- Psychologist, researcher, writer, with 20 years of an integral work to explain and change human suffering from the cradle to the grave.edit
El estudio del apego de los bebés con sus madres es objeto de las ciencias médicas y sociales, investigándose desde la actividad genética hasta los efectos de la cultura. Como parte de la gran diversidad de estudios, una problemática... more
El estudio del apego de los bebés con sus madres es objeto de las ciencias médicas y sociales, investigándose desde la actividad genética hasta los efectos de la cultura. Como parte de la gran diversidad de estudios, una problemática de investigación fundamental es comprender si y cómo las conductas maternales influyen en el desarrollo de la calidad y tipo de apego del infante. En la actualidad, las propuestas han sido muy generales, no pudiéndose evidenciar modelos predictivos significativos. El presente estudio analiza si un modelo especÃfico de conductas maternales puede predecir la calidad y patrón de apego durante los primeros dos años de vida del bebé, controlando la salud mental de ambos, a través de una metodologÃa microobservacional experimental. Se evaluó a 103 madres y sus infantes (de 15 a 20 meses) a través de dos procedimientos de microobservación: situación extraña y AMBIANCE. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logÃstica multinomial para verificar...
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Background: Bullying is common in schools and has negative consequences. It can be assessed using a self-reported instrument. Aim: To validate a Spanish self-reporting tool called "Survey of High School Bullying Abuse of Power" (MIAP).... more
Background: Bullying is common in schools and has negative consequences. It can be assessed using a self-reported instrument. Aim: To validate a Spanish self-reporting tool called "Survey of High School Bullying Abuse of Power" (MIAP). Material and methods: The instrument has 13 questions, of which 7 are multiple choice, rendering a total of 49 items. It was applied to 2.341 children of seventh and eighth grade attending private, subsidized and municipal schools in the city of Concepción, Chile. Expert judge analysis and estimated reliability using the Cronbach Alpha were used to validate the survey. Results: The instrument obtained a Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.8892, classified as good. This analysis generated four scales that explained 30.9% of the variance. They were called "Witness Bullying" with 18 items, accounting for 11.4% of the variance, "Bullying Victim" with 12 items, accounting for 7.5% of the variance, "Bullying Perpetrator and Severe bullying Victim", with 10 items explaining 6.4% of the variance and "Aggressor Bullying" with 6 items accounting for 5.7% of the variance. Conclusions: The MIAP can recognize four basic factors that facilitate the analysis and understanding of bullying, with good levels of reliability and validity. The remaining questions also deliver valuable information.
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Background It is unknown how much variation in adult mental health problems is associated with differences between societal/cultural groups, over and above differences between individuals. Methods To test these relative contributions, a... more
Background It is unknown how much variation in adult mental health problems is associated with differences between societal/cultural groups, over and above differences between individuals. Methods To test these relative contributions, a consortium of indigenous researchers collected Adult Self-Report (ASR) ratings from 16 906 18- to 59-year-olds in 28 societies that represented seven culture clusters identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study (e.g. Confucian, Anglo). The ASR is scored on 17 problem scales, plus a personal strengths scale. Hierarchical linear modeling estimated variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. Multi-level analyses of covariance tested age and gender effects. Results Across the 17 problem scales, the variance accounted for by individual differences ranged from 80.3% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems to 95.2% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality (mean = 90.7%); by society: 3.2% for DSM-oriented somatic problems to 8.0% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 6.3%); and by culture cluster: 0.0% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality to 11.6% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 3.0%). For strengths, individual differences accounted for 80.8% of variance, societal differences 10.5%, and cultural differences 8.7%. Age and gender had very small effects. Conclusions Overall, adults' self-ratings of mental health problems and strengths were associated much more with individual differences than societal/cultural differences, although this varied across scales. These findings support cross-cultural use of standardized measures to assess mental health problems, but urge caution in assessment of personal strengths.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Developmental Psychology, Child Development, Chile, and 12 moreInfant Mental Health, Medicine, Tradition, Population, Humans, Infant, Normative, Caregivers, Institutionalisation, Guidance and Counseling Intervention Programs, Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, and Object Attachment
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Early temperament attributes have been linked to emerging behaviour problems and significant long‐term consequences; however, these relations are rarely examined cross‐culturally. The present study addresses this gap, employing multilevel... more
Early temperament attributes have been linked to emerging behaviour problems and significant long‐term consequences; however, these relations are rarely examined cross‐culturally. The present study addresses this gap, employing multilevel modelling to explain within‐ and between‐culture variances with respect to temperament predicting a spectrum of behaviour problems across 14 nations from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC). A total of 865 children between 17 and 40 months, with approximately equal age distribution across this developmental period and about equivalent representation of genders, were recruited from 14 nations. Greater negative emotionality was associated with more internalizing problems, whereas higher surgency and effortful control predicted fewer internalizing difficulties. Controlling for age and gender, temperament explained significant within‐ and between‐culture variances in internalizing and externalizing problems (at the broad‐band and fine‐grained levels), as well as sleep problems. For internalizing difficulties, temperament accounted for more between‐culture variance. In contrast, for externalizing difficulties, temperament accounted more for how individuals within the same culture differed from their same‐culture counterparts. The within‐culture findings suggest universal patterns of temperament‐problem relations, informing cultural adaptation of interventions; between‐culture findings enhance understanding of the implications of the cultural niche for normative behaviour and adjustment.
