Ivan Botica

The search for the oldest anthroponyms in the parish of Otok in Croatia began with assumptions on the existence of the Cetina river valley Vlachs, continued with the names of citizens of Otok in Turkish and Venetian sources, and ended with the first parish register of births, which was the most reliable source to date. Numerous facts were attested: there were multiple villages in what is now Otok during Turkish rule; there were settled houses in Otok; there was an old settlement of Catholics in Otok (Prilud), while Muslims were more present in Ovrlja, Jelašci, and Živinić; there were likely also Orthodox Christians in the Otok region; the Morean War (1683 – 1699) caused a half a century of movement and turmoil amongst Catholic and Muslim residents. However, despite all this, the anthroponymic fund – especially the fund of names – remained relatively constant. Latin records make it impossible to know exactly how forms of names were pronounced, and so a small number of Cyrillic records in the Croatian language and later records were consulted. Christian names held prevalence over folk names from the very beginning. This paper does not involve an extensive motivational analysis of first and last names, aside from the detection of a connection between the choice of names and holidays or times during the church year. The family name system in the former Otok parish was quite rich, with roughly one hundred fifty attested family names and their derivations. It was determined which family names have survived until current day in their initial form, which have changed – whether monomial names becoming binomial and vice versa, or whether morphologically different (mostly shortened) – and which have vanished. Two typical phenomena in the family name system in this region are the large number of family names created through de-suffixation and the large number of double family names derived from nicknames, the motivation for which is as of yet unclear.
The publishing and partial interpretation of relevant onomastic material also contributes to knowledge of the history of Otok, as the local history is indivisible from its anthroponymy.

U radu se donosi pogled u najstarija otočka osobna imena i prezimena prema kasnosrednjovjekovnim vrelima, turskim defterima 16., 17. i 18. st., mletačkim vrelima 17. i 18. st. te najstarijoj matičnoj knjizi krštenih župe Otok iz 18. stoljeća. Utvrđuje se kako se zastupljenost pojedinih imena na otočkom području mijenjala od kasnoga srednjovjekovlja pa gotovo do kraja 18. st. te koji su vanjski utjecaji na njihov odabir i oblik. Prezimena se prate s obzirom na potvrđenost oblika. Nabrojena su sva prezimena koja su se pojavila u prvoj matičnoj knjizi zajedno s njihovim inačicama. Gledalo se i koja su se održala do danas, koja su se promijenila, a koja su se s vremenom ugasila. Proučavana antroponimijska građa ujedno rasvjetljuje mnoge činjenice onodobne lokalne povijesti.

Numerous pages written in the Croatian language and the Glagolitic script testify about a specific legal act or concluded business. All of them belong to the Croatian Glagolitic notary service, a legal institution of the Kvarner islands, Istria and the Croatian coast, already unique due to the fact that it enriched western European legal culture with the non-Latin Glagolitic script. Despite the fact that the Croatian Glagolitic notary service is comparable to the Latin and Italian notary service of the Croatian territory, its content, development, territorial scope, and chronological framework have still not been fully investigated. Even though valuable studies and published sources on the Croatian Glagolitic notary service exist, many of its scriptures have still not been investigated and published.

