RÉSUMÉ L'objectif principal de cette recherche est de générer une information pour modéliser la géomorphologie actuelle et ancienne de la région. Les techniques d'analyse d'images constituent l'un des meilleurs outils pour... more
RÉSUMÉ L'objectif principal de cette recherche est de générer une information pour modéliser la géomorphologie actuelle et ancienne de la région. Les techniques d'analyse d'images constituent l'un des meilleurs outils pour la cartographie géomorphologique dans la région étant donné que les principales formes de terrain (paléodunes et caractéristiques de drainage) sont peu visibles sur le terrain en raison du faible relief et du couvert herbeux dense. Des images RADARSAT-1 en mode faisceau 2 large ont été fusionnées avec une image Landsat TM. Trois grandes unités géomorphologiques ont été différenciées: la chaîne Tandilia, la frange éolienne (marginale par rapport à la chaîne Tandilia) et la plaine fluvio-éolienne. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus par l'intégration d'images RADARSAT-1 durant les périodes sèches et de l'image Landsat durant les périodes humides, spécialement dans la plaine fluvio-éolienne. La zone correspond à une topographie de relief très plat (pente<1%) caractérisé par des dunes longitudinales et paraboliques silteuses et des cuvettes de déflation et des lunettes associées. Un système de drainage constitué de rigoles sous-parallèles courtes est superposé à la topographie relique. Les formes éoliennes de terrain n'avaient jamais été décelées avant que ces images ne soient analysées grâce au contraste entre la topographie et l'humidité du sol qui apporte une information plus détaillée. Les données Landsat TM ont fourni une information utile sur l'utilisation du sol alors que les formes géomorphologiques ne pouvaient être reconnues que sur les images RADARSAT.
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... Geometry and Soil Moisture A. BEAUDOIN, THUY LE rOAN. AND QH 1. GWY)J ... 4. C-SAR survey configuration. (a) Flight lines. (h) Acquisition mode_ le) Example of a C-SAR image of the test site. ... fI .- , 2 ,... r ' ; 6 j , 0 1, I... more
... Geometry and Soil Moisture A. BEAUDOIN, THUY LE rOAN. AND QH 1. GWY)J ... 4. C-SAR survey configuration. (a) Flight lines. (h) Acquisition mode_ le) Example of a C-SAR image of the test site. ... fI .- , 2 ,... r ' ; 6 j , 0 1, I \ {\ ft r I, /1> A /o"A 'l A ai 4 '-2: I' V \J f" 'vy! ...
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Two main source areas of heavy minerals in tills have been defined in the Great Lakes region: a source in the Superior and Southern Provinces and another in the Grenville Province. The Superior–Southern source is typified by low heavy... more
Two main source areas of heavy minerals in tills have been defined in the Great Lakes region: a source in the Superior and Southern Provinces and another in the Grenville Province. The Superior–Southern source is typified by low heavy mineral content and high epidote percentage in contrast to the Grenville source which has a high content of heavy minerals of which garnet, tremolite, and to a lesser extent sphene and orthopyroxene are characteristic. The Huron lobe tills have a mineral suite characteristic of the Superior–Southern source. Two subsources can be distinguished in the Superior–Southern area; however, they are too limited in extent to be characteristic of major glacial lobes. Two other subsources have been identified in the Grenville provenance area: a western Grenville subsource containing abundant garnet and having a low purple–red garnet ratio; and an eastern Grenville subsource distinguished by high garnet and tremolite content and a garnet ratio generally greater tha...
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Co-édité par: Université nationale de Côte d'Ivoir
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The differentiation between various surficial deposits and bedrock on Anticosti Island is difficult because of the dense and homogeneous forest cover and because of the subdued topography. Remote sensing allows us to solve this problem by... more
The differentiation between various surficial deposits and bedrock on Anticosti Island is difficult because of the dense and homogeneous forest cover and because of the subdued topography. Remote sensing allows us to solve this problem by making use of the physical characteristics of Quaternary deposits and the weathered bedrock, which influence internal drainage and the availability of soil moisture to the vegetation. A spectral simulation of LANDSAT-4 was made using an airborne Daedalus 1260, 11-channel scanner. Several supervised classifications of the digital images were made using test sites studied in the field. Using the raw data from Thematic Mapper bands TM2, TM3, TM4, and TM7, the geologic environments and the ecodynamic units could be distinguished with 70% accuracy. However, the integration of bands TM2 and TM4 with the vegetation index (VI) = [(TM4 – TM3)/(TM4 + TM3)] and the algorithme (A) = [(TM7 − VI)/(TM7 + VI)] resulted in a classification accuracy of 80%. Band TM7...