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After a brief discussion on cultural issues relevant to the attachment literature, the chapter focuses on an educational and interventional program which is being implemented in Chile. This is presented as an example of a program... more
After a brief discussion on cultural issues relevant to the attachment literature, the chapter focuses on an educational and interventional program which is being implemented in Chile. This is presented as an example of a program attempting to promote the mental health of young children by promoting strategies to alleviate difficult live experiences. These include children in orphanages. In Chile as in most countries, foster care is rarely employed to raise children whose parents are unable to do so. The conditions in orphanages although physically adequate, often do not take into account the emotional needs of young children. Other programs that we have implemented and will be described in this chapter occur in child care settings. The national model to promote secure attachment includes mentalization-based techniques taught to caregivers and parents to appreciate the mental states and attachment needs of young children, and the impact on caregivers of infant and young child behaviors. This can be called self-mentalization. These skills are taught to caregivers in small groups and promote increased emotional sensitivity in caregivers, who appreciate the importance of their own mental states when dealing with children, and to become more aware of the meaning of distress behavior in infants and preschoolers.
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El modelo cognitivo postracionalista se adelantó a sus tiempos en toda una serie de planteamientos epistemológicos y psicológicos. Su noción constructivista evolutiva tiene, hasta el día de hoy, implicaciones paradigmáticas para el... more
El modelo cognitivo postracionalista se adelantó a sus tiempos en toda una serie de planteamientos epistemológicos y psicológicos. Su noción constructivista evolutiva tiene, hasta el día de hoy, implicaciones paradigmáticas para el quehacer de las ciencias de la vida mental, que ni el propio enfoque pudo asumir completa y revolucionariamente. La dinámica circular corporalizada entre observador-observado obliga a cambios (y anulaciones) en la manera de explicar, clasificar e intervenir en lo que se suele llamar “psicopatología”. Bajo una fuerte influencia postracionalista, pero integrando concepciones actuales en la noción de sistemas complejos, la teoría del apego, la neuroafectividad, y los enfoques actuales sobre el desarrollo, el presente artículo articula los principios de una aproximación que busca completar y asumir enteramente la postura evolucionista de la complejidad planteada por Vittorio Guidano. Esta aproximación busca reformular tanto las nociones sobre el legado del apego temprano en el funcionamiento del sí-mimo, así como sus repercusiones para la psicopatología y la intervención psicoterapeutica.
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The first ex utero human action is, in most cases, crying—an ethological behavioral response preserved through species, beyond purely mammalian. A response often invoked as a visible sign of life, crying behavior will accompany the... more
The first ex utero human action is, in most cases, crying—an ethological behavioral response preserved through species, beyond purely mammalian. A response often invoked as a visible sign of life, crying behavior will accompany the newborn through life and represent different meanings and emotions as the individual ages and develops. Beyond the “proof of life,” crying and irritability pose and lead to intense experiences in caregivers that affect neuroendocrine responses. Such reactions are also modulated by the sociocultural circumstances within which the child and caregiver reside. The culture of the caregiver impacts the perception of the crying. These factors also influence the way the infant is attended to and the subsequent responses from his or her growing mind. The caregiver responses vary enormously, in a spectrum that goes from sensitivity to hostility, from benign to malignant. With persistent or excessive crying there is a risk of harming the child. This chapter explores the ethological, neurobiological, and behavioral aspects of infant crying and irritability and provides examples of its modulation within different cultural and social circumstances, including how these affect the perception and interpretation of this otherwise vital action.
