidos conectivos
Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos (tipos IV, VIII) Q79.6
Angioedema (deficiencia de inhibidor de C1) D84.1
Lupus eritematoso sistémico M32.9
1.1.4 Trastornos metabólicos y endócrinos
Enfermedad de almacenamiento de glucógeno E74.0
Enfermedad de Gaucher E75.2
Hipofosfatasia E83.30
Raquitismo hipofosfatémico E83.31
Síndrome de Hajdu-Cheney Q78.8
Diabetes mellitus E10 (tipo 1), E11 (tipo 2)
Obesidad E66.9
Osteoporosis M81.9
1.2 Enfermedades de inmunodeficiencia adquirida
Neutropenia adquirida D70.9
Infección por VIH B24
1.3 Enfermedades inflamatorias
Epidermólisis bullosa adquirida L12.3
Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal K50, K51.9, K52.9
Artritis (artritis reumatoide, osteoartritis) M05, M06, M15‐M19
2. Otros trastornos sistémicos que influyen en la patogenia de las enfermedades periodontales
Estrés emocional y depresión F32.9
Tabaquismo (dependencia a la nicotina) F17
Medicamentos
3. Trastornos sistémicos que pueden provocar la pérdida de tejido periodontal independiente de la periodontitis
3.1 Neoplasias
Tumores odontogénicos
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Enfermedades neoplásicas primarias del tejido periodontal
Cáncer de células escamosas orales C03.0-1
D48.0
Otras neoplasias primarias del tejido periodontal C41.0
Neoplasias metastásicas secundarias del tejido periodontal C06.8
3.2 Otros trastornos que pueden afectar el tejido periodontal
Granulomatosis con poliangitis M31.3
Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans C96.6
Granulomas de células gigantes K10.1
Hiperparatiroidismo E21.0
Esclerosis sistémica (esclerodermia) M34.9
Síndrome de Gorham-Stout M89.5
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• Influir en el inicio o progresión de la periodontitis. Las enfermedades y condiciones que afectan los
• Afectar los tejidos de soporte periodontal, indepen- tejidos de soporte periodontal sin presentar periodon-
dientemente de la inflamación inducida por la bio- titis se incluirán en la segunda parte del artículo.
película dental. La Tabla 3 enlista estas enfermedades y condicio-
nes sistémicas que afectan el aparato de inserción pe-
Las enfermedades y condiciones sistémicas que influ- riodontal e incluye los códigos de diagnóstico dados
yen en el inicio o progresión de la periodontitis incluyen: por la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades en
su 10ª edición (ICD-10).18
• Enfermedades y condiciones sistémicas raras que
afectan el curso de la periodontitis como el síndro-
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me de Papillon-Lefevre, deficiencia de adhesión
3. Periodontitis
Estadio I
Estadio II
Estadio III
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Estadio IV Figura 5:
B Tasa de progresión
Grado de periodontitis A Tasa de progresión lenta moderada C Tasa de progresión rápida
Criterio Evidencia directa Datos longitudinales Sin evidencia de pérdida Pérdida ósea Pérdida ósea igual o mayor a
principal de progresión (pérdida ósea en más de 5 años menor de 2 mm 2 mm en más de 5 años
radiográfica o PIC) en más de 5 años
Evidencia % de pérdida ósea/años Menor 0.25 0.25 a 1.0 Mayor 1.0
indirecta de
progresión Tipo de fenotipo Gran cantidad de depósitos Destrucción acorde La destrucción excede las
de biopelícula con bajos con los depósitos expectativas esperadas para
niveles de destrucción de biopelícula los depósitos de biopelícula;
patrones clínicos específicos
que sugieren períodos de
progresión rápida o enfermedad
de inicio temprano (ejemplo,
patrón molar/incisivo, falta de
respuesta esperada a las terapias
estándar de control bacteriano)
Modificadores Factores de Tabaquismo No fumador Fumador Fumador
de grado riesgo Menos de 10 Igual o más 10 cigarrillos al día
cigarrillos al día
Diabetes Normoglucémicos o sin HbA1c HbA1c (hemoglobina glucosilada)
diagnóstico de diabetes (hemoglobina Igual o más 7.0% en
glucosilada) pacientes con diabetes
0.20
Grado B: tasa de progresión moderada, rango de 0.25 a 1.0
Figura 7:
ABSTRACT
www.medigraphic.org.mx students and clinicians in the first of two parts. Group I (Periodontal
health and gingival diseases and conditions) and group II (Forms of
periodontitis) will be addressed in this first part.