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What are contemporary theology’s challenges? What are its fruitful approaches? Who are its promising contributors? The contributions to this collection of essays try to find answers to these questions by making references to the Dutch... more
What are contemporary theology’s challenges? What are its fruitful approaches? Who are its promising contributors? The contributions to this collection of essays try to find answers to these questions by making references to the Dutch Dominican scholar Edward Schillebeeckx, using his theology as a starting point for an up-to-date investigation and discussion. The theological work of Edward Schillebeeckx marks the transition from a pre-modern to a modern approach to Christian faith, Church, and theology. Already more than two generations of theologians have been trained in dialogue with his thought. Contemporary theology testifies, often implicitly, to the enduring relevance of many of Schillebeeckx’s insights, while in other instances it pushes his thinking to its limits in order to deal with the current challenges for faith and society.
Le but de cette etude est de montrer les apports de la teledetection a la cartographie structurale et a la prospection miniere dans les regions a acces difficile et forte couverture vegetale du bouclier canadien. La zone etudiee du lac... more
Le but de cette etude est de montrer les apports de la teledetection a la cartographie structurale et a la prospection miniere dans les regions a acces difficile et forte couverture vegetale du bouclier canadien. La zone etudiee du lac Shortt se situe dans le sillon de roches vertes Timmins-Chibougamau (Abitibi-Quebec). Dans ce secteur a fort potentiel aurifere, cette etude doit permettre d'orienter la prospection. Differentes donnees de teledetection ont ete utilisees. Il s'agit de photographies aeriennes et d'une image Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). Suite au traitement numerique de ces donnees, des cartes de lineaments ont ete dressees aux echelles suivantes, 1/20 000 e, 1/30 000 e et 1/100 000 e. Les resultats obtenus affinent les connaissances structurales de la region du lac Shortt. Des accidents non reconnus jusqu'alors ont ete mis en evidence. La perception du contexte geologique regional est optimale sur l'image Landsat. Pour des etudes de cartographie fin...
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Sallie McFague, an American theologian, has developed a metaphorical theology during the last 35 years. Her fundamental critique is that the language and dominant metaphors that are used in theology to talk of God in relation to the world... more
Sallie McFague, an American theologian, has developed a metaphorical theology during the last 35 years. Her fundamental critique is that the language and dominant metaphors that are used in theology to talk of God in relation to the world are no longer meaningful or significant today. Her basic methodology is to use scripture, tradition, feminist insights, process thought and experience as the basis for advancing her theology. Her premises arose primarily from her perception of the oppression of women, men and the rest of living and non-living creation arising from dominant hierarchal dualisms. Creation has been commodified in the neo-classical economic model. She proposes the alternative metaphors of mother, lover and friend to describe our relation with God and a model of Creation as God's Body to underpin our understanding of our relationship to creation. This is essentially congruent with the present evolutionary cosmological model of the universe. It means that we are both ...
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RÉSUMÉ L'objectif principal de cette recherche est de générer une information pour modéliser la géomorphologie actuelle et ancienne de la région. Les techniques d'analyse d'images constituent l'un des meilleurs outils pour... more
RÉSUMÉ L'objectif principal de cette recherche est de générer une information pour modéliser la géomorphologie actuelle et ancienne de la région. Les techniques d'analyse d'images constituent l'un des meilleurs outils pour la cartographie géomorphologique dans la région étant donné que les principales formes de terrain (paléodunes et caractéristiques de drainage) sont peu visibles sur le terrain en raison du faible relief et du couvert herbeux dense. Des images RADARSAT-1 en mode faisceau 2 large ont été fusionnées avec une image Landsat TM. Trois grandes unités géomorphologiques ont été différenciées: la chaîne Tandilia, la frange éolienne (marginale par rapport à la chaîne Tandilia) et la plaine fluvio-éolienne. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus par l'intégration d'images RADARSAT-1 durant les périodes sèches et de l'image Landsat durant les périodes humides, spécialement dans la plaine fluvio-éolienne. La zone correspond à une topographie de relief très plat (pente<1%) caractérisé par des dunes longitudinales et paraboliques silteuses et des cuvettes de déflation et des lunettes associées. Un système de drainage constitué de rigoles sous-parallèles courtes est superposé à la topographie relique. Les formes éoliennes de terrain n'avaient jamais été décelées avant que ces images ne soient analysées grâce au contraste entre la topographie et l'humidité du sol qui apporte une information plus détaillée. Les données Landsat TM ont fourni une information utile sur l'utilisation du sol alors que les formes géomorphologiques ne pouvaient être reconnues que sur les images RADARSAT.