Since academic year 2006-2007 elective courses Croatian Epigraphy and Paleography I (HEP I, winter term) and Croatian Epigraphy and Paleography II (HEP II, summer term, until academic year 2013-2014) have been held by the Department of History at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Designed by the Department of Auxiliary Historical Sciences, Teaching Methods and Methodology of History, these elective courses are aimed at and can be taken by all students attending the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. The courses offer overview of the most important epigraphic monuments and paleographic sources belonging to Croatian Middle Ages (HEP I) and Early Modern History (HEP II), their place in historiography along with the individuals and institutions responsible for their discovery, protection and presentation. They introduce students to Croatian Glagolitic tradition and three-script heritage, but also teach them how to read, write and transliterate square (HEP I) and round (HEP II) Glagolitic script and Croatian Cyrillic script (bosančica) depending on their own skills and abilities.In this paper we have presented personal experience in working with the students on theoretical and practical examination of Croatian epigraphic and paleographic sources from the Middle Ages until the 20th century. The surveys and interviews we have conducted among the students show a great interest in this approach, i.e. working with the sources. Paleography as one of the fundamental auxiliary historical sciences, although demanding, from the students’ perspective becomes a necessary tool for historians, and holds an important place in scientific research. A single study program of the aforementioned disciplines would provide a further development in quality and quantity, as well as justify disciplines’ status and usefulness. In the end, one must emphasize that, thanks to the courses Croatian Epigraphy and Paleography, in the last decade almost two hundred students, mostly students of History, but also Croatian Language and Literature, Information Science, Classical Languages, etc., have learned that Croatian written heritage is three-script and threelanguage first and foremost due to Croatian identity existing on the fringes between two European Christian civilizations, but aiming towards West since the early medieval times. Because of that, Croatian written culture remains unique and recognizable in the Western civilization. Therefore, an encounter with Croatian Non-Latin written heritage, i.e. Glagolitic and Croatian Cyrillic scripts, and particularly paleographic work on historical sources, is a promise of further expansion of existing knowledge and experience in another place and time.

Notarijat je povijesna i pravna tekovina zapadnoeuropske uljudbe koja se pojavila s oživljavanjem rimskoga prava u razvijenom srednjem vijeku. S njime je privatna notarska isprava kao pravni čin sa strogo određenim elementima, ponajprije potpisom i znakom notara, dobivala javnu vjeru (fides publica). Hrvatska je jedna od graničnih zemalja postojanja notarske službe ovisne o državnopravnim, komunalnim, povijesnim i običajnim uputama njezina ustrojbenoga prostora. Zbog državnopolitičke rascjepkanosti hrvatskih zemalja razvilo se u nas nekoliko tipova notarijata na više jezika i pisama. Tako je u obalnom i priobalnom dijelu sjevernoga Jadrana od sredine 15. do početka 19. stoljeća postojao potpuno razvijen hrvatskoglagoljski notarijat koji je obrasce latinskoga tipa notarijata slijedio glagoljicom na hrvatskom jeziku. Premda time zauzima posebno mjesto u razvitku notarijata kao javne institucije europskih naroda uopće, još uvijek za razliku od hrvatskoga latinskoga notarijata nije ni historiografski ni filološki dovoljno istražen. Stoga se u načelnim crtama prikazuje njegov razvoj, kontekst, teritorijalni i kronološki okvir te utvrđuje stupanj očuvanosti i publiciranosti hrvatskoglagoljskih notarskih spisa kao okvir za daljnja istraživanja.

Croatian Glagolitic Notarial Tradition in European Context (Summary)

The notary public started to blossom in the late Middle Ages when the profound legal changes were introduced with the renaissance of the Roman law and the entire historical and social development: a private deed as a legal act with strictly predefined elements and the signature and sign of the notary public won the so-called public faith (fides publica). In the Croatian lands, or rather in the towns and the politically demarcated regions, the acceptance of notary public was based on the political and customary setting of a particular region. It appears in multiple languages and scripts, depending on the place and time of its function. Hence the notary material in the medieval and early modem Croatia are written in Latin, Croatian, Italian and German languages. Unlike the Latin notarial tradition, which has been studied extensively in Croatia, the Croatian Glagolitic tradition is less known in terms of history and philology, and the materials have been published only in very modest quantities. This paper outlines in general terms the historical development of the Croatian Glagolitic notary public service, its geographical extension and chronological frame as well as the state of preservation and publication of the notarial acts in question. It goes without saying that the Croatian Glagolitic notary public constitutes a unique phenomenon in the European legal practice and thus has a special place in the historical development of the notary public as a public institution.