in an ordered way. They must be useful; they have to This paper aims to present in two parts the main
cover different categories in which every element of a definitions and parameters of each concept of the new
group has its own place to avoid its location in more classification. In this first part the first two sections will
than one class; they also need to be simple enough to be addressed.
use them in practical applying.1
Classifications of periodontal diseases and I. PERIODONTAL HEALTH, GINGIVAL
conditions have been proposed by the American DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Academy of Periodontology in 1986, 1989 2 y 19993
and by the European Federation of Periodontology 1. Periodontal health
in 1993, 4 according to their etiology, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. These were Periodontal health is defined as the state free
changing or modifying according to the evidence that of inflammatory periodontal disease, which, in turn
scientific research was producing. means the absence of inflammation associated
The 1999 Classification of Periodontal Diseases 3 gingivitis, periodontitis or other clinically supported or
was valid during 18 years, despite its weakness, for diagnosed periodontal condition.10
example, the criteria to diagnose severe generalized The consensus of opinion proposes to differentiate
chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis and two situations in periodontal health, depending
periodontitis as a manifestation of a systemic disease, on whether it is found on an intact or reduced
weren’t clear. Furthermore, it didn’t determine features periodontium (Figure 1).10
related to periodontal health.
During this time, scientific research has produced a. Clinical gingival health on an intact periodontium
new data related to the impact of genetic, local is a structurally and clinically healthy periodontium;
or systemic risk factors in periodontal diseases, 5,6 this refers to the absence of inflammation or
the inflammatory-immune response to microbial destruction of the periodontal issues (Figure 2A).10
aggression 7 and the emergence of new diseases b. C l i n i c a l g i n g i v a l h e a l t h o n a r e d u c e d
such as mucositis and periimplantitis around an periodontium is characterized by the absence of
osseointegrated implant. 8 Due to this situation, in bleeding on probing, erythema or edema, patient
2017 the American Academy of Periodontology and symptoms or attachment and bone loss.11
the European Federation of Periodontology brought
together 120 experts, 50 from each association and It might occur in two situations:
20 from all over the world to update and present
a new classification based on scientific evidence i. Patient with stable periodontitis whose disease
available in periodontology and implantology; some has been successfully treated and the clinical
other lower-level evidence and expert opinion were signs of the disease do not seem to aggravate the
included, in case sufficient research data were extent or severity despite the presence of a reduced
unavailable. periodontium (Figure 2B).
The experts were assigned to one of the four ii. Non- periodontitis patient, who presents a
working groups: I. Periodontal health and gingival reduced periodontium due to gingival recessions
diseases and conditions; II. Forms of periodontitis; or who underwent resection procedures such as
III. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases crown lengthening (Figures 2C y 2D).11
and developmental and acquired conditions; IV. Peri-
implant diseases and conditions (Table 1). For epidemiological purposes, it is defined as a case
From the review, in 2018 a new classification of of gingival health on an intact or reduced periodontium
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periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions when it is lower than 10% at the bleeding points and
was published. 9 19 articles and four consensus probing depth equal to or less than 3 mm.11
reports indorsing changes and additions were
published. 2. Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis
The new classification of periodontal and peri-implant
diseases and conditions, as well as their consensus a. Gingivitis associated with dental biofilm alone.
reports, seek that clinician carry out diagnosis and Gingivitis associated with dental biofilm alone is
treatments of patients appropriately, and scientists can an inflammatory lesion produced by the interaction
research the etiology, pathogenesis, natural history and of dental biofilm and the inflammatory-immune
treatment of such diseases and conditions. host response; it encompasses just the gingiva no
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affecting the periodontal attachment (cementum- b. Gingivitis mediated by local and systemic risk
periodontal ligament and alveolar bone).11 factors. Even though dental biofilm is this disease
Depending on the fact that if dental biofilm-induced etiological factor, gingivitis clinical manifestations
gingival inflammation appears on an intact or might vary according to predisposing and modifying
reduced periodontium or if it refers to a case of factors 10 which can exacerbate the clinical
stable periodontitis diagnose, gingivitis can be inflammation signs (Figure 3B).
classified as: i. Predisposing factors: they are defined as any
agent or local condition that contributes to dental
• Gingivitis on an intact periodontium. biofilm accumulation (dental anatomy, tooth
• Gingivitis on a reduced periodontium with stable position, restorations).
periodontitis. ii. Modifying factors: they are defined as any
• Gingivitis on a reduced periodontium with agent or condition that impairs the host response
no periodontitis (gingival recession, crown to subgingival biofilm (systemic diseases,
lengthening).11 smoking, medications).