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ABSTRACT Not Available
ABSTRACT Not Available
... Newmarket Till) truncates the Guelph drumlin field (Port Stanley Till), and the Paris Moraine (Wentworth Till) truncates the Sing-hampton Moraine. ... Till was encountered in several boreholes in the moraine drilled by the Ontario... more
... Newmarket Till) truncates the Guelph drumlin field (Port Stanley Till), and the Paris Moraine (Wentworth Till) truncates the Sing-hampton Moraine. ... Till was encountered in several boreholes in the moraine drilled by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (KJ Goff, U. Sibul, SN ...
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Accuracy of land cover is a significant concern for regional planning as well as for environmental evaluation and for the scientific community in general. This paper presents an approach for land cover mapping using Landsat-7 ETM+, SPOT-4... more
Accuracy of land cover is a significant concern for regional planning as well as for environmental evaluation and for the scientific community in general. This paper presents an approach for land cover mapping using Landsat-7 ETM+, SPOT-4 HRV, RADARSAT SAR images and the TSAVI (Transformed Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index). In order to contribute to the research of solutions addressing these concerns, we present a meth- odology based on the combination of a supervised classification and the vegetation cover based on TSAVI. The results, with accuracy ranging between 80 % and 90 %, highlight the potential multi-source image combinations provide. Moreover, the method is effective for enhancing the contrasts between crop areas, bare soil and senescent vegetation, from which a more accurate land cover map can be derived.
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ABSTRACT Not Available
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Satellite image mapping of grasslands is problematic when species diversity occurs at a sub-pixel scale. We propose a method, called melody classification, to map ground cover units that group several spectral classes (colours). Melodies... more
Satellite image mapping of grasslands is problematic when species diversity occurs at a sub-pixel scale. We propose a method, called melody classification, to map ground cover units that group several spectral classes (colours). Melodies are defined as the normalized expected frequencies of each class within the ground cover unit. Starting from an unsupervised classification, an image is created showing the probability of finding each spectral class in the vicinity of each pixel. Each pixel is classified by comparing the melody in its neighbourhood with that of each ground cover unit. Accuracies are greatly enhanced over those of supervised classification. Melody classification can be applied to detect and monitor occurrence of particular species or groups of species in rangeland management. INTRODUCTION Satellite remote sensing has been used effectively to subdivide landscape into units characterized by a uniform spectral response or a uniform texture. It is successful in different...
J.B. Boisvert, Q.H.J. Gwyn, B. Brisco, R.J. Brown, and C.G. Topp, "Évaluation de Techniques D'Échantillonnage de L'Humidité du Sol Pour des Applications Radar", , , June 7-10, pp. 289-293.
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Abstract The problems relating to landslides and intensive gullying are of primary concern in Bolivia, especially around the city of Cochabamba where thirty nine watersheds, pointing toward the city, are generating an impressive quantity... more
Abstract The problems relating to landslides and intensive gullying are of primary concern in Bolivia, especially around the city of Cochabamba where thirty nine watersheds, pointing toward the city, are generating an impressive quantity of sediments, destroying fertile ...
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ABSTRACT Cette étude examine les données SAR en fonction de l&#39;humidité du sol dans le but de préparer une carte de l&#39;humidité du sol. Des données SAR aéroportées à vue simple et à 7 vues en bande C avec trois... more
ABSTRACT Cette étude examine les données SAR en fonction de l&#39;humidité du sol dans le but de préparer une carte de l&#39;humidité du sol. Des données SAR aéroportées à vue simple et à 7 vues en bande C avec trois polarisations, furent calibrées avec succès en utilisant des lots forestiers comme cibles de référence. L&#39;analyse des résultats des régressions linéaires montre que :
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A significant proportion (10 %) of the Earth surface is composed of limestone, a geological formation susceptible to rapid evolution. The evaluation of tools to recognise and analyse karst is therefore justified. The ability of imaging... more
A significant proportion (10 %) of the Earth surface is composed of limestone, a geological formation susceptible to rapid evolution. The evaluation of tools to recognise and analyse karst is therefore justified. The ability of imaging radar to measure the intensity of karstification is of particular interest in this study. A method for mapping this geohazard has been developed. Interpretation
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ABSTRACT Knowledge about soil moisture is important for a number of applications and synthetic aperture radar systems have been shown to be a useful source of data for this information. RADARSAT, with its steerable antennae and... more
ABSTRACT Knowledge about soil moisture is important for a number of applications and synthetic aperture radar systems have been shown to be a useful source of data for this information. RADARSAT, with its steerable antennae and operational status, can provide timely coverage at a variety of swath coverages and resolutions. However, to make effective use of these various products careful consideration of the differences between the various beam modes and positions is needed. This paper describes work being done at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and the Universite de Sherbrooke to establish an approach to utilize retro-calibration information together with current information inherent in RADARSAT products to calibrate Standard mode data for soil moisture estimation. Work is also described which is leading to a first order correction for incidence angle as a function of land-cover in an agricultural environment to further develop this capability of RADARSAT for soil moisture estimation.