The Counts of Krbava (Corbaviai), a family of Croatian magnates, have been documented in the sources from the thirteenth century up to 1531. They originated from the county of Krbava, today a rather undeveloped and poorly inhabited part of the Croatian region of Lika. In contrast to this, during the Middle Ages Krbava was one of the important Croatian political and ecclesiastical centres. We do not know much about the counts due to the fact that their family archive probably perished during the Ottoman invasions at the turn of the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries. However, analysis has shown that Krbavski had seven generations with three branches and altogether some 60 individuals. They mainly marked medieval Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Istria and Bosnia with their presence. Nevertheless, some of them temporarily or permanently resided in today’s Hungary and Slovakia. Of all the Croatian magnates, they were the ones who were often most present in Slovakia. This was practically unknown in Croatia until the pioneering work of Pál Engel from 1998. The first among the Krbavski in Slovakia was the kindred’s leading figure, Grgur (Gregory) I, in 1358. He came to Levoča? / Levice? (in castro Levia) as a prisoner of King Louis I. The counts ascended significantly on the social scale during the rule of King Sigismund (1387– 1437), because they were the king’s most consistent and loyal supporters in medieval Croatia. Therefore, they were rewarded with many high-ranking titles and offices, as well as with numerous landed estates. For example, Count Karlo II (Charles) of Krbava obtained from the king, in 1393, as a permanent donation the royal castle and town of Čeklís (Latin Cheklyz, Slovak Bernolákovo ; Hungarian Cseklész). Čeklís or Bernolákovo remained Karlo’s seat and residence right up to his death (after 1422). He was consequently even titled Duke of Čeklís. He spent his lifetime between his native region and his estates in Slovakia. He also possessed a big house in Bratislava. His direct descendents (three sons, three grandsons, and one great-grandson) remained permanently in Slovakia and with time extended their possessions even in the region of Nitra. This branch of the Krbavski kindred could be, therefore, called with full justification Slovak nobility of Croatian origin. This paper presents data about the Slovak branch of the Krbavski from the perspective of Croatian history.

U radu se na temelju matičnih knjiga rođenih triju splitskih župa pokušava utvrditi status svetačkoga imena Dujam među Splićankama i Splićanima rođenima u 18. stoljeću. Pozornost je usmjerena na sljedeće pokazatelje: koliko je svetačko ime Dujam bilo zastupljeno u odnosu na sve rođene u gradu Splitu, poklapa li se izbor krsnoga imena Dujam s datumima slavljenja svetoga Dujma u Splitu, koliko je to ime bilo dijelom obiteljskoga naslijeđa i tradicije grada Splita, koje su sve inačice osobnog imena Dujam postojale među Splićankama i Splićanima u 18. stoljeću i slično.

From the number and the frequency of baptisms at which the name Dujam [Domnius] was given to children, the authors analyse the reasons for the popularity of this name among men and women of Split in the 18th century. »Sveti Dujam« or Saint Domnius is the patron of the city and part of the identity of Split. During the 18th century, his fame was particularly promoted by the Confraternity of St Domnius.
The city’s patron was particularly honoured in 1770, when his mortal rema¬ins were translated with great solemnity to a new altar. At that time a number of reliquaries with his relics were made and sent to various places to disseminate the cult. The celebration of the feast day of the saint in 1784 was particularly striking, for the people of Split straightforwardly ascribed the halting of the plague that had for several months been ravaging the town to his intercession. This year was one of the turning points in the development of the practice of giving the personal name Dujam at baptism.
During the whole of the century, Dujam was a name given at baptism most often in the months when his cult was actively observed (May, the first two weeks of June, the end of July and early August). In this way the people of Split attemp¬ted to secure the saint’s intercession in a rather particular way. Although some Split families in the 18th century had several members bearing the name Dujam, it would seem that the frequency of the name in the general population depended not so much on family tradition but rather on the circumstance that the cult was celebrated several times during a year.