The most common signs include erythema, c. Drug-influenced gingival enlargement. Gingival
gingival swelling, edema, bleeding, and halitosis. The enlargement might be produced by specific
intensity of clinical signs and symptoms varies among medications like antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin,
individuals, as well as among sites within the dentition sodium valproate) calcium channel bloquers
(Figure 3A).12 (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem, amlodipine,
A case of gingivitis can be defined simply by felodipine) and immunoregulators (cyclosporine)
measuring bleeding on probing, determined as the which cause a greater accumulation of dental
number of bleeding sites (dichotomous assessment biofilm and a more severe inflammation.
of present/absent response) when probing from the A drug-induced gingival enlargement is larger than
gingival margin to the bottom of the sulcus, controlling might be expected from a standard inflammatory re-
the force with a periodontal probe (~0.25 N) in six places action in the gingival tissues. It can be classified by
(mesial-buccal, mid buccal area, distal-buccal, mesial- its extent and severity (Figure 3C).
lingual, mid lingual area, distal-lingual) on all teeth. i. Extent: localized gingival enlargement occurs
For epidemiological purposes, gingivitis on an intact when enlargement is limited to the gingiva in
or reduced periodontium is defined when bleeding relation to a single tooth or group of teeth, while
sites are lower than 10% and probing depth equal or generalized enlargement involves the gingiva
less than 3 mm.11 throughout the mouth.12
ii. Severity: gingival enlargement severity is
i. Extent: extent of gingivitis is determined from the classified as:
inflamed gingival sites amount and it might be
localized (10 to 30% bleeding sites) or generalized a. Mild gingival enlargement involves enlargement of
(over 30% bleeding sites).11 the gingival papilla.
ii. Severity: severity of inflammation in a site, tooth, b. Moderate gingival enlargement involves enlargement
or the entire dentition is determined based on the of the gingival papilla and marginal gingiva.
gingival index described by Löe13 and includes: c. Severe gingival enlargement involves enlargement
of the gingival papilla, gingival margin and attached
a. Mild gingival inflammation: involves minor change gingiva.12
in color and little change in the texture of the tissue.
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b. Moderate gingival inflammation involves an area 3. Gingival diseases non dental biofilm- induced.
with glazing, redness, edema enlargement and
bleeding upon probing. The gingival diseases non dental biofilm-induced
c. Severe gingival inflammation: it implies an area of are often systemic condition manifestations and they
overt redness and edema with tendency toward can appear due to pathological changes in gingival
bleeding when touched rather than probed. tissues.14
There is no sound evidence to differentiate between The classification of diseases and conditions non
mild, moderate, and severe gingivitis, so definitions dental biofilm-induced is supported by its etiology and
remain a matter of professional opinion. it includes:
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Table 2 lists these diseases and conditions not 2. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases
induced by dental biofilm.
Some systemic diseases and conditions can affect
II. FORMS OF PERIODONTITIS periodontal tissues either by:
This new classification established that necrotizing Diseases and conditions that affect the periodontal
ulcerative gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative supporting tissues in non-periodontitis case will be
periodontitis must be jointly denominated «necrotizing included in the second part of the paper.
periodontal diseases», which have three typical Table 3 lists the systemic diseases and conditions
features: necrosis of the interdental papilla,gingival affecting the periodontal attachment apparatus
bleeding and pain; they’re associated a low systemic and it includes diagnose codes by the International
resistance to bacterial infection.16 Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10).18
Stage I refers to incipient periodontitis. Stage II shouldn’t back to a lower level since the original stage
refers to moderate periodontitis. Stage III refers complexity factor must be taken into account during
to severe periodontitis and tooth loss risk. Stage the maintenance phase management.19
IV refers to advanced periodontitis and tooth loss It should be noted that these definitions are useful if
risk.19 applying together with a sound clinical discernment to
Stages and rate of progression should be get an adequate diagnose.19
stablished in each case, using clinical history,
periodontal clinical data and radiological images. c. Grades. The grade is an indicator of the speed
or rate of progression of periodontitis that could
Severity is determined by three elements: be slow (A), moderate (B) or rapid (C). The main
criterion for qualification can be obtained through:
• Interdental clinical attachment loss (CAL).