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ABSTRACT Not Available
RESUE This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of the radar backscatter sensitivity to mu1ti scale geometry of agricultural fields. Theoretical modelling is validated using airborne C-band SAR data, and will aim at the... more
RESUE This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of the radar backscatter sensitivity to mu1ti scale geometry of agricultural fields. Theoretical modelling is validated using airborne C-band SAR data, and will aim at the derivation of simple soil moisture inversion models. The three geometric components of the surface have shown to induce significant backscatter variations: 1) at least 2
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images, concerning the effects of the geometric properties of agricultural surfaces. The multiimage analysis is made possible by a relative calibration method using a natural extended target (dense forest stands). Quantitative results are... more
images, concerning the effects of the geometric properties of agricultural surfaces. The multiimage analysis is made possible by a relative calibration method using a natural extended target (dense forest stands). Quantitative results are obtained for the effect of a) the soil moisture variation induced by a particular large-scale surface pattern b) the look angle relative to row crop direction and
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The State of Mato Grosso (MT) in Brazil has experienced a rapid process of land cover conversion in recent decades, which is still poorly documented. Accurate information on land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes have crucial importance... more
The State of Mato Grosso (MT) in Brazil has experienced a rapid process of land cover conversion in recent decades, which is still poorly documented. Accurate information on land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes have crucial importance as they can greatly contribute to the understanding of impacts on the environment and the pursuing of a sustainable management of natural resources. The aim of this paper is to map historical LULC changes in the southeast part of the MT State (Primavera do Leste region), where the Cerrado (Brazilian savannas) has been intensively converted into agricultural land uses (crops/pasture). The methodology employed consists of a supervised classification approach for LULC mapping and a post-classification change detection technique for quantifying the changes. The results indicated an important loss of natural vegetation in the period from 1985 to 2005, with 45 % (7075 km 2) of the Cerrado vegetation converted to agricultural land-uses.
The objective of this research is to study the contribution of multipolarisation airborne radar data to crop discrimination. An unsupervised classification algorithm and a supervised method based on maximum likelihood were used and... more
The objective of this research is to study the contribution of multipolarisation airborne radar data to crop discrimination. An unsupervised classification algorithm and a supervised method based on maximum likelihood were used and compared for agricultural applications. The experimental area, in Southern Ontario, Canada, was chosen because it has been the site of extensive inventory in relation to the application of VIR and radar data for agricultural uses. C-HH, C-VV and C-HV data for 10 July 1990 were used for the study. At this time, crop development allows optimal separability between crops. Results show that multipolarized radar data offer an adequate tool for crop identification. Correct classification rates of 83% and 79% were obtained for supervised and unsupervised methods respectively. Comparison of the two methods reveals that the performance of the unsupervised classification is similar to that of the supervised classification. This is a promising result if the authors take into consideration the fact that the unsupervised classification eliminates tedious effort for data collection and that it makes mole efficient use of computer time in the training stage
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... F Guyot G Major D. J 1989 TSAVI: a vegetation index which minimizes soil brightness effects ... Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, Vancouver, 1014 July 1989 (Canadian RemoteSensing Society: Ottawa ... is sandy silt with a... more
... F Guyot G Major D. J 1989 TSAVI: a vegetation index which minimizes soil brightness effects ... Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, Vancouver, 1014 July 1989 (Canadian RemoteSensing Society: Ottawa ... is sandy silt with a stoniness less than 40% and an erosion crust. ...