Knjiga se sastoji od dviju cjelina: uvodne studije i registarskih zapisa. U opsežnoj studiji donose se bitni podatci o ovim specifičnim redovničkim knjigama, odnosno povijesno-jezični kontekst registarskih zapisa posinovljenja, novicijata i zavjetovanja franjevaca trećoredaca glagoljaša otoka Krka u razdoblju od 1717. do 1914. godine. Središnji dio čine registarski zapisi, njih ukupno 287, iz četiriju rukopisa koji potječu iz triju krčkih trećoredskih samostana: Glavotoka (Sv. Marija), Porta (Sv. Marija Magdalena) i grada Krka (Sv. Franjo Asiški). Knjige ili, kako izvorno stoji na njihovim koricama, „libri“ posinovljenja, novicijata i zavjetovanja pisane su glagoljicom (kurzivom) i latinicom na hrvatskom i talijanskom jeziku. Ti su zapisi važni za rekonstrukciju osobnih podataka, jezika, pisama, baštine i povijesti. Što tiče metodologije rada, poštivan je kronološki kriterij, po kojem su svi izvornici raščlanjeni u pojedinačne zapise kao da su zasebni dokumenti te su priređeni za objavu po pravilima egdotike (redni broj, datum temporale i locale, regest, signatura, korpus). Uz arhivsku signaturu s folijacijom i drugim napomenama navodi se i autorstvo svakoga pojedinačnoga zapisa, što omogućuje daljnja istraživanja razine zapisivačeve pismenosti, napose paleografske osobitosti. Poznato je da je stanovništvo ranonovovjekovnoga Krka rabilo čak četiri romanska jezika: krčkoromanski (veljotski), krčkorumunjski (vlaški), mletački i talijanski. Nad autohtonim krčkoromanskim, koji se rabio do pred kraj 19. stoljeća, postupno je prevladavao mletački, koji se širio i jačao usporedno sa širenjem Mletačke Republike. U početnim se stoljećima Republike mletački uz latinski rabio i u administraciji, ali od 15. stoljeća sve se više napušta mletački i prihvaća talijanski, no u tom su talijanskom redovito prisutni mletački jezični elementi. U tom su se smislu i na Krku mletački i talijanski rabili kako u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji, tako i u administraciji. Talijanski zapisi (iz 18. i 19. st.) u ovim knjigama upućuju na to da su franjevci trećoredci rabili jezik blizak današnjemu standardu bez zamjetnih mletačkih elemenata.

Historical and linguistic context of registry records
of affiliation, novitiate and profession of vows
of Third Order Regular on the island of Krk (1717-1914)
SUMMARY
Registry records of affiliation, novitiate and profession of vows of Glagolitic Franciscan TOR provide some information about the lives of hundreds of people between 1717 and 1914 that were associated with TOR monasteries on the island. No matter how small, this material is important in the reconstruction of personal information, language, letters, heritage and history of that time. It was created in chronological linking of four manuscripts of three island monasteries - St. Mary in Glavotok, St. Mary Magdalene in Porat in Dubašnica and St. Francis in Krk.
These records reveal that TOR candidates were literate, educated in Croatian Glagolitic, Latin and Italian literacy in monastery schools. Through these records candidates reveal their family and religious names, their origin, willingness to serve God and Church and to be appreciated in their religious community.
This book is worthy to Croatian TOR Province, which is the richest heir of the Glagolitic heritage in Croatia. It will reveal the names, origins and number of their predecessors. These sources reveal worthy records about religious formation throughout two centuries of the turbulent history of Glagolitic TOR friars. The custom of affiliation, formation and profession of vows is not enough known among Franciscan historiographers, despite valuable research of fr. Stjepan Ivančić, fr. Nikola Gregov and fr. Petar Runje. Registry records are valuable to church historiography since they reveal a paradigm of centuries long development and growth of religious vocations, models of formation and the adjustment of religious community to a social conditions.
This book is valuable to the residents of Krk because they could discover which villages and families gave TOR vocations and what was the response to vocation in certain circumstances. In addition, this book discovers the power of Glavotok monastery and the modesty of Dubašnica Porat monastery. Finally, the work is worthy to paleography and linguistics experts because in these records created during two hundred years intertwine and line up the Glagolitic and Latin letters, the Croatian and the Italian language.