• Radiographic bone loss. Direct evidence of progression: the overtime
• Tooth loss. archived data on radiographs that show either the
bone loss or clinical attachment loss.
Interdental clinical attachment loss should be Indirect evidence of progression: in absence of
measured at the most affected site. Radiographic previous data on radiographic bone loss or clinical
bone loss is assessed by the root bone support loss attachment, grading is possible taking into account
and tooth loss is calculated by the number of missing the current bone loss percentage of the most affected
teeth attributable to periodontitis. tooth by patient’s age. Grade A corresponds when
Complexity aims to control the current disease result is < 0.25, grade B covers from 0.25 to 1.0 and
and management of both, function and aesthetics. It grade C when > 1.0 (Figure 6).19
is determined by local factors such as probing depth,
type of bone loss (horizontal or vertical), furcation Indirect evidence of progression can also be
involvement, ridge defects, as well as the necessity determined by tissues response to dental biofilm
of a complex rehabilitation due to a masticatory presence which could show low levels of destruction,
dysfunction, secondary occlusal trauma, bite collapse destruction consistent to biofilm deposits or great
and the number of remaining teeth. destruction and no expected response to standard
periodontal therapies for its control.
b. Extent and distribution. Periodontitis extent refers Grade modifiers refer to smoking or diabetes risk
to the destroyed and damaged tissue amount due factors, increasing grade according to the number
to periodontitis. It is determined from periodontally of smoked cigarettes per day or to the glycated
affected teeth, as localized (< 30% teeth involved) hemoglobin HbA1c levels in diabetic patients.19
and generalized (> 30% teeth involved). A molar/ Table 5 shows the parameters for grading and
incisor distribution is given it when first molar and Figure 7 exemplifies clinical cases for each grade.
incisors are affected).19 Clinicians should start with B grade and then look
Table 4 shows the parameters to assign the stages for specific evidence for shifting to A or C grade, if
and Figure 5 exemplify clinical cases for each available. Once the grade has been established, it can
stage. be modified based in presence of risk factors.19
Primarily, staging should use clinical attachment The C-reactive protein (CRP) values depict the
loss (CAL); if not available then radiographic bone sum of the patient’s systemic inflammation, which may
loss should be used and if this latter is not available, be partly influenced by periodontitis, but it also might
tooth loss caused by periodontitis should be used.19 due to other causes to determine with the patient’s
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Some cases could have only a few complexity physician. In the future it will be possible to integrate
factors; just a single factor is enough for shifting to the information given by biomarkers (saliva, gingival
a higher stage,19 for example: crevicular fluid and blood serum) to the grades of
• Furcation II or III involvement might shift to III or periodontitis.19
IV stages regardless the clinical attachment loss.
• Tooth mobility grade 2 or higher-with or without CONCLUSION
posterior bite collapse- would indicate stage IV.
In this first part, main definitions and parameters of
If the treatment has eliminated the factors which periodontal health, gingival diseases, and conditions,
produced the stage changing, this one stage as well as the forms of periodontitis, were presented.
Vargas CAP et al. Clasificación de enfermedades y condiciones periodontales y periimplantarias 2018
26
Definitions of periodontal health in different 10. Lang NP, Bartold PM. Periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2018;
situations, gingivitis according to its severity and 89 Suppl 1: S9-S16.
11. Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, Bartold PM, Dommisch
extension, as well as periodontitis by stages and H, Eickholz P et al. Periodontal health and gingival diseases
degrees, seek to facilitate the diagnosis and decision- and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium:
making regarding the prognosis and treatment for Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop
each specific case. on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases
and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45 Suppl 20:
For better understanding, the reader should rely S68-S77.
on articles published by the American Academy of 12. Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental
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