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ABSTRACT The Cerrados of central Brazil have undergone profound landscape transformation in recent decades due to agricultural expansion, and this remains poorly assessed. The present research investigates the spatial-temporal rates and... more
ABSTRACT The Cerrados of central Brazil have undergone profound landscape transformation in recent decades due to agricultural expansion, and this remains poorly assessed. The present research investigates the spatial-temporal rates and patterns of land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes in one of the main areas of agricultural production in Mato Grosso State (Brazil), the region of Primavera do Leste. To quantify the different aspects of LULC changes (e.g. rates, types, and spatial patterns) in this region, we applied a post-classification change detection method, complemented with landscape metrics, for three dates (1985, 1995, and 2005). LULC maps were obtained from an object-based classification approach, using the nearest neighbour (NN) classifier and a multi-source data set for image object classification (e.g. seasonal Thematic Mapper (TM) bands, digital elevation model (DEM), and a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived index), strategically chosen to increase class separability. The results provided an improved mapping of the Cerrados natural vegetation conversion into crops and pasture once auxiliary data were incorporated into the classification data set. Moreover, image segmentation was crucial for LULC map quality, in particular because of crop size and shape. The changes detected point towards increasing loss and fragmentation of natural vegetation and high rates of crop expansion. Between 1985 and 2005, approximately 42% (6491 km2) of Cerrados in the study area were converted to agricultural land uses. In addition, it was verified that cultivated areas are encroaching into fragile environments such as wetlands, which indicates the intense pressure of agricultural expansion on the environment.
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ABSTRACT In agriculture, soil moisture gradients near the surface are important. The objective of this study was to determine their impact on the estimation of the radar backscatter when using surface diffusion models. Two surface radar... more
ABSTRACT In agriculture, soil moisture gradients near the surface are important. The objective of this study was to determine their impact on the estimation of the radar backscatter when using surface diffusion models. Two surface radar backscatter models were evaluated in a bare soil with soil moisture stratification induced by irrigation and evaporation. The models were the semi-empirical model (OM) and the Integral Equation Model (IEM). These models were coupled with a penetration depth model. Three approaches were used to calculate the reflectivity at the air-soil interface required by the models. The first one was based on the incoherent reflectivity contribution of each stratum. The second approach calculated the Fresnel reflectivity based on the mean complex dielectric constant over a fixed depth, and the third one computed the Fresnel reflectivity using the mean complex dielectric over the penetration depth of the incident signal. The estimations from the OM model were highly correlated with the observations for all combinations of incidence angles, frequencies and polarizations. However, the backscatter was systematically underestimated and bias increased with wavelength. The IEM provided the most accurate estimate but was sensitive to radar configuration and roughness. The two Fresnel reflectivity based approach tended to overestimate the backscatter in the drying sequence after intensive irrigation following held work. The incoherent reflectivity on the other end underestimated the backscatter in freshly dry disturbed soil. The sampling depth had to be chosen carefully when estimating the backscatter from the second approach, especially in K-u and L-bands.
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ABSTRACT Spatial variations of the backscatter coefficient result from synthetic aperture radar imaging systems and their platforms. An adaptive algorithm has been developed to correct the multiplicative variation of the backscatter in... more
ABSTRACT Spatial variations of the backscatter coefficient result from synthetic aperture radar imaging systems and their platforms. An adaptive algorithm has been developed to correct the multiplicative variation of the backscatter in the longitudinal (parallel to flight line) and lateral (perpendicular to flight line) directions. The coefficient of variation along the parallel and lateral profiles, which consist of the means of the pixels along these lines perpendicular to the respective profiles, is constant. This implies that the radiometric variations are multiplicative. Because standard correction methods such as polynomial transfer functions give unsatisfactory results, an adaptive correction algorithm was developed to correct these images. The algorithm produces a transfer function by means of a filtering window which moves along the profile in what is essentially a moving mean procedure. However, the length of the window is automatically adjusted as a function of the variation of the profile. The adjustment is based on a calculation of the probability that values to be included or excluded from the window belong to the included population. The effects of the successive correction steps were monitored using several thematic test sites. The resultant images provide both increased quality and quantity of data without any degradation of the statistical properties of the data.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image classification using morphological texture features. The texture features are based on morphological residues of opening and closing by reconstruction. It... more
ABSTRACT This paper presents applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image classification using morphological texture features. The texture features are based on morphological residues of opening and closing by reconstruction. It is shown that this set of features shows high &#39;robustness&#39; to speckle perturbation in SAR images compared with those derived from traditionalmorphological residues. An algorithm based on estimating the divergence between and within classes was constructed in order to search for a discriminating feature subset. Higher classification accuracy was obtained by the optimized feature subset than by using other feature subsets derived from some well known texture characterization approaches. The classification accuracy was continuously improved by the introduction of post-processing filtering.
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We have examined the contribution of multipolarized airborne radar data for the discrimination of crops. An unsupervised classification algorithm and a maximum likelihood supervised classification were used and compared. The results show... more
We have examined the contribution of multipolarized airborne radar data for the discrimination of crops. An unsupervised classification algorithm and a maximum likelihood supervised classification were used and compared. The results show that multipolarized radar data offer an accurate means of identifying crops. The average classification accuracies were 83 and 79 per cent for the supervised and unsupervised methods respectively.
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... model (DTM). The C-band imagery (5.3 GHz ) was recorded as three contiguous sub-scenes in 16-bit files (Table I). The resampled data pro-vided 25-m pixels that are similar to that of ERS-1 and Radarsat (28 m) [ 101. Training ...
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RÉSUMÉ Les études antérieures sur le Quaternaire du sud du Québec mettent en évidence un modèle général de déglaciation basé sur la position des moraines principales. Notre étude, axée sur une logique des formes et des dépôts, détaille... more
RÉSUMÉ Les études antérieures sur le Quaternaire du sud du Québec mettent en évidence un modèle général de déglaciation basé sur la position des moraines principales. Notre étude, axée sur une logique des formes et des dépôts, détaille l'évolution de la récession glaciaire et le développement des lacs retenus par le front de l'inlandsis, dans une sous-région de l'Estrie. Le drainage proglaciaire a évolué en quatre systèmes principaux : le système des « étangs Frontaliers » (1), composés de petits lacs qui se sont d'abord vidés de façon diffuse vers la Nouvelle-Angleterre, avant que le drainage ne se concentre vers le fleuve Kennebec (2), puis vers le fleuve Connecticut (3), pour finalement se faire vers le lac proglaciaire Memphrémagog (4). L'évolution du retrait glaciaire commence par l'apparition de nunataks, résultant de l'amincissement de l'inlandsis. L'allure du front reflète dès lors la configuration du relief sous-jacent qui influence direc...
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... A. Esmaeily-Gazkohani.1 Department of Remote Sensing Engineering, Kerman Graduate University of Technology (KGUT), Kerman, Mahan, 7631133131, Iran. ... The transverse profiles included 30 pixels of 5 m each (75 m each side of the... more
... A. Esmaeily-Gazkohani.1 Department of Remote Sensing Engineering, Kerman Graduate University of Technology (KGUT), Kerman, Mahan, 7631133131, Iran. ... The transverse profiles included 30 pixels of 5 m each (75 m each side of the road), with pixels 15 and 16 at the zero ...
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The ratio of red to purple garnets found in tills in the eastern Great Lakes area has been very useful in stratigraphic and provenance studies of the tills. In an attempt to determine the basis of the color difference, and to supplement... more
The ratio of red to purple garnets found in tills in the eastern Great Lakes area has been very useful in stratigraphic and provenance studies of the tills. In an attempt to determine the basis of the color difference, and to supplement the colour differences by more objective criteria in till studies, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, atomic absorption, and microprobe analyses were made. X-ray diffraction analyses show a consistent difference in the cell parameter of 0.05 Å (0.005 nm) or more between the two groups. Microprobe analyses of major elements indicate that the calcium and calculated ferric iron contents are higher and magnesium is lower in dark red garnets than in purple garnets. Bulk analyses of minor and trace elements by X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption of different colour groups show distinct differences in rare-earth element patterns and manganese, which is eight times more abundant in the dark red garnets.
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We describe six major stratigraphic units from the hitherto neglected Quaternary sequences along the north shore of Lake Ontario between Oshawa and Port Hope. These units, from the base upwards, consist of the following: a lowermost unit... more
We describe six major stratigraphic units from the hitherto neglected Quaternary sequences along the north shore of Lake Ontario between Oshawa and Port Hope. These units, from the base upwards, consist of the following: a lowermost unit of silt till, apparently overlying bedrock; a complex unit of lacustrine and glaciofluvial sediments with several thin silt tills, usually unconformable on the lowermost unit; a glaciofluvial sand unit, filling valleys cut into the underlying units; a unit of two sandy pebbly tills; a silt till; and varved clays and sands of glacial Lake Iroquois.Though the sections show more erosional intervals, the above units can be correlated with the better known Scarborough sections as follows: the lowest unit with the Sunnybrook Till; the overlying complex unit with the Meadowcliffe Till and associated sediments; the two sandy pebbly tills with the lower Leaside Till; and the overlying silt till with the Halton Till.The inferred geological history is similar ...