Hrvatskoglagoljski notarijat otoka Krka. Notari Dubašnice, sv. 1. Treći notarski protokol Jura Sormilića (1726. – 1734.) / Croatian Glagolitic Notary Service of Krk. Notaries of Dubašnica, vol. 1. Third Notarial Protocol of Jure Sormilić (1726–1734). Priredili, uvodnu studiju napisali, rječnik i kazala izradili / Editing, introductory study, creation of the glossary and index by Tomislava BOŠNJAK BOTICA, Ivan BOTICA, Tomislav GALOVIĆ, Zagreb: Hrvatski državni arhiv – Staroslavenski institut – Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu - FF-press – Povijesno društvo otoka Krka, 2016., 438 str./pp. + CD-ROM

The Croatian Glagolitic Notary Service. Numerous pages written in the Croatian language and the Glagolitic script testify about a specific legal act or concluded business. All of them belong to the Croatian Glagolitic notary service, a legal institution of the Kvarner islands, Istria and the Croatian coast, already unique due to the fact that it enriched western European legal culture with the non-Latin Glagolitic script. Despite the fact that the Croatian Glagolitic notary service is comparable to the Latin and Italian notary service of the Croatian territory, its content, development, territorial scope, and chronological framework have still not been fully investigated. Even though valuable studies and published sources on the Croatian Glagolitic notary service exist, many of its scriptures have still not been investigated and published.