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Research Interests: Developmental Psychology, Assessment, Medicine, Humans, Female, and 15 moreConfirmatory factor analysis, Male, Checklist, Infant, Mental Disorders, Incidence, Multicultural, CBCL, Cross Sectional Studies, Child Behavior Checklist, Child preschool, Child behavior disorders, Affective symptoms, mass Screening, and Medical and Health Sciences
Research Interests: Developmental Psychology, Personality Assessment, Medicine, Humans, Female, and 15 moreConfirmatory factor analysis, Male, Checklist, Infant, Mental Disorders, Incidence, CBCL, Cross Sectional Studies, Environment, Child Behavior Checklist, Child preschool, Child behavior disorders, Affective symptoms, mass Screening, and Medical and Health Sciences
Background It is unknown how much variation in adult mental health problems is associated with differences between societal/cultural groups, over and above differences between individuals. Methods To test these relative contributions, a... more
Background It is unknown how much variation in adult mental health problems is associated with differences between societal/cultural groups, over and above differences between individuals. Methods To test these relative contributions, a consortium of indigenous researchers collected Adult Self-Report (ASR) ratings from 16 906 18- to 59-year-olds in 28 societies that represented seven culture clusters identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study (e.g. Confucian, Anglo). The ASR is scored on 17 problem scales, plus a personal strengths scale. Hierarchical linear modeling estimated variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. Multi-level analyses of covariance tested age and gender effects. Results Across the 17 problem scales, the variance accounted for by individual differences ranged from 80.3% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems to 95.2% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality (mea...
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ObjectivesThe present study examined parental sleep-supporting practices during toddlerhood in relation to temperament across 14 cultures. We hypothesized that passive sleep-supporting techniques (e.g., talking, cuddling), but not active... more
ObjectivesThe present study examined parental sleep-supporting practices during toddlerhood in relation to temperament across 14 cultures. We hypothesized that passive sleep-supporting techniques (e.g., talking, cuddling), but not active techniques (e.g., walking, doing an activity together), would be associated with less challenging temperament profiles: higher Surgency (SUR) and Effortful Control (EC) and lower Negative Emotionality (NE), with fine-grained dimensions exhibiting relationships consistent with their overarching factors (e.g., parallel passive sleep-supporting approach effects for dimensions of NE).MethodsCaregivers (N = 841) across 14 cultures (M = 61 families per site) reported toddler (between 17 and 40 months of age; 52% male) temperament and sleep-supporting activities. Utilizing linear multilevel regression models and group-mean centering procedures, we assessed the role of between- and within-cultural variance in sleep-supporting practices in relation to temper...
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... un tercio del apego inseguro 26,9%. Diversos estudios han mostrado una ... van Ijzendoorn, & Kroonenberg, 2004; van Ijzendoorn, Schuengel, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 1999 ... vulnerabilidad socio-económica (por... more
... un tercio del apego inseguro 26,9%. Diversos estudios han mostrado una ... van Ijzendoorn, & Kroonenberg, 2004; van Ijzendoorn, Schuengel, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 1999 ... vulnerabilidad socio-económica (por ejemplo, comparándola con el estudio Bakerman-Kranenburg et ...
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Research Interests: Psychology and Routledge
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item... more
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item factor analysis by Marcus Waldman, Dana Charles McCoy, Jonathan Seiden, Jorge Cuartas, CREDI Field Team and Günther Fink in International Journal of Behavioral Development
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item... more
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item factor analysis by Marcus Waldman, Dana Charles McCoy, Jonathan Seiden, Jorge Cuartas, CREDI Field Team and Günther Fink in International Journal of Behavioral Development
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item... more
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item factor analysis by Marcus Waldman, Dana Charles McCoy, Jonathan Seiden, Jorge Cuartas, CREDI Field Team and Günther Fink in International Journal of Behavioral Development
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-4-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item... more
Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-4-jbd-10.1177_01650254211005560 for Validation of motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional subscales using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments: An application of multidimensional item factor analysis by Marcus Waldman, Dana Charles McCoy, Jonathan Seiden, Jorge Cuartas, CREDI Field Team and Günther Fink in International Journal of Behavioral Development
Television exposure in early childhood has increased, with concerns raised regarding adverse effects on social-emotional development, and emerging self-regulation in particular. The present study addressed television exposure (i.e.,... more
Television exposure in early childhood has increased, with concerns raised regarding adverse effects on social-emotional development, and emerging self-regulation in particular. The present study addressed television exposure (i.e., amount of time watching TV) and its associations with toddler behavioral/emotional dysregulation, examining potential differences across 14 cultures. The sample consisted of an average of 60 toddlers from each of the 14 countries from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC; Gartstein & Putnam, 2018). Analyses were conducted relying on the multi-level modeling framework (MLM), accounting for between- and within-culture variability, and examining the extent to which TV exposure contributions were universal vs. variable across sites. Effects of time watching TV were evaluated in relation to temperament reactivity and regulation, as well as measures of emotional reactivity, attention difficulties, and aggression. Results indicated that more time spent watching TV was associated with higher ratings on Negative Emotionality, emotional reactivity, aggression, and attention problems, as well as lower levels of soothability. However, links between TV exposure and both attention problems and soothability varied significantly between cultures. Taken together, results demonstrate that increased time spent watching television was generally associated with dysregulation, although effects were not consistently uniform, but rather varied as a function of culturally-dependent contextual factors.