Third Notarial Protocol. The Third Notarial Protocol of Jure Sormilić reveals residents of Dubašnica, Dobrinjština, Omišalj villages and Šotovento, i.e. their everyday life during the second quarter of the 18th century. The protocol itself was written from March 10th, 1726 until August 23rd, 1734 in Sormilić’s house. Out of 297 in total, 166 legal acts were established here. The formula zneto i plaćeno, which the notaries recorded on the margin, indicates that the parties of the Third Notarial Protocol of Jure Sormilić were issued 240 notarial documents. Other legal acts, records and certificates were drafted throughout the villages of Dubašnica (49), Dobrinjština (39), Šotovento (24), Omišalj (23) and in Krk itself (4), in houses, courts, workshops, churches, sacristies, under Baras and in cemeteries. Legal business was possible wherever people were living and gathering.
Jure Sormilić spent most of his time on business in Dubašnica. We find him, as he himself states, in Barušić (1), Bogović (4), Kovači (166), Kraljić (2), Kremenić (3), Malinska (1), Marković (1), Milčetić (4), Oštrobradić (1), on Poganke (3), in Porat (5), Radić (3), Rudine (1), Sabljić (6), Strilčić (1), Sveti Anton (2), Sveti Polinar (3), Turčić (1), Vlašić (1) and Zidarić (3). Outside of his locality, called „kaštel” by the coastal and island residents, he travelled throughout the former territory of Dobrinj (City, Gabonjin, Gržetić, Polje, Sveta Mandaljena), Glavotok (Brzac, Pinezić, Sveta Fuska, Sveti Petar), Krk/Veja (Linardić, Mala placa in Krk, Sveti Ivan), Omišalj (Miholjice, Semin, Sršić, Sveti Vid) and Poljica (Milohnić, Selo). Clients or parties from other Krk localities (Bajčić, Brusić, Hlapa, Kras, Lizer, Ljutić, Maršić, Milohnić, Milovčić, Nenadić, Njivice, Omišalj, Pinezić, Soline Sužan, Vantačić, Vrbnik, Vrh, Žgaljić, etc.) also came to him, including some from Cres (Merga Kučine). Some of the listed places no longer exist today, some merged with others, and the official forms recorded by Sormilić of most of the existing ones were officially changed half a century ago.
Jure Sormilić was a notary public of the Republic of Venice. He and his contemporary Anton Petriš, notary public from Vrbnik, were authorized to compile public acts, issue public documents and certify private documents in the Croatian language as legally valid in the territory of the Republic of Venice. They were doing that in Glagolitic script. Like Andrej Bendata, Frančesko Paštari, Bernardin Dudi, Zan-Antono Travižan and Jakom Kalerić – Krk notaries for the Italian language, which were recorded in Sormilić’s notarial protocol in specific acts – they had the right of safeguarding „depožiti” (deposits) of all valuable items (money, heirlooms, various books and documents) for the purposes of handing them over to other people or competent bodies. So, a notary of the Croatian language and Glagolitic script in the territory of the Republic of Venice did not legally differ from a notary of the Italian language and Latin script. Still, it is unclear why Jure Sormilić did not compile a single legal act between September 6th, 1726 and April 12th, 1731. Given that there is no interruption in the numbering of documents between these dates, we presume that he was outside the public notary service. Did the competent chamber from Krk forbid or limit his legal capacity? Was he unfit to duly perform the entrusted service due to some kind of physical or mental weakness? All of those and other questions will be left unanswered for now.
Beside Sormilić’s hand, another hand has written six shorter certifications in the Venetian idiom of the Italian language in the Third Notarial Protocol (June 16th, 1726, December 10th, 1731, June 8th, 1732, December 5th, 1732, June 7th, 1733, December 9th, 1733), as well as one longer certification (January 26th, 1734). Among the papers, mostly without any specific order, there are around ten notes (bulletins). Sometimes, those are bulletins of Dubašnica, Dobrinj, Poljice, and Omišalj clerks (officials) on performed listings (calls), and sometimes they are actual links whose context is easier or harder to determine. Officials were local clerks who advertised legal businesses, most often purchases, in public places. For three published calls in front of two witnesses, they received compensation of 10-12 soldi. After publishing three calls, three Sundays in a row at a specific place and time in front of gathered folk, the official used a note or a bulletin to notify the notary of potential complaints regarding the concluded business. After that, the notary would record the published calls on a document’s margin and would, if needed, publish a charter or instrument on a performed piece of legal business. While analysing this type of contract, fr. Mavro Velnić noticed „that the Bodulija resident was certainly socially sensitive” because some of the contracts had to be subsequently „assessed” (evaluated), so „if a larger value was determined, the buyer will recoup the difference, and if a value was smaller, the seller will return the difference”.
According to the Third Notarial Protocol of Jure Sormilić, officials in Dubašnica were Paval Kraljić, Jure Dijanović and Matij Dobrilović, officials in Dobrinj were Ivan Šamanić, Jure Franković and Jure Pačković (Pačko), and the official in Omišalj was Matij Turčić. In a public place in Krk/Veja, purchases were disclosed by the „trumbita” (announcer) Jerolim Fefe. It is interesting that Sužan had his own official Matij Mavrović, unlike Poljice where Dubašnica notaries were performing calls at the parish church of the St Cosmas and Damian. We presume that the custom of the disclosure of public calls in Dubašnica was performed at the most important gathering place of Dubašnica residents, next to the old parish church of St Apollinaris.
The real estate appraisers, the so-called „štimaduri” called rotnici publiki i meštri publiki, definitely added to the dynamic of economical everyday life, as can be seen in the Third Notarial Protocol of Jure Sormilić. While establishing the market price of a specific object expressed in libri, the then-current Venetian denomination from the 18th century, each of the contracting parties had its own appraiser. Among the Dubašnica appraisers, judge Ivan Milčetić of the late Ivan especially stands out as a commonly seen name in contractual proceedings. Beside purchases and trades, appraisers also assessed the value of a bride’s dowry or dota. The assessment of the value of clothes, sheets and furniture itself was most often left to women. Around fifty purchase and dowry contracts were concluded with an agreement without an appraiser. In that way, the parties were able to save some money, though an appraiser’s job was paid in relatively modest amounts, most often expressed in soldi. The notary service was not compensated much better than